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2016 IEEE International 3D systems Integration Conference, 3DIC 2016

作者： Waqas Chaudhary, Muhammad Heinig, Andy Dittrich, Michael Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS Division Engineering of Adaptive Systems EAS Zeunerstraße 38 Dresden01069 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781509013999

High speed interfaces in traditional Printed Circuit Board based systems are based on serial data communication circuits. Serializing and deserializing circuitries are used on two ends of the chips communicating with each other. The channel can be either between modules over a Backplane, between chip packages on PCB or between dies on an interposer. Backplane and PCB based serial communication has been studied extensively in the literature. But serial data communication analysis between dies in a 2.5D integrated system is yet to be thoroughly analyzed. This paper discusses the channel consisting of interposer lines, and the connection of dies to interposer using copper pillars. It performs the channel extraction using 2D and 3D solvers and describes the channel models. Then it shows the channel simulation results at 10Gb/s data rate using serial circuit models. Finally conclusions are discussed which would enable a better understanding of serial communication in a 2.5D integrated system. © 2016 IEEE.

关键词： Printed circuit boards

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Suns-ILIT: Accurate method for non-contacted local IV measurements

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2018年第1期1999卷

作者： Wolfram Kwapil Sven Wasmer Andreas Fell Johannes M. Greulich Martin C. Schubert 1Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE) Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany 2University Freiburg Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH) Emmy-Noether-Str. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany

We demonstrate a novel method to measure the lateral distribution of the recombination current without an external load, hence without the need to establish an electrical contact. In combination with photoluminescence imaging, which can be used to calculate the lateral implied open-circuit voltage iVOC distribution, accurate local current-voltage IV characteristics similar to global Suns-VOC curves are obtained based on measurements with varying illumination intensity. This method can also be used on unfinished, non-metallized cell precursors. In addition to its value for assessing limitations in standard solar cells, it has the potential to be very useful for the analysis of the IV characteristics of individual sub-cells in tandem devices by using different excitation wavelengths.

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Light scattering at random pyramid textures: Effects beyond geometric optics

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2018年第1期1999卷

作者： Oliver Höhn Nico Tucher Armin Richter Martin Hermle Benedikt Bläsi 1Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Heidenhofstraße 2 79100 Freiburg Germany 2Albert-Ludwigs-University Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering INATECH Georges-Köhler-Allee 103 79110 Freiburg Germany

The currently highest measured efficiency for both side contacted monocrystalline Silicon solar cells is 25.8%. The external quantum efficiency of these solar cells with random pyramids at the front side differs from results achieved with pure ray optical modeling. As is already known from literature, better agreement can be reached by introducing additional scattering into the modeled system. Within this paper we show that this scattering can be well explained using a Phong-like scatterer. What is more, we show that in the investigated high efficiency solar cells scattering at the rear side is a minor effect although it is often assumed as the origin of scattering. The relevant scattering instead is caused by the random pyramids themselves.

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Model-based security verification for evolving systems

Model-based security verification for evolving systems

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Software engineering-Konferenz, SE 2016 - Software engineering Conference, SE 2016

作者： Jürjens, Jan Wenzel, Sven Poggenpohl, Daniel Ochoa, Martín Institute for Software Technology University of Koblenz-Landau Koblenz Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Software and Systems Engineering ISST Dortmund Germany Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9783885796466

Security certification of complex systems requires a high amount of effort. As a particular challenge, today's systems are increasingly long-living and subject to continuous change. After each change of some part of the system, the whole system needs to be re-certified from scratch (since security properties are not in general modular), which is usually far too much effort. We present a tool-supported approach for security certification that minimizes the amount of effort necessary in the case of re-certification after change. It is based on an approach for model-based development of secure software which makes use of the security extension UMLsec of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It allows the user to integrate security requirements such as secure information flow and audit security into a system design model, it supported by a security verification tool chain, and has been applied to a number of industrial applications.

关键词： Software design

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Verification of a numerical model of the offshore wind turbine from the alpha ventus wind farm within OC5 phase III 37

Verification of a numerical model of the offshore wind turbi...

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ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic engineering, OMAE 2018

作者： Popko, Wojciech Huhn, Matthias L. Robertson, Amy Jonkman, Jason Wendt, Fabian Muller, Kolja Kretschmer, Matthias Vorpahl, Fabian Hagen, Torbjørn Ruud Galinos, Christos Dreff, Jean-Baptiste Le Gilbert, Philippe Auriac, Bertrand Villora, Francisco Navarro Schunemann, Paul Bayati, Ilmas Belloli, Marco Oh, Sho Totsuka, Yoshitaka Qvist, Jacob Bachynski, Erin Sørum, Stian Høegh Thomassen, Paul E. Shin, Hyunkyoung Vittori, Felipe Galvan, Josean Molins, Climent Bonnet, Paul Van Der Zee, Tjeerd Bergua, Roger Wang, Kai Fu, Pengcheng Cai, Jifeng Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy Systems IWES Division Wind Turbine and System Technology Bremerhaven27572 Germany National Renewable Energy Laboratory GoldenCO United States University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Wind Energy Stuttgart Germany Senvion Osnabruck Germany OWEC Tower AS Oslo Norway Technical University of Denmark Department of Wind Energy Roskilde Denmark Electricite de France Recherche et Developpement Palaiseau France IFP Energies Nouvelles Solaize France Principia La Ciotat France Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy Hamburg Germany University of Rostock Endowed Department of Wind Energy Technology Rostock Germany Politecnico di Milano Department of Mechanical Engineering Milan Italy Tokyo Japan Wind Energy Institute of Tokyo Inc. Tokyo Japan Subsea Hvalstad Norway Norwegian University of Science and Technology Department of Marine Technology Trondheim Norway Simis AS Trondheim Norway University of Ulsan School of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering Ulsan Korea Republic of Sarriguren Spain TECNALIA Derio Spain Polytechnic University of Catalonia Barcelona Spain Siemens Industry Software Cornella de Llobregat Spain Knowledge Centre WMC Wieringerwerf Netherlands Envision Energy Limited Shanghai China China General Certification Center Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9780791851319

The main objective of the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation, with Correlation (OC5) project, is validation of aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulation tools for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) through comparison of simulated results to the response data of physical systems. Phase III of the OC5 project analyzes the Senvion 5M wind turbine supported by the OWEC Quattropod from the alpha ventus offshore wind farm. This paper shows results of the verification of the OWT models (code-to-code comparison). A subsequent publication will focus on their validation (comparison of simulated results to measured physical system response data). Based on the available data, the participants of Phase III set up numerical models of the OWT in their simulation tools. It was necessary to verify and to tune these models. The verification and tuning were performed against an OWT model available at the University of Stuttgart - Stuttgart Wind Energy (SWE) and documentation provided by Senvion and OWEC Tower. A very good match was achieved between the results from the reference SWE model and models set up by OC5 Phase III participants. © Copyright 2018 ASME.

关键词： Numerical models

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Enhanced dynamic performance evaluation method of line-concentrating solar collectors

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2018年第1期2033卷

作者： Annie Zirkel-Hofer Korbinian Kramer Anna Heimsath Stephan Scholl Werner Platzer 1Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany 2Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering ICTV Technical University Braunschweig Langer Kamp 7 38106 Braunschweig Germany

This publication presents an enhanced dynamic performance testing method for line-concentrating solar thermal collectors. To fully exploit the potential of concentrating solar power and legitimize investments within this sector, a reliable and meaningful performance testing is essential. Dynamic testing is especially beneficial for outdoor testing, particularly on-site, lacking of laboratory facilities and therefore requiring in situ measurements. Those complex test conditions prevail for systems of larger dimensions such as concentrating collectors. The introduced comprehensive performance test method addresses diverse elements of reliable collector certification, such as sophisticated confidence interval computations allowing to properly assess the quality of test results. It moreover includes aspects concerning the selection of suitable measurement instrumentation as well as recommendations regarding an appropriate testing strategy. Both aspects may substantially increase the identification quality of the performance results. Exemplary evaluation results prove the capability, reliability, and high benefit of the introduced dynamic procedure. It allows for a significant reduction of testing time, effort, and consequently costs. Flexible and simultaneously reliable certification procedures are considered crucial for the further establishment of solar thermal technologies and their global acceptance.

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Dynamic performance evaluation of line-concentrating steam collectors

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2018年第1期2033卷

This publication presents a newly developed procedure for performance evaluation of direct steam generating collectors. Performance testing and evaluation of solar collectors operating with direct steam are not yet standardized, since accredited testing standard procedures do not foresee testing with compressible heat transfer media. Due to the existence of two-phase flow, the measurement concept as well as the collector simulation model needs to be adjusted. Two approaches of steady-state and dynamic performance evaluation are introduced. The corresponding methodology is applicable to small- and large-scale parabolic trough as well as linear Fresnel collectors. The application of the newly developed simulation model and evaluation procedure to measurement data proves the practicability and reliability of the introduced approach. On the basis of exemplary results, the benefits and remaining drawbacks of the procedure are thoroughly discussed. They particularly demonstrate the adapted testing method to be a valuable tool for fast and simple performance checks of steam generating systems. Meaningful performance testing is considered highly beneficial for a further dissemination and global acceptance of steam collectors and solar process heat in general.

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Applications of trajectory data from the perspective of a road transportation agency: Literature review and Maryland case study

arXiv

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arXiv 2017年

作者： Marković, Nikola Sekula, Przemyslaw Laan, Zachary Vander Andrienko, Gennady Andrienko, Natalia Center for Advanced Transportation Technology Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems Sankt Augustin Germany City University London United Kingdom

Transportation agencies have an opportunity to leverage increasingly-available trajectory datasets to improve their analyses and decision-making processes. However, this data is typically purchased from vendors, which means agencies must understand its potential benefits beforehand in order to properly assess its value relative to the cost of acquisition. While the literature concerned with trajectory data is rich, it is naturally fragmented and focused on technical contributions in niche areas, which makes it difficult for government agencies to assess its value across different transportation domains. To overcome this issue, the current paper explores trajectory data from the perspective of a road transportation agency interested in acquiring trajectories to enhance its analyses. The paper provides a literature review illustrating applications of trajectory data in six areas of road transportation systems analysis: demand estimation, modeling human behavior, designing public transit, traffic performance measurement and prediction, environment and safety. In addition, it visually explores 20 million GPS traces in Maryland, illustrating existing and suggesting new applications of trajectory data. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Machine learning

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Material compatibility of ORC working fluids with polymers

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Energy Procedia 2017年 129卷 137-144页

作者： Sebastian Eyerer Peter Eyerer Markus Eicheldinger Sebastian Sax Christoph Wieland Hartmut Spliethoff Technical University of Munich Institute for Energy Systems Boltzmannstr. 15 85748 Garching Germany Technical University of Munich Munich School of Engineering Goethermal Alliance Bavaria Boltzmannstr. 17 85748 Garching Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research Walter-Meißner-Str. 6 85748 Garching Germany

In this study, the material compatibility of refrigerants focusing on hydrofluoroolefines (HFO) with typical polymers in ORC plants and refrigeration units is analyzed with consistent testing conditions and a complete uncertainty analysis of the results. One state-of-the-art refrigerant, namely R245fa, as well as the low-GWP fluids R1233zd-E and R1234yf are taken into account. The investigated polymers are ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), fluoric rubber (FKM) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In the case of EPDM, two different compositions are analyzed. To complement the study the material compatibility with a polyolester (POE) lubricant is also investigated. The material compatibility is evaluated by changes in volume, weight, Shore A as well as in small load hardness. With the small load hardness measurements, the hardness directly at the samples surface can be determined and thus important information on chemical interaction is provided. This study points out the importance of material compatibility testing especially investigating the difference between hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and HFO, because the unsaturated characteristic of the HFO may lead to considerable changes in material compatibility compared to HFC refrigerants.

关键词： Organic Rankine Cycle low-GWP working fluids elastomeres chemical stability material compatibility hydrofluoroolefines

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Unimodular completion and direct flat representation in the context of differential flatness

Unimodular completion and direct flat representation in the ...

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Joint 87th Annual Meeting on the International Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, GAMM 2016 and Deutsche Mathematiker‐Vereinigung, DMV 2016

作者： Fritzsche, Klemens Knoll, Carsten Franke, Matthias Röbenack, Klaus Institute of Control Theory Dresden University of Technology Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS Division Engineering of Adaptive Systems EAS Dresden Germany

Despite its significance in nonlinear controller design, the verification of the property of differential flatness and the identification of so-called flat outputs is a continuing research topic. However, the difficulty of both verification and identification heavily depends on the representation of the system. This contribution shows that flatness may be a far less complicated matter, depending on the choice of coordinates. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

关键词： Controllers

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