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Material-specific high-resolution table-top extreme ultraviolet microscopy

Light(Science & Applications) 2022年第5期11卷 991-1000页

作者： Wilhelm Eschen Lars Loetgering Vittoria Schuster Robert Klas Alexander Kirsche Lutz Berthold Michael Steinert Thomas Pertsch Herbert Gross Michael Krause Jens Limpert Jan Rothhardt Institute of Applied Physics Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich-SchillerUniversität JenaAlbert-Einstein-Str.1507745 JenaGermany HelmholtzInstitute Jena Fröbelstieg 307743 JenaGermany Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Albert-Einstein-Straße 907745 JenaGermany Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS WalterHülse-Str.106120 HalleGermany Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF Albert-Einstein-Str.707745 JenaGermany

Microscopy with extreme ultraviolet(EUV)radiation holds promise for high-resolution imaging with excellent material contrast,due to the short wavelength and numerous element-specific absorption edges available in this spectral *** the same time,EUV radiation has significantly larger penetration depths than *** thus enables a nano-scale view into complex three-dimensional structures that are important for material science,semiconductor metrology,and next-generation ***,we present high-resolution and material-specific microscopy at 13.5 nm *** combine a highly stable,high photon-flux,table-top EUV source with an interferometrically stabilized ptychography *** utilizing structured EUV illumination,we overcome the limitations of conventional EUV focusing optics and demonstrate high-resolution microscopy at a half-pitch lateral resolution of 16 ***,we propose mixed-state orthogonal probe relaxation ptychography,enabling robust phase-contrast imaging over wide fields of view and long acquisition *** this way,the complex transmission of an integrated circuit is precisely reconstructed,allowing for the classification of the material composition of mesoscopic semiconductor systems.

关键词： resolution ultraviolet extreme

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The Role of Renewable Energy Generation in Electric Vehicles Transition and Decarbonization of Transportation Sector

The Role of Renewable Energy Generation in Electric Vehicles...

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International Conference on Environment and Electrical engineering (EEEIC)

作者： Qais Ali Maria Luisa Di Silvestre Pio Lombardi Eleonora Riva Sanseverino Gaetano Zizzo Department of Engineering University of Palermo Palermo Italy Energy systems and infrastructures Fraunhofer Institute IFF Magdeburg Germany

Electric vehicles are the future of the transport sector. The massive transition from traditional passenger vehicles to electric vehicles will play an important role in the decarbonization of the transport sector and moving toward zero emissions. The main problem will be the generation source of electricity to charge the huge fleet of future electric vehicles. Hence clean and renewable energy sources will play a vital role in making electric vehicles carbon-free. In this paper, the impact of the carbon dioxide emission factor of power systems on electric vehicles has been studied in detail. A carbon dioxide emission comparison has been done for traditional passenger vehicles and electric vehicles. The study has been carried out for three Italian regions, the Tuscany Region, Sicily Region, and Sardinia Region having low, medium, and high carbon dioxide emission factors of power systems respectively, with different penetration levels of electric vehicles. An ideal scenario with 100 percent renewable energy sources and an extreme Scenario with 0 percent renewable energy sources in the power system has also been studied for electric vehicles' role in the decarbonization of the transport sector. The result obtained in this study showed that renewable energy sources in the future power grids will have a significant impact in making electric vehicles zero-emissions cars and many European Union goals of making the transport sector zero carbon cannot be achieved without making the future power system grids renewable.

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Automated Disassembly of Battery systems to Battery Modules

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Procedia CIRP 2024年 122卷 25-30页

作者： Anwar Al Assadi Thomas Götz Andreas Gebhardt Oliver Mannuß Bernd Meese Johannes Wanner Soumya Singha Lorenz Halt Peter Birke Alexander Sauer Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA 70569 Stuttgart Germany Electrical Energy Storage Systems Institute for Photovoltaics University of Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany Institute for Energy Efficiency in Production University of Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany

The increasing market share of electric vehicles leads to a growing demand for raw materials such as lithium and cobalt, where the supply situation is fraught with risk. Product-specific challenges regarding high voltage, product state/variance, and labor shortage require flexible automated non-/ semi-/ destructive disassembly. However, there is a need to implement industrial, scalable automation approaches to deal with this problem. This paper addresses the development of a flexible robotic cell for the fully automated disassembly of battery modules from battery systems. The paper presents all required tools and processes for battery diagnoses, machine learning-based object recognition, loosening and removing fasteners, opening sealings, gripping components, separating cables and plugs, and removing the battery modules. Based on this, a sorted disposal/recycling of the material can be realized. Finally, the holistic robot cell, including a safety concept, is described using the example of an actual disassembly process.

关键词： Robot-based disassembly Circular Economy Battery systems

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Nanoscale Material-specific Imaging Using an Extreme Ultraviolet Tabletop Light Source

Nanoscale Material-specific Imaging Using an Extreme Ultravi...

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2023 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and European Quantum Electronics Conference, CLEO/Europe-EQEC 2023

作者： Liu, Chang Eschen, Wilhelm Loetgering, Lars Penagos Molina, Daniel S. Klas, Robert Schuster, Vittoria Kirsche, Alexander Berthold, Lutz Iliou, Alexander Steinert, Michael Hillmann, Falk Krause, Michael Pertsch, Thomas Limpert, Jens Rothhardt, Jan Helmholtz Institute Jena Jena07743 Germany Institute of Applied Physics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena Jena07745 Germany GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH Darmstadt64291 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS Halle06120 Germany Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Jena07745 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF Jena07745 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350345995

Microscopy using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light offers high potential for a broad range of applications ranging from semiconductor metrology to biological imaging, thanks to its nanoscale resolution and excellent material contrast [1]. Especially, photon penetration in the spectral region below the Silicon L-edge (>12.4 nm wavelength) allows for the investigation of micrometer-thick samples. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Extreme ultraviolet lithography

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Broadband G-Band GaN Digital Step Attenuators

Broadband G-Band GaN Digital Step Attenuators

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Microwave, MTT-S International Symposium

作者： Philipp Neininger Fabian Thome Denis Gebauer Peter Brückner Rüdiger Quay Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF Germany Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350375046

ISBN: (纸本)9798350375053

In this paper, we describe the design considerations, analysis, and measurement results of two gallium nitride (GaN) digital step attenuator (DSA) designs that cover an ultrawide frequency range between 40 and 220 GHz. We employ a distributed topology and compare designs using either stacked or single-HEMT unit cells in terms of insertion loss, attenuation depth, and linearity characteristics. Both of the designs achieve a nominal attenuation depth of 16 dB in 2-dB steps and a P1dB of 24 dBm at 74 GHz, while the insertion loss up to 220 GHz remains below 4.6 dB (stacked design) and below 6 dB for the single-HEMT designs. These results represent the most broadband GaN-based DSA designs to date.

关键词： Attenuators Linearity Insertion loss Attenuation measurement Attenuation Loss measurement Frequency measurement

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Vertical GaN Transistor with Quasi-Monolithically Integrated HEMT Gate Driver and Sense-CAVET for Current Monitoring

Vertical GaN Transistor with Quasi-Monolithically Integrated...

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Annual IEEE Conference on Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)

作者： Michael Basler Philipp Döring Stefan Mönch Richard Reiner Rachid Driad Michael Mikulla Rüdiger Quay Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF Freiburg Germany Department for Sustainable Systems Engineering INATECH University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany

This work shows the co-integration of the lateral GaN technology with a vertical power device, the current aperture vertical electron transistor (CAVET). The experimental proof-of-concept of a large-area CAVET power device controlled by a lateral HEMT push-pull driver stage with current sensing using a sense-CAVET is demonstrated in a double-pulse measurement setup at 40 V, up to 2.4 A, and 500 kHz. The current is mirrored via a sense-CAVET with a small gate width and converted with a transimpedance amplifier. The response time of the current measurement is approx. 60 ns. In addition to the switching waveforms, static measurements of the vertical and lateral devices and switching waveforms are shown. Thus, this GaN CAVET technology demonstrates the possibility of monolithic lateral device integration compared to other vertical device approaches and may enable future vertical GaN power ICs.

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Integrating flexibility provision into operation planning: A generic framework to assess potentials and bid prices of end-users

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Energy 2022年第PartB期261卷

作者： Wanapinit, Natapon Thomsen, Jessica Weidlich, Anke Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Germany Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering University of Freiburg Germany

End-user flexibility is an essential resource for decarbonized energy systems, and can be exploited via distributed flexibility markets. To participate, end-users must weigh potential revenues against their primary objectives, subject to their operational constraints. This work presents a technology-neutral framework to simultaneously determine the optimal operation, flexibility bids and prices by extending original operation planning problems into two-stage stochastic ones. Recovery constraints are introduced to exclude potentially adverse bids. As case studies, diverse residential end-users, who minimize their cost and additionally place flexibility bids, are analyzed. The results reveal complex time-varying and system-specific dynamics of bid volumes and prices. For example, heating systems receiving flat electricity rates can effortlessly bid flexibility from forcing early heat generation, namely, positive flexibility for combined heat and power units and negative flexibility for heat pumps. However, under time-varying rates, bid patterns change and become synchronized, which can cause scarcity in markets with homogeneous participants. With this framework, end-users can assess technical and economic potentials, plan their operations and market participation. As operation planning also reckons with the expected flexibility demand of the system, bids in time of need are likely higher. Lastly, detailed potential assessments also aid operators in designing flexibility portfolios or markets. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Stochastic programming

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mm-Wave GaN Varactors and E/W-Band Phase Shifter

mm-Wave GaN Varactors and E/W-Band Phase Shifter

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European (Formerly European Gallium Arsenide and Other Semiconductors Application Symposium - EGASS) Microwave Integrated Circuit Conference (EuMIC)

作者： Philipp Neininger Peter Brückner Rüdiger Quay Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF Germany Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Germany

ISBN: (数字)9782874870781

ISBN: (纸本)9798350385120

In this paper, we characterize and compare novel anti-series GaN varactors of three different gate lengths for use at mm-wave frequencies beyond 50 GHz. We focus on insertion loss and phase steering capability versus bias range. The results show a capacitance ratio of up to 7.8 for the longest gates and a tradeoff between capacitance ratio and insertion loss. The devices were implemented in an established GaN MMIC technology, allowing co-design with other circuit features. Using the results of this study, we also develop a mm-wave phase shifter MMIC that operates in a wide frequency range from 50 to 110 GHz and enables phase offsets of up to 114°.

关键词： Varactors Microwave integrated circuits Phase shifters Insertion loss Logic gates Capacitance Microwave circuits Threshold voltage Gallium nitride Mixers

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Towards Continuous Development for Quantum Programming in Decentralized IoT environments

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Procedia Computer Science 2024年 238卷 7-14页

作者： Michail Alexandros Kourtis Nikolay Tcholtchev Ilie-Daniel Gheorghe-Pop Colin Kai-Uwe Becker Georgios Xylouris Evangelos Markakis Matic Petric Raphael Seidel Sebastian Bock National Center of Scientific Research “Demokritos” Athens Greece Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems (FOKUS) Berlin Germany Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University Heraklion Greece

The progression in quantum computing and the rapid development of quantum computation hardware has raised expectations for its application to commercially relevant use cases in the future. However, the need for high-level quantum programming abstractions and targeted use cases paired with vertical applications, which can directly benefit from quantum computing, remains an open challenge. This paper presents our vision for a decentralized architecture for swarm based IoT systems that leverages a high-level continuous development and integration quantum programming suite to support edge processing capabilities for different use cases across the edge-fog-cloud continuum. The planned Quantum DevKit provides the necessary abstractions and low-level backend interfaces for quantum computing infrastructure, enabling edge computation using quantum processing, with extensions to efficient management of Service Level Agreements (SLAs). The paper focuses on the presentation of the development kit and its coupling swarm-based architecture that automates the orchestration of the cloud-to-edge continuum, showcasing the potential of quantum technology in edge processing.

关键词： Quantum Programming Swarm Intelligence Decentralized Computing Edge Blockchain

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IPAnema Silent: A CDPR for Spatial Hearing Experiments 6th

IPAnema Silent: A CDPR for Spatial Hearing Experiments

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6th International Conference on Cable-Driven Parallel Robots, CableCon 2023

作者： Martin, Christoph Fabritius, Marc Lehnertz, Christian Jurašić, Philipp Stoll, Johannes T. Ernst, Marc O. Kraus, Werner Pott, Andreas Robot and Assistive Systems Department Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA Stuttgart Germany Department of Physics Technical University of Munich Munich Germany Department of Applied Cognitive Psychology University of Ulm Ulm Germany University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783031323218

Experiments within the field of applied cognitive psychology examine how humans perceive spatial audio signals emitted by dynamically moving sources. These experiments require a speaker moving silently in front of a test person in all six dimensions. Common manipulators such as serial robots or gantry systems cannot be used in this application as their drive trains (e.g. motors, gearboxes, movement mechanics) are too noisy. Cable-driven parallel robots (CDPRs) have the unique benefit that their motors can be placed far away from their end-effector, which can therefore be moved silently. This work presents the design and implementation of the IPAnema Silent, a silent CDPR with high dynamic capabilities and an optimized workspace for studying the spatial hearing of humans. Based on the requirements of cognitive psychology experiments, the design process for the IPAnema Silent’s layout and mechanical components is presented. Experimental evaluations of the IPAnema Silent’s noise, workspace, dynamic performance, and accuracy show that it satisfies its objectives and is suitable for the application of spatial hearing experiments. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Manipulators

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