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8th European Conference on software Architecture Workshops, ECSAW 2014

作者： Da Silva Amorim, Simone McGregor, John D. De Almeida, Eduardo Santana Von Flach G. Chavez, Christina Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Bahia Salvador BA 40110 Brazil Strategic Software Engineering Research Group Clemson University Clemson SC 29634 United States Federal University of Bahia Fraunhofer Project Center for Software and Systems Engineering Salvador BA 40170 Brazil Federal University of Bahia Salvador BA 40170 Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450327787

Quality attributes are important to creating, understanding, and evaluating software architectures. The architectural attributes and challenges for ecosystem architectures are different from one-off systems. The study of those aspects that influence quality attributes in this new environment can help to understand these architectures. In previous work, we hypothesized that the architecture for an ecosystem should be extensible, scalable, and flexible and reported initial investigations into extensibility and scalability. In this paper, we report on our investigation into flexibility. We analyze various features that impact how to design flexible architectures. We highlight that flexibility for ecosystems is not only a technical issue, but a business issue as well. We classified features that affect flexibility into business and technical dimensions. We adapted a software system metric for flexibility to measure the flexibility of an ecosystem's architecture. © 2014 ACM.

关键词： Ecosystems

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Specifying intra-component dependencies for synthesizing component behaviors 1

Specifying intra-component dependencies for synthesizing com...

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1st International Workshop on Model-Driven engineering for Component-Based software systems, ModComp 2014

作者： Dziwok, Stefan Goschin, Sebastian Becker, Steffen Software Engineering Group Heinz Nixdorf Institute University of Paderborn Zukunftsmeile 1 Paderborn33102 Germany Fraunhofer IPT Project Group Mechatronic Systems Design Software Engineering Zukunftsmeile 1 Paderborn33102 Germany Step2e Innovation GmbH Rosstraenke 4 Passau94032 Germany

Cyber-physical systems, e.g., cars, interact with their physical environment, underlie real-time constraints, and exchange messages with each other. An engineer can define their software using a componentbased architecture. An approach to manage the complexity of this task is to separate concerns by specifying the behavior of each component's port independently and, afterwards, synthesizing the component behavior based on the port's behaviors and their dependencies. Though, such a synthesis requires to specify the intra-component dependencies formally. However, for several dependencies that are commonly used, no formal language exists. In this paper, we present a language that enables the specification of all commonly used dependencies in the domain of cyber-physical systems. Moreover, we define the requirements for an intra-component dependency language, provide an extended synthesis process, and introduce the dependency kinds the language shall support.

关键词： Cyber Physical System

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Considering architectural properties in real-time play-out 44

Considering architectural properties in real-time play-out

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44. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur Informatik INFORMATIK 2014 - Big Data - Komplexitat meistern - Big Data - Mastering Complexity: 44th Annual Meeting of the Society for Computer Science, INFORMATICS 2014

作者： Holtmann, Jörg Shipchanov, Dimitar Software Engineering Project Group Mechatronic Systems Design Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Zukunftsmeile 1 Paderborn33102 Germany Department of Computer Science University of Paderborn Warburger Str. 100 Paderborn33098 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783885796268

Real-time embedded systems (RTES), as in the automotive domain, provide their functionality by executing software operations on hardware with restricted resources and by communicating via buses. The properties of the underlying architecture, i.e., execution times of software operations and bus latencies, cause delays during the provision of the functionality. At the same time, RTES have to fulfill strict real-time requirements. The fulfillment of such real-time requirements under consideration of delays induced by architectural properties should be taken into account already during requirements engineering (RE) to avoid costly iterations in subsequent development phases. In previous work, we developed a formal RE approach based on a recent Live Sequence Chart (LSC) variant, so-called Modal Sequence Diagrams (MSDs). This scenario-based RE approach allows to validate the requirements by means of simulation, i.e., the play-out algorithm originally conceived for LSCs. Our MSD play-out approach considers assumptions on the environment as well as real-time requirements and is applicable to hierarchical component architectures, which makes it well suited for automotive systems. However, delays induced by architectural properties are not considered. In order to consider this important aspect, we introduce in this paper an approach enabling the annotation of software operation execution times and connector latencies to hierarchical component architectures by means of the MARTE profile. These assumptions about the architectural properties can be verified against the realtime requirements specified in the MSDs by means of simulation. We illustrate the approach by means of an example of an automotive RTES.

关键词： Requirements engineering

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25th Annual Computational Neuroscience Meeting CNS-2016, Seogwipo City, South Korea, July 2-7, 2016 Abstracts

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BMC NEUROSCIENCE 2016年第1期17卷 1-112页

作者： [Anonymous] Computational Neurobiology Laboratory The Salk Institute for Biological Studies San Diego USA UNIC CNRS Gif sur Yvette France The European Institute for Theoretical Neuroscience (EITN) Paris France ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories Kyoto Japan Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Canada Department of Physiology University of Toronto Toronto Canada Department of Medicine (Neurology) University of Toronto Toronto Canada Department of Physics University of New Hampshire Durham USA Department of Neurophysiology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw Poland Department of Theory Wigner Research Centre for Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest Hungary Department of Mathematical Sciences KAIST Daejoen Republic of Korea Department of Mathematics University of Houston Houston USA Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology and Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering Rice University Houston USA Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston USA Grupo de Neurocomputación Biológica Dpto. de Ingeniería Informática Escuela Politécnica Superior Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain Department of Biological Sciences University of Southern California Los Angeles USA Center for Neuroscience Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul South Korea Department of Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx USA Center for Neuroscience KIST Seoul South Korea Department of Neuroscience University of Science and Technology Daejon South Korea Systems Neuroscience Group QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Herston Australia Department of Psychology Yonsei University Seoul South Korea Department of Psychiatry Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong Seoul South Korea Department of Psychiatry Veterans Administration Boston Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School Brockton USA Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkvil

A1 Functional advantages of cell-type heterogeneity in neural circuits Tatyana O. Sharpee A2 Mesoscopic modeling of propagating waves in visual cortex Alain Destexhe A3 Dynamics and biomarkers of mental disorders Mitsuo Kawato F1 Precise recruitment of spiking output at theta frequencies requires dendritic h-channels in multi-compartment models of oriens-lacunosum/moleculare hippocampal interneurons Vladislav Sekulić, Frances K. Skinner F2 Kernel methods in reconstruction of current sources from extracellular potentials for single cells and the whole brains Daniel K. Wójcik, Chaitanya Chintaluri, Dorottya Cserpán, Zoltán Somogyvári F3 The synchronized periods depend on intracellular transcriptional repression mechanisms in circadian clocks. Jae Kyoung Kim, Zachary P. Kilpatrick, Matthew R. Bennett, Kresimir Josić O1 Assessing irregularity and coordination of spiking-bursting rhythms in central pattern generators Irene Elices, David Arroyo, Rafael Levi, Francisco B. Rodriguez, Pablo Varona O2 Regulation of top-down processing by cortically-projecting parvalbumin positive neurons in basal forebrain Eunjin Hwang, Bowon Kim, Hio-Been Han, Tae Kim, James T. McKenna, Ritchie E. Brown, Robert W. McCarley, Jee Hyun Choi O3 Modeling auditory stream segregation, build-up and bistability James Rankin, Pamela Osborn Popp, John Rinzel O4 Strong competition between tonotopic neural ensembles explains pitch-related dynamics of auditory cortex evoked fields Alejandro Tabas, André Rupp, Emili Balaguer-Ballester O5 A simple model of retinal response to multi-electrode stimulation Matias I. Maturana, David B. Grayden, Shaun L. Cloherty, Tatiana Kameneva, Michael R. Ibbotson, Hamish Meffin O6 Noise correlations in V4 area correlate with behavioral performance in visual discrimination task Veronika Koren, Timm Lochmann, Valentin Dragoi, Klaus Obermayer O7 Input-location dependent gain modulation in cerebellar nucleus neurons Maria Psarrou, Maria Schilstra, Neil Davey, Benjamin Torben-Ni

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Generating Modelica Models from software Specifications for the Simulation of Cyber-Physical systems

Generating Modelica Models from Software Specifications for ...

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Euromicro Conference on software engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA)

作者： Uwe Pohlmann Jörg Holtmann Matthias Meyer Christopher Gerking Project Group Mechatronic Systems Design Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT Paderborn Germany Software Engineering Group University of Paderborn Paderborn Germany

Future smart systems will provide functionality by dynamically interacting with each other in cyber-physical systems. Such interactions require a message-based coordination under hard real-time constraints. This is realized by complex software, which combines discrete, state-based behavior with continuous behavior controlling the dynamics of the physical system parts. The development methods and tools for these kinds of software are not well integrated so far. For the modeling and simulation of physical and continuous control behavior, Modelica can be used. For modeling the discrete coordination behavior, MECHATRONICUML (MUML) can be used, which in addition offers a formal verification of safety requirements like deadlock-freedom of interactions, for example. We introduce in this paper an automatic transformation for formally verified MUML models into Modelica to ensure that the discrete state-based software correctly interacts with the continuous control software, physical parts, and a plant model. We illustrate this concept by means of a car-to-car coordination scenario.

关键词： Unified modeling language Mathematical model Real-time systems Clocks Analytical models software Libraries

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Towards an Ontology of Terms on Technical Debt

Towards an Ontology of Terms on Technical Debt

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International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt (MTD)

作者： Nicolli S.R. Alves Leilane F. Ribeiro Vivyane Caires Thiago S. Mendes Rodrigo O. Spínola Graduate Program in Systems and Computer Salvador University - UNIFACS Salvador Brazil Fraunhofer Project Center for Software and System Engineering UFBA Salvador Brazil Information Technology Department IFBA Santo Amaro Bahia Brazil

Technical debt is a term that has been used to describe the increased cost of changing or maintaining a system due to shortcuts taken during its development. As technical debt is a recent research area, its different types and their indicators are not organized yet. Therefore, this paper proposes an ontology of terms on technical debt in order to organize a common vocabulary for the area. The organized concepts derived from the results of a systematic literature mapping. The proposed ontology was evaluated in two steps. In the first one, some ontology design quality criteria were used. For the second one, a specialist in the area performed an initial evaluation. This work contributes to evolve the Technical Debt Landscape through the organization of the different types of technical debt and their indicators. We consider this an important contribution for both researchers and practitioners because this information was spread out in the literature hindering their use in research and development activities.

关键词： Ontologies software Documentation Organizations OWL Vocabulary Computer architecture

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software architecture documentation for developers: A survey

Software architecture documentation for developers: A survey

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7th European Conference on software Architecture, ECSA 2013

作者： Rost, Dominik Naab, Matthias Lima, Crescencio Von Flach Garcia Chavez, Christina Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering Kaiserslautern Germany Fraunhofer Project Center on Software and Systems Engineering Department of Computer Science Federal University of Bahia Bahia Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783642390302

software architecture has become an established discipline in industry. Nevertheless, the available documentation of architecture is often not perceived as adequate by developers. As a foundation for the improvement of methods and tools around architecture documentation, we conducted a survey with 147 industrial participants, investigating their current problems and wishes for the future. Participants from different countries in Europe, Asia, North and South America shared their experiences. This paper presents the results of the survey. The results confirmed the common belief that architecture documentation is most frequently outdated and inconsistent and backed it up with data. Further, developers perceive difficulties with a "one-size-fits-all" architecture documentation, which does not adequately provide information for their specific task and context. Developers seek for more interactive ways of working with architecture documentation that allow finding needed information more easily with extended navigation and search possibilities. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Surveys

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Towards understanding software change request assignment: A survey with practitioners 13

Towards understanding software change request assignment: A ...

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17th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in software engineering, EASE 2013

作者： Cavalcanti, Yguaratã Cerqueira Da Mota Silveira Neto, Paulo Anselmo Do Carmo Machado, Ivan De Almeida, Eduardo Santana De Lemos Meira, Silvio Romero SERPRO Recife Brazil Salvador Brazil DCC UFBA Fraunhofer Project Center for Software and Systems Engineering Salvador Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450318488

Context: Change Request (CR) repositories play an important role in the software maintenance and evolution process. Through a CR repository, software changes are reported and assigned to developers. Finding the appropriate developer to a CR is crucial for obtaining the lowest, economically feasible, fixing time. Nevertheless, assigning CRs is a laborintensive and time consuming task. Although many work have proposed automated approaches for CR assignment, they have been implemented without investigating the fundamental aspects which characterize the task itself. Objective: This paper investigates the effort that is taken to assign CR to appropriate developers and identifies the fundamental aspects that characterize it, such as the strategies to perform the assignments and the complexity involved in them. Such investigation improves the current knowledge on the topic, providing researchers and practitioners with useful information towards developing effective solutions. Method: A survey was performed with software developers to understand CR assignment in the Brazilian Federal Organization for Data Processing. The questionnaire was composed of 38 questions, being them both open-ended and closed-ended. We analyzed the answers of 36 respondents. Results: We find that: there is a significant amount of time being spent on assignments (e.g., assigning 20 CRs can take up to 3.3 hours);there are many strategies used to assign CRs, which are complementary to those used in current automated solutions;and CR assignment is very complexity due to a process that requires cognitive abilities for information seeking, communication, and memorization. Conclusion: CR repositories are fundamental to software maintenance, however assigning CRs to developers is an expensive activity. Although we understand that fully and totally accurate automation of assignments is unlikely, further improvements on this direction are feasible and necessary to reduce costs. This way, this paper brings re

关键词： Computer software maintenance

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The problem of conceptualization in god class detection: agreement, strategies and decision drivers

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Journal of software engineering Research and Development 2014年第1期2卷 1-33页

作者： José Amancio M Santos Manoel Gomes de Mendonça Cleber Pereira dos Santos Renato Lima Novais Department of Technology State University of Feira de Santana Feira de Santana Brazil Mathematics Institute Federal University of Bahia Salvador Brazil Fraunhofer Project Center for Software & Systems Eng. Ademar de Barros Avenue Salvador Brazil Information Technology Department Federal Institute of Bahia Salvador Brazil

The concept of code smells is widespread in software engineering. Despite the empirical studies addressing the topic, the set of context-dependent issues that impacts the human perception of what is a code smell has not been studied in depth. We call this the code smell conceptualization problem. To discuss the problem, empirical studies are necessary. In this work, we focused on conceptualization of god class. God class is a code smell characterized by classes that tend to centralize the intelligence of the system. It is one of the most studied smells in software engineering literature. A controlled experiment that extends and builds upon a previous empirical study about how humans detect god classes, their decision drivers, and agreement rate. Our study delves into research questions of the previous study, adding visualization to the smell detection process, and analyzing strategies of detection. Our findings show that agreement among participants is low, which corroborates previous studies. We show that this is mainly related to agreeing on what a god class is and which thresholds should be adopted, and not related to comprehension of the programs. The use of visualization did not improve the agreement among the participants. However, it did affect the choice of detection drivers. This study contributes to expand empirical evidences on the impact of human perception on detecting code smells. It shows that studies about the human role in smell detection are relevant and they should consider the conceptualization problem of code smells.

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Safe deployment for reconfigurable cyber-physical systems

Safe deployment for reconfigurable cyber-physical systems

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18th International Doctoral Symposium on Components and Architecture, WCOP 2013

作者： Pohlmann, Uwe Fraunhofer IPT Project Group Mechatronic Systems Design Software Engineering Zukunftsmeile 1 33102 Paderborn Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450321259

The number of software components within a cyber-physical systems increases continuously. However, not all components are needed at all time. Because of structural changes of software and hardware it is possible to use resources more efficiently. For example, energy is saved by shutting down currently not needed ECUs. software component instances (SCIs) must be deployed to an electronic control unit (ECU) to be executed. A safe deployment must consider the changes of the software and hardware structure. State-of-the-art deployment algorithms like [14] are not designed for reconfigurable software applications and reconfigurable hardware platforms. This paper presents first ideas how to specify reconfigurable hardware platforms and how to consider software and hardware changes for a safe deployment at design time. We demonstrate the properties of our deployment approach for reconfigurable cyber-physical systems by using Lego mindstorms robots. Copyright © 2013 ACM.

关键词： Embedded systems

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