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Susceptibility of Sensors to IEMI Attacks

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Susceptibility of Sensors to IEMI Attacks

EMC/SI/PI and EMC Europe Symposium, IEEE International Joint

作者： Louis Cesbron Lavau Michael Suhrke Peter Knott Electromagnetic Effects and Threats Fraunhofer Institute for Technological Trend Analysis INT Euskirchen Germany Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques FHR Wachtberg Germany Chair of Radar Systems Engineering Institute of High Frequency Technology RWTH Aachen Germany

The use of sensors has grown dramatically in recent years and many devices rely on the information provided by them. The potential vulnerability of sensors to attacks that use Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) needs to be investigated. These attacks can cause typical errors such as a forced restart of a system, capturing erroneous sensor data, data communication being impeded or even disrupted, as well as a complete freeze of all processes. In order to measure the susceptibility of sensors to IEMI, it is important to understand the internal mechanisms that lead to the undesired effect. This paper investigates the impact of IEMI on three separate sensors: a Barometer, a Magnetometer and Current Sense Sensor. Having full access to sensor ports and interface information may help to explain erroneous values and could lead to the development of protective measures in the future.

关键词： Ports (computers) Magnetic sensors Current measurement Sensor phenomena and characterization Physical layer Software Sensor systems

DECOMPOSITION OF INDUSTRIAL systems FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPTIMIZATION WITH OPTTOPO

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Thiele, Gregor Johanni, Theresa Sommer, David Krüger, Jörg Department for Process Automation and Robotics Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Germany Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany Weierstrass Institute for Applied Analysis and Stochastics Berlin Germany Institute for Machine Tools and Factory Management Technical University of Berlin Berlin Germany

The operation of industrial facilities is a broad field for optimization. Industrial plants are often a) composed of several components, b) linked using network technology, c) physically interconnected and d) complex regarding the effect of set-points and operating points in every entity. This leads to the possibility of overall optimization but also to a high complexity of the emerging optimization problems. The decomposition of complex systems allows the modeling of individual models which can be structured according to the physical topology. A method for energy performance indicators (EnPI) helps to formulate an optimization problem. The optimization algorithm OptTopo achieves efficient set-points by traversing a graph representation of the overall system. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Optimization

Tactile Network Resource Allocation enabled by Quantum Annealing based on ILP Modeling

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Witt, Arthur Körber, Christopher Kirstädter, Andreas Luu, Thomas Institute of Communication Networks and Computer Engineering University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Institute of Theoretical Physics II Ruhr-University Bochum Bochum Germany Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems IEG Bochum Germany JARA HPC Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich Germany

Agile networks with fast adaptation and reconfiguration capabilities are required for on-demand provisioning of various network services. We propose a new methodical framework for short-time network optimization based on quantum computing (QC) and integer linear program (ILP) models, which has the potential of realizing a real-time network automation. We define methods to map a nearly real-world ILP model for resource provisioning to a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem, which is solvable on quantum annealer (QA). We concentrate on the three-node network to evaluate our approach and its obtainable quality of solution using the state-of-the-art quantum annealer D-Wave Advantage™ 5.2/5.3. By studying the annealing process, we find annealing configuration parameters that obtain feasible solutions close to the reference solution generated by the classical ILP-solver CPLEX. Further, we studied the scaling of the network problem and provide estimations on quantum annealer's hardware requirements to enable a proper QUBO problem embedding of larger networks. We achieved the QUBO embedding of networks with up to 6 nodes on the D-Wave Advantage™. According to our estimates a real-sized network with 12 to 16 nodes require a QA hardware with at least 50000 qubits or *** Codes 68Q12 (Primary) 68R05, 68R10 (Secondary) Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Resource allocation

CanAdopt—coupling agent-based and energy systems models for decarbonisation pathway analysis

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Environmental Research: Energy 2025年第2期2卷 025001-025001页

作者： David Huckebrink Madeleine Seatle Zachary Michael Isaac Gould Max Rose Valentin Bertsch Madeleine McPherson Chair of Energy Systems and Energy Economics Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany Institute for Integrated Energy Systems Department of Civil Engineering University of Victoria Victoria BC Canada Fraunhofer IEG Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geotechnologies IEG Cottbus Germany

Energy system models (ESMs) inform the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Optimal system design is influenced by the shape and magnitude of electricity demand. Demands will change as decarbonisation efforts across sectors aim at electrification. However, many ESMs oversimplify the complexity of demand changes driven by individual adoption decisions. Agent-based models (ABMs) allow for incorporating behavioural theories capturing this complexity, but rely on assumptions about factors like energy prices and emissions affecting adoption behaviour. This work introduces a novel framework, CanAdopt, that integrates an ABM with an ESM, alleviating assumption requirements in both models. The capabilities of the novel framework are demonstrated for scenario analysis of policy impacts in the energy and residential heating sectors. The ABM models heating technology adoption and residential electricity demands for the ESM, which optimises capacity expansion and yields electricity prices and embedded emissions for the ABM. Both models cover 2020–2050 and are executed sequentially eight times. Applied to Ontario, Canada, the most progressive scenario achieves net-zero by 2035 and 2040 in the residential sector and power sector, respectively. The total transition costs are 327 billion CAD in the residential sector and 395 billion CAD in the power sector. Cumulative heating related emissions increase by 43% through a five-year delay in achieving net-zero, underscoring the urgency of the transition. The governmental carbon abatement costs in the residential sector range from 72 to 110 CAD/(t CO₂), well below the federal carbon tax of 170 CAD/(t CO₂). The coupling of both models showed, that increased residential heat pump adoption may reduce total transition cost by 8 to 10 billion CAD in the power system, but the increases in demand may be challenging to meet if additionally electric furnaces are widely adopted.

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Optimization of high precision manufacturing by Monte Carlo tree search

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Weichert, Dorina Horchler, Felix Kister, Alexander Trost, Marcus Hartung, Johannes Risse, Stefan Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems IAIS Schloss Birlinghoven Sankt Augustin53757 Germany Fraunhofer Center for Machine Learning Institute of Computer Science Bonn University Bonn53115 Germany Fraunhofer Institue for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering IOF Jena07745 Germany

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has shown its strength for a lot of deterministic and stochastic examples, but literature lacks reports of applications to real world industrial processes. Common reasons for this are that there is no efficient simulator of the process available or there exist problems in applying MCTS to the complex rules of the process. In this paper, we apply MCTS for optimizing a high-precision manufacturing process that has stochastic and partially observable outcomes. We make use of an expert-knowledge-based simulator and adapt the MCTS default policy to deal with the manufacturing process. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods

Accurate Distances Measures and Machine Learning of the Texture-Property Relation for Crystallographic Textures Represented by One-Point Statistics

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Iraki, Tarek Morand, Lukas Link, Norbert Sandfeld, Stefan Helm, Dirk Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Jülich Germany Intelligent Systems Research Group ISRG Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences Moltkestr. 30 Karlsruhe76133 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM Wöhlerstraße 11 Freiburg79108 Germany Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering RWTH Aachen University Germany

The crystallographic texture of metallic materials is a key microstructural feature that is responsible for the anisotropic behavior, e.g., important in forming operations. In materials science, crystallographic texture is commonly described by the orientation distribution function, which is defined as the probability density function of the orientations of the monocrystal grains conforming a polycrystalline material. For representing the orientation distribution function, there are several approaches such as using generalized spherical harmonics, orientation histograms, and pole figure images. Measuring distances between crystallographic textures is essential for any task that requires assessing texture similarities, e.g. to guide forming processes. Therefore, we introduce novel distance measures based on (i) the Earth Movers Distance that takes into account local distance information encoded in histogram-based texture representations and (ii) a distance measure based on pole figure images. For this purpose, we evaluate and compare existing distance measures for selected use-cases. The present study gives insights into advantages and drawbacks of using certain texture representations and distance measures with emphasis on applications in materials design and optimal process control. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Machine learning

Enhancements of Discretization Approaches for Non-Convex Mixed-Integer Quadratically Constraint Quadratic Programming: Part I

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Beach, Benjamin Burlacu, Robert Bärmann, Andreas Hager, Lukas Hildebrand, Robert Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Tech BlacksburgVA United States Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS NürnbergD-90411 Germany Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg ErlangenD-91058 Germany

We study mixed-integer programming (MIP) relaxation techniques for the solution of non-convex mixed-integer quadratically constrained quadratic programs (MIQCQPs). We present MIP relaxation methods for non-convex continuous variable products. In this paper, we consider MIP relaxations based on separable reformulation. The main focus is the introduction of the enhanced separable MIP relaxation for non-convex quadratic products of the form z "xy, called hybrid separable (HybS). Additionally, we introduce a logarithmic MIP relaxation for univariate quadratic terms, called sawtooth relaxation, based on [7]. We combine the latter with HybS and existing separable reformulations to derive MIP relaxations of MIQCQPs. We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of these techniques, underlining the theoretical advantages of HybS compared to its predecessors. We perform a broad computational study to demonstrate the effectiveness of the enhanced MIP relaxation in terms of producing tight dual bounds for MIQCQPs. In Part II, we study MIP relaxations that extend the MIP relaxation normalized multiparametric disaggregation technique (NMDT) [13] and present a computational study which also includes the MIP relaxations from this work and compares them with a state-of-the-art of MIQCQP solvers. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Quadratic programming

Geothermal Reservoir Characterisation of Devonian Carbonates in North Rhine-Westphalia (W. Germany) Mineralogy- and Depofacies-Related Extrapolation of Petrophysical Parameters

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SSRN

SSRN 2022年

作者： Lippert, Kevin Ahrens, Benedikt Nehler, Mathias Balcewicz, Martin Mueller, Mathias Bracke, Rolf Immenhauser, Adrian Fraunhofer IEG – Fraunhofer Research Institution for Energy Infrastructures and Geothermal Systems Am Hochschulcampus 1 / IEG Bochum44801 Germany Institute of Geology Mineralogy and Geophysics Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 Bochum44801 Germany Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Bochum University of Applied Sciences Lennershofstraße 140 Bochum44801 Germany

Across Germany, coal-fired power plants will be shut down not later than 2038. In the Rhine-Ruhr area of western Germany, their waste heat is the main supply for one of Europe’s largest district heating networks. Because of the projected shutdown of coal-fired power plants, sustainable alternatives must be implemented. This paper evaluates the hydrothermal potential of Devonian carbonates. A depofacies and mineralogy model is proposed and discussed. Tentative conclusions are drawn based on petrophysical laboratory tests. Extrapolating the thermal and hydraulic rock properties into geothermal reservoir depths offers constraints for associated reservoir simulations. This task applies existing and derived extrapolation equations taking local pressure and temperature gradients into consideration. The change from a non-linear to a linear development at the critical crack-closure pressure provides evidence regarding the petrophysical in-situ reservoir conditions. Results show a positive effect of increased dolomite volumes on reservoir properties. The spatial distribution of fracture networks significantly affects the geothermal reservoir potential, while the impact of regionally distributed depofacies variations is moderate. The critical crack-closure pressure equals 40 MPa for limestones and 60 MPa for dolomitic limestones, as well as dolostones, representing depths of approx. 3.6 and 5.4 km, respectively. At depths of 6 km, non-linear and linear extrapolation principles must be applied accordingly. At that depth, the thermal conductivity decreases by 14 to 20 % compared to the outcrop values, depending on the sample category. The equivalent decrease in porosity amounts to one to two orders of magnitude. The permeability decrease equals three to four orders of magnitude. The petrophysical values of outcrop samples discussed here plot, within the error range, in the same domain as those of the Malm carbonates in the Munich area. Results are considered encouraging for tho

关键词： Lime

Four-Wave Mixing at Excitonic Resonances in the Telecom Spectral Range

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Four-Wave Mixing at Excitonic Resonances in the Telecom Spec...

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe (CLEO EUROPE)

作者： Sebastian Klimmer Artem Sinelnik Thomas Pertsch Isabelle Staude Habib Rostami Giancarlo Soavi Institute of Solid State Physics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany Department of Electronic Materials Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems Research School of Physics The Australian National University Canberra. ACT Australia Institute of Applied Physics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany Abbe Center of Photonics Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering Jena Germany Department of Physics University of Bath Bath United Kingdom Nordita KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9798350345995

The generation of entangled photons by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) or spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) attracted enormous interest in the field of quantum optics. Depending on applications, entangled photon sources prioritize either bandwidth (e.g. for quantum imaging) or brightness (e.g. for quantum key distribution). Layered materials offer unique advantages for both. They have already been used to realize thinnest SPDC sources [1], which, like other layered materials such as transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) [2], offer nearly unlimited bandwidth thanks to relaxed phase-matching constraints. Further, their easy integration on photonic platforms is promising for bright on-chip entangled photon sources. In this context, SPDC-based solutions are limited by phase-matching, whereas SFWM would be an almost phase-matching-free process, as pump, idler, and signal photons can be generated at similar wavelengths, thus propagating at the same group velocity in integrated devices. Moreover, exploiting excitonic resonances could enhance FWM even more. However, to date, experiments with resonant FWM in TMDs have been limited to signals in the visible [3], which is unsuitable for integrated photonics and telecom systems due to reabsorption during propagation in the photonic device.

关键词： Four wave mixing Integrated photonics Parametric down conversion Photonic entanglement Photonic integrated circuits Quantum key distribution