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Dispensing Technology on the Route to an Industrial Metallization Process

Energy Procedia 2015年 67卷 138-146页

作者： Maximilian Pospischil Martin Kuchler Markus Klawitter Carlos Rodríguez Milan Padilla Raphael Efinger Michael Linse Angel Padilla Harald Gentischer Markus König Matthias Hörteis Lars Wende Oliver Doll Roland Zengerle Florian Clement Daniel Biro Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) Heidenhofstr. 2 D-79110 Freiburg Germany Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG Electronic Materials Division Business Unit Photovoltaics Heraeusstr. 12-14 D-63450 Hanau Germany ASYS Automatisierungssysteme GmbH Solar & New Technologies Benzstr. 10 D-89160 Dornstadt Germany Merck KGaA Performance Materials Division Postcode Q004/001 Frankfurter Str. 250 D-64293 Darmstadt Germany Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 D-79110 Freiburg Germany

This study presents a new developed, inline applicable dispensing platform that is equipped with an advanced version of previously introduced parallel dispensing print heads and works as drop-in-replacement in existing manufacturing lines. At process speeds of up to 700 mm•s-1 and a substantially improved process stability, the impact of the resulting contact geometries on optical and ohmic losses was analysed in detail. A reduced finger width as well as an effective width of just 48% after encapsulation of the finger width leads to nearly 50% reduction of shading losses compared to screen printed samples. A substantially improved finger homogeneity leads to similar grid resistances at 20% less silver consumption. Consequently, recent cell results on industrial emitters (R sh = 90 Ω/sq.) showed an efficiency increase of up to +0.4%abs. in comparison to standard single screen printing reaching top values of η = 20.5% on PERC structures. A key improvement of the technology is the new ability to process certain metal pastes originally designed for screen printing applications and thus keep in track with fast emerging paste development. Successfully evaluated screen printing pastes then can be rheologically adapted in order to reach ultrafine contact fingers at high aspect ratios and extract the whole advantage of this non-contacting printing technology.

关键词： silicon solar cells printing metallization dispensing contact geometries economic evaluation analytic simulation

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Optimizing Fine Line Dispensed Contact Grids

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Energy Procedia 2014年 55卷 693-701页

作者： Maximilian Pospischil Tobias Fellmeth Andreas Brand Sebastian Nold Martin Kuchler Markus Klawitter Harald Gentischer Markus König Matthias Hörteis Lars Wende Oliver Doll Roland Zengerle Florian Clement Daniel Biro Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) Heidenhofstr. 2 D-79110 Freiburg Germany Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG Electronic Materials Division Business Unit Photovoltaics Heraeusstr. 12-14 D-63450 Hanau Germany ASYS Automatisierungssysteme GmbH Solar & New Technologies Benzstr. 10 D-89160 Dornstadt Germany Merck KGaA Performance Materials Division Postcode Q004/001 Frankfurter Str. 250 D-64293 Darmstadt Germany Department of Microsystems Engineering – IMTEK University of Freiburg Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 D-79110 Freiburg Germany

Previous studies on dispensing as an alternative front side metallization process in crystalline silicon photovoltaics demonstrated, how an adaption of paste rheology allows for a precise adjustment of contact finger geometry in a wide range. In order to demonstrate the benefit of this advantage, the analytical simulation tool Gridmaster was extended to observe the effect of various geometrical parameters on solar cell results and manufacturing costs. In addition, respective geometrical parameters of thick film printed contact fingers were determined using a special in house developed tool based on MATLAB. As a result, contact geometries as achievable by means of ultrafine line dispensing are ideally suited for contacting silicon solar cells. Compared with standard fine line single screen printed finger geometries, an efficiency increase of up to Δη = 0.4%abs. as well as a reduction of manufacturing costs of 1 €ct./W p on module level can be achieved using dispensing technology. In order to obtain suitable data, simulation results were compared with solar cell results on industrial pre-processed Cz-Si p-type wafer material applying the novel ten nozzle parallel fine line dispensing unit. Therefore, a new dispensing paste was developed combining optimum optical finger aspect ratios of AR o =0.7 with excellent contacting behavior. A successful first test of applicability already led to a maximum cell efficiency of η = 18.7%, demonstrated on an industrial emitter with a sheet resistance of around R sh = 90 Ω/sq.

关键词： silicon solar cells printing metallization dispensing contact geometries economic evaluation analytic simulation

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Energetic sub-2-cycle laser with 220 W average power

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Hädrich, Steffen Kienel, Marco Müller, Michael Klenke, Arno Rothhardt, Jan Klas, Robert Gottschall, Thomas Eidam, Tino Drozdy, András Jójárt, Péter Várallyay, Zoltán Cormier, Eric Osvay, Károly Tünnermann, Andreas Limpert, Jens Institute of Applied Physics Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Albert-Einstein-Straße 15 Jena07745 Germany Helmholtz Institute Jena Fröbelstieg 3 Jena07743 Germany Active Fiber Systems GmbH Wildenbruchstr. 15 Jena07745 Germany ELI-ALPS ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd. Szeged Dugonics tér 13H-6720 Hungary Université Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA-UMR 5107 CELIA 351 Cours de la Libération TalenceF-33405 France Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering Albert-Einstein-Straße 7 Jena07745 Germany

Few-cycle lasers are essential for many research areas such as attosecond physics that promises to address fundamental questions in science and technology. Therefore, further advancements are connected to significant progress in the underlying laser technology. Here, two-stage nonlinear compression of a 660 W femtosecond fiber laser system is utilized to achieve unprecedented average power levels of energetic ultrashort or even few-cycle laser pulses. In a first compression step 408 W, 320 µJ, 30fs pulses are achieved, which can be further compressed to 216 W, 170 µJ, 6.3 fs pulses in a second compression stage. This is the highest average power few-cycle laser system presented so far. It is expected to significantly advance the fields of high harmonic generation and attosecond science. © 2016 Optical Society of America under Open Access Publishing Agreement. Users may use, reuse, and build upon the article, or use the article for text or data mining, so long as such uses are for non-commercial purposes and appropriate attribution is maintained. All other rights are reserved. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Ultrafast lasers

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Tailoring the Acidity of Liquid Media with Ionizing Radiation - Rethinking the Acid-Base Correlation Beyond pH

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Fritsch, Birk Körner, Andreas Couasnon, Thaïs Blukis, Roberts Taherkhani, Mehran Benning, Liane G. Jank, Michael P.M. Spiecker, Erdmann Hutzler, Andreas Cauerstraße 6 Erlangen91058 Germany Cauerstraße 3 Erlangen91058 Germany Cauerstraße 1 Erlangen91058 Germany Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Immerwahrstraße 2a Erlangen91058 Germany Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Telegrafenberg Potsdam14473 Germany Telegrafenberg Potsdam14473 Germany Department of Earth Sciences Free University of Berlin Berlin12249 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology IISB Schottkystraße 10 Erlangen91058 Germany

Advanced in situ techniques based on electrons and X-rays are increasingly used to gain insights into fundamental materials dynamics in liquid media. Yet, ionizing radiation changes the solution chemistry. In this work, we show that ionizing radiation decouples the acidity from autoprotolysis. Consequently, pH is insufficient to capture the acidity of water-based systems under irradiation. Via radiolysis simulations, we provide a more conclusive description of the acid-base interplay. Finally, we demonstrate that acidity can be tailored by adjusting the dose rate and adding pH-irrelevant species. This opens up a huge parameter landscape for studies involving ionizing radiation. © 2022, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Ionizing radiation

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Identification of Chemical Segregation and Surface Twinning Structures in Electro-Deposited Al Dendrites

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Microscopy and Microanalysis 2024年第SUPPLEMENT_1期30卷

作者： Liu, Xiaodong Rahide, Fatemehsadat Yang, Tingting Lu, Penghan Dsokea, Sonia Ehrenberg, Helmut Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E Layla Mehdi, B Department of Materials Design & Manufacturing Engineering University of Liverpool Liverpool UK Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons Research Centre Juelich Juelich Germany Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems Department of Electrical Energy Storage Freiburg Germany Albert Crewe Centre University of Liverpool Liverpool UK

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Stochastic noise can be helpful for variational quantum algorithms

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Liu, Junyu Wilde, Frederik Mele, Antonio Anna Jiang, Liang Eisert, Jens Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering The University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States Chicago Quantum Exchange ChicagoIL60637 United States Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics The University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States qBraid Co. ChicagoIL60615 United States Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems Freie Universität Berlin Berlin14195 Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin14109 Germany Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute Berlin10587 Germany

Saddle points constitute a crucial challenge for first-order gradient descent algorithms. In notions of classical machine learning, they are avoided for example by means of stochastic gradient descent methods. In this work, we provide evidence that the saddle points problem can be naturally avoided in variational quantum algorithms by exploiting the presence of stochasticity. We prove convergence guarantees and present practical examples in numerical simulations and on quantum hardware. We argue that the natural stochasticity of variational algorithms can be beneficial for avoiding strict saddle points, i.e., those saddle points with at least one negative Hessian eigenvalue. This insight that some levels of shot noise could help is expected to add a new perspective to notions of near-term variational quantum algorithms. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Shot noise

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CURVACE – CURVed Artificial Compound Eyes

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Procedia Computer Science 2011年 7卷 308-309页

作者： Ramon Pericet-Camara Michal Dobrzynski Géraud L’Eplattenier Jean-Christophe Zufferey Fabien Expert Raphaël Juston Franck Ruffier Nicolas Franceschini Stéphane Viollet Mohsine Menouni Stéphanie Godiot Andreas Brückner Wolfgang Buss Robert Leitel Fabian Recktenwald Chunrong Yuan Hanspeter Mallot Dario Floreano Laboratory of Intelligent Systems Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Station 11 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland Biorobotics Laboratory Institute of Movement Sciences CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée CP938 163 ave. Luminy 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille IN2P3-CNRS/Université de la Méditerranée Case 902 163 ave. Luminy 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering Albert-Einstein-Strasse 7 07745 Jena Germany Department of Cognitive Neurobiology Faculty of Biology University of Tübingen 72076 Tübingen Germany

CURVACE aims at designing, developing, and assessing CURVed Artificial Compound Eyes, a radically novel family of vision systems. This innovative approach will provide more efficient visual abilities for embedded applications that require motion analysis in low-power and small packages. Compared to conventional cameras, artificial compound eyes will offer a much larger field of view with negligible distortion and exceptionally high temporal resolution in smaller size and weight that will fit the requirements of a wide range of applications.

关键词： Artificial vision compound eyes bio-inspired engineering vision-based navigation

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52. Characterization of hemocompatibility, structure and viability of arteries cryopreserved with 83% cryoprotectants

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Cryobiology 2010年第3期61卷 377-377页

作者： Agnes J. Huber Kelvin G.M. Brockbank Iris Riemann Katja Schenke-Layland Martina Schleicher Olaf Fritze Simone Liebscher Hans-Peter Wendel Ulrich A. Stock Dept. Thoracic Cardiac and Vascular Surgery University Hospital Tübingen Germany Cell and Tissue Systems Inc. North Charleston SC USA Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA Dept. Biomedical Optics Fraunhofer Institute forBiomedical Technology (IBMT) St. Ingbert Germany Dept. Cell and Tissue Engineering Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB) Stuttgart Germany Dept. Paediatric Cardiosurgery University Hospital Tübingen Germany

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Publisher's Note: “Influence of structural properties on the ferroelectric behavior of hexagonal AlScN” [J. Appl. Phys. 132, 114101 (2022)]

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Journal of Applied Physics 2022年第16期132卷

作者： M. Yassine A. Nair J. Fammels E. Wade Z. Fu A. Yassine L. Kirste O. Ambacher 1Institute for Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg Emmy-Noether-Str. 2 D-79110 Freiburg Germany 2Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics Tullastr. 72 D-79108 Freiburg Germany

This article was originally published online on 15 September 2022 with an error in Fig. 6. Figure 6 is correct as it appears below.

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Rapid Artificial Intelligence Solutions in a Pandemic - The COVID-19-20 Lung CT Lesion Segmentation Challenge

Research Square

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Research Square 2021年 rs3rs-571332页

作者： Roth, Holger R. Xu, Ziyue Diez, Carlos Tor Jacob, Ramon Sanchez Zember, Jonathan Molto, Jose Li, Wenqi Xu, Sheng Turkbey, Baris Turkbey, Evrim Yang, Dong Harouni, Ahmed Rieke, Nicola Hu, Shishuai Isensee, Fabian Tang, Claire Yu, Qinji Sölter, Jan Zheng, Tong Liauchuk, Vitali Zhou, Ziqi Moltz, Jan Hendrik Oliveira, Bruno Xia, Yong Maier-Hein, Klaus H. Li, Qikai Husch, Andreas Zhang, Luyang Kovalev, Vassili Kang, Li Hering, Alessa Vilaça, João L. Flores, Mona Xu, Daguang Wood, Bradford Linguraru, Marius George NVIDIA BethesdaMD United States Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation Children’s National Hospital WashingtonDC United States Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology Children’s National Hospital WashingtonDC United States Radiology and Imaging Sciences National Institutes of Health Clinical Center BethesdaMD United States School of Computer Science and Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University China Heidelberg Germany Lynbrook High School San JoseCA United States Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg Luxembourg School of Informatics Nagoya University Japan Biomedical Image Analysis Department United Institute of Informatics Problems Belarus Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing Shenzhen University China Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS Bremen Germany School of Medicine University of Minho Braga Portugal ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães Portugal Algoritmi Center School of Engineering University of Minho Guimarães Portugal Heidelberg Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS Lübeck Germany 2Ai – Polytechnic Institute of Cávado and Ave Barcelos Portugal School of Medicine and Health Sciences George Washington University WashingtonDC United States

Artificial intelligence (AI) methods for the automatic detection and quantification of COVID-19 lesions in chest computed tomography (CT) might play an important role in the monitoring and management of the disease. We organized an international challenge and competition for the development and comparison of AI algorithms for this task, which we supported with public data and state-of-the-art benchmark methods. Board Certified Radiologists annotated 295 public images from two sources (A and B) for algorithms training (n=199, source A), validation (n=50, source A) and testing (n=23, source A;n=23, source B). There were 1,096 registered teams of which 225 and 98 completed the validation and testing phases, respectively. The challenge showed that AI models could be rapidly designed by diverse teams with the potential to measure disease or facilitate timely and patient-specific interventions. This paper provides an overview and the major outcomes of the COVID-19 Lung CT Lesion Segmentation Challenge - 2020. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： COVID-19

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