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Advanced Sustainability Action Plan: Supporting manufacturing SMEs on a sustainability pathway

Procedia CIRP 2024年 122卷 354-359页

作者： Nelli Kononova Max Juraschek Michael Kohlgrüber Christoph Herrmann Chair of Sustainable Manufacturing and Life Cycle Engineering Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology (IWF) Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany Department of Social Sciences TU Dortmund University Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST Braunschweig Germany

The manufacturing industry faces numerous challenges: increasing energy and material costs, limited resources availability, customers’ and legal requirements on product quality, climate action, social standards. An example for a political and regulative push is the European Green Deal and the Industry 5.0 strategy announced by the European Commission, which requires manufacturing enterprises to take actions to improve sustainability. Especially small and medium enterprises (SMEs) require support to identify potentially suitable actions to implement. This paper proposes a guided decision support method for SMEs to help them on the sustainability pathway. With a multi-step procedure, the current status of a specific company regarding sustainability actions, their development goals, challenging fields of action, plans and interests in application of advanced technologies and social or environmental services can be identified. Starting from a questionnaire-based self-assessment, relevant fields of actions are derived and potential advanced technologies, social innovations and environmental services are identified. The developed approach combines evaluation of the assessment results, as well as online workshops with SMEs to refine the obtained information, align the suggested set of actions with needs of the companies and prioritize them. As result of this procedure, participating SMEs receive an advanced sustainability action plan (ASAP), which helps them to prioritize available measures to implement on their individual sustainability pathway. The ASAP has been implemented for 41 companies within an online community hub system designed to match and join technology and service providers with manufacturing SMEs. "Processes and Production system" was identified as the most important action field for 41% of SMEs, highlighting the need for efficiency improvement in production processes.

关键词： advanced technologies sustainability assessement decision support social innovation environmental services LCA

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Data-driven decision support system enabling the circularity of products 57

Data-driven decision support system enabling the circularity...

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18th IFAC Workshop on Time Delay Systems, TDS 2024

作者： Wilde, A.-S. Juraschek, M. Herrmann, Christoph Institute of Machine Tools and Production Technology Sustainable Manufacturing and Life Cycle Engineering Technische Universität Braunschweig Langer Kamp 19b Braunschweig38106 Germany Fraunhofer Institute of Surface Engineering and Thin Films Riedenkamp 2 Braunschweig38108 Germany Open Hybrid LabFactory e.V. Herrmann-Münch-Straße 2 Wolfsburg38440 Germany

Implementing a Circular Economy (CE) is one approach to reach a higher level of sustainability for products. The individual product's circularity and the resulting choice of the best fitting life cycle path are influenced for instance by varying product properties due to stochastic influences of processes or during use, developments in the availability of (re-)process techniques and prospective changes in regulatory constraints. To support the product circularity by selecting the most sustainable path and decide for instance to reuse, remanufacture or recycle, an evaluation of the potentially available strategies is necessary when planning the life cycle of circular products as well as for improving the circularity of each individual product in the use stage. For this, gathering, processing and analyzing product-specific data, such as initial product properties, intensity of use and external influences, is a key element. Against this background, a framework and procedure model for the implementation of a data-based decision support system to evaluate and assess possible life cycle strategies is proposed. With this, recommendations for selecting and designing the most sustainable life cycle path depending on specific target functions can be derived. © 2024 The Authors.

关键词： Circular economy

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Improved surface generation of multi-material objects in computed tomography using local histograms 21

Improved surface generation of multi-material objects in com...

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Uhlmann, E. Hein, C. Kayser, N. Duerre, G. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Germany Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technical University Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

During the last decade industrial computed tomography (iCT) has become one of the most important metrological procedures for internal inspection, where it sees wide-spread use in injection molding and additive manufacturing. Evaluating the CT volume data of multi-material objects represents a major technical challenge. Due to artifacts caused by beam hardening, an over-segmentation of strongly absorbing materials occurs, severely limiting the accuracy of dimensional measurements. The goal of the project presented is the development of an innovative artifact-reduced multi-material segmentation. This is applied to and tested on various complex reconstructed CT data sets. Global approaches show high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) but are not able to compensate for local deviations. For smaller volumes the data sets become more consistent, but the SNR decreases due to the reduced data volume. Thus, a more localized approach for the volume image data has the potential to provide results of higher accuracy. With this newly presented algorithm it is now possible to perform segmentation of all materials, while eliminating over-segmentation errors as well as local noise artifacts almost completely for all tested datasets. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： Injection molding

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Identifying machine times with OPC UA for Equipment as a Service (EaaS) – possibilities and limitations

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Procedia CIRP 2024年 130卷 578-583页

作者： Dimitri Evcenko Tonja Heinemann Holger Kett Armin Lechler Oliver Riedel Andreas Wortmann Institute of Human Factors and Technology Management (IAT) University of Stuttgart Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW) University of Stuttgart Seidenstr. 36 70174 Stuttgart Germany Fraunhofer IAO Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering (IAO) Nobelstraße 12 70569 Stuttgart Germany

With Equipment as a Service (EaaS), subscription-based business models are becoming increasingly popular in mechanical and plant engineering. The main argument in favor for EaaS is a better overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) when a factory supplier operates the equipment. Therefore, the constant determination of the OEE in EaaS operations becomes crucial. This value is usually determined combining data retrieved from the equipment itself in combination with data from higher level systems like the manufacturing execution system (MES) of the customers. The latter are not accessible by the factory supplier. To bridge this information gap, the OEE of a piece of equipment is determined based solely on the available equipment data retrieved through data exchange standards such as the Open Platform Communications Unified Architecture (OPC UA). To achieve this, the time information needed to determine the OEE as defined in the ISO 22400-2 standard is either directly determined from OPC UA data from the machines or approximated through assumptions and exclusions. As an example for the mapping of equipment data to different time information, machine tools are focused and, hence, OPC UA 40501 and OPC UA 40001. In addition, the findings are analyzed regarding limitations in using the available time data via OPC UA. The mapping’s applicability is demonstrated with an exemplary use case and the OEE is compared when calculated only with equipment data retrieved via OPC UA with the OEE calculation having the additional information from a higher level system. This comparison allows to evaluate the uncertainty introduced by making assumptions and exclusions. The results are a valuable input to supplement the OPC UA Companion Specifications in order to cover the OEE determination in EaaS use cases.

关键词： Equipment as a Service (EaaS) OPC UA overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) machine monitoring

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Micro-milling of a sprue structure in tungsten carbide-based metal matrix composite 21

Micro-milling of a sprue structure in tungsten carbide-based...

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Uhlmann, E. Polte, J. Polte, M. Hein, C. Hocke, T. Jahnke, C. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems Design Technology IPK Germany Institute for Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

Many industries rely on plastic components manufactured by micro-injection moulding. There is a high potential to further increase the cost-effectiveness by machining the moulds needed for this process from non-ferrous metals and reinforcing the parts of the mould, which experience high loads during the micro-injection moulding. Inserting tungsten carbide particles locally into the surface of these non-ferrous metals is one possibility of reinforcement. The resulting metal-matrix-composites (MMC) exhibit the needed wear resistance, while the ground material can be machined very effectively through micro-milling. In contrast, the Micro-milling of these MMC-materials is challenging and so far not state of the art. Thus, this investigation is concerned with the development and qualification of micro-milling parameters for tungsten carbide-based MMC-materials. Binderless polycrystalline diamond as innovative cutting material was applied for this purpose. The goal of the milling parameter development was to optimize the surface roughness and the form accuracy for machining an aluminium bronze workpiece reinforced with tungsten carbide particles through laser injection. Based on an analysis of a wide range of process parameters, an optimised milling strategy was applied to machine a sprue structure from the described MMC-material. Different parameter sets are evaluated by analysing the form accuracy and measuring the surface roughness of machined structures. A surface roughness of Ra = 80 nm and form accuracy of a = 3 µm could be achieved with optimized micro-milling parameters and qualified the developed parameters for industrial applications. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： Tungsten carbide

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Effects on part density for a highly productive manufacturing of WC-Co via laser powder bed fusion 21

Effects on part density for a highly productive manufacturin...

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Polte, J. Neuwald, T. Gordei, A. Kersting, R. Uhlmann, E. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Germany Institute for Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

The additive manufacturing of parts made from difficult-to-weld materials through the usage of preheating temperatures of up to Θ0 ≤ 500 °C is enabled by newest L-PBF machine tools, such as the RenAM 500Q HT from the company RENISHAW PLC, Wottun-under-Edge, UK. This work aims to delevop processing parameters for the dense and crack-free manufacturing of tungsten-carbide cobalt (WC-Co) via this off-the-shelf machine tool. Therefore the laserpower and scanning speed were varied between 80 W ≤ PL ≤ 350 W and 140 mm/s ≤ vS ≤ 650 mm/s respectively. Furthermore the influence of a continuous and pulsed laser mode was analysed. A focus was set on the identification of parameters that enable a highly productive manufacturing while maintaining a high part density. A parameter set for relative density rel. > 94 % and a buildup rate v = 0.59 mm3/s was developed. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： 3D printers

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Simulating flow behaviour of wet particles within the immersed tumbling process 21

Simulating flow behaviour of wet particles within the immers...

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Uhlmann, E. Polte, J. Kuche, Y. Landua, F. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Germany Institute for Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

For many production chains, it is mandatory to involve special finishing of the manufactured parts for the chipping of the edges as well as the polishing of surfaces. One commonly used method is the immersed tumbling process, where any workpiece is dragged through a particle filled container. In many cases, the immersed tumbling process operates in environments with added liquids, leading to changes in particle-tool interaction and general flow behaviour of the used particles. Whilst the discrete element method for simulating particles is mainly limited to dry particles, the used software ROCKY DEM from ESSS, Florianópolis, Brasil, comes with a built-in liquid-bridge model to simulate water-covered particles and granulate and furthermore an extension for system couplings with Ansys Fluent of the company ANSYS, INC., Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. The latter can be used to create from both software one three-phase-model with higher amounts of actually simulated water. In this study, small amounts of water were added to differently shaped particles using the build-in liquid-bridge model, to analyse and compare the particles flow characteristics in both, wet and dry environments. To gather significant information leading towards precise comparisons, the particles trajectories, velocities and resulting forces against the workpieces can be specifically observed and analysed, whilst this kind of process knowledge could previously never been taken into account without simulation. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： Liquids

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Precision finishing of additively manufactured components using the immersed tumbling process 21

Precision finishing of additively manufactured components us...

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Polte, J. Polte, M. Hocke, T. Lahoda, C. Uhlmann, E. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Germany Institute for Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

Additive manufacturing enables the production of highly complex metallic components with highest geometrical flexibility in dedicated lightweight construction. For titanium-aluminium alloys, which are used in particular in the aviation industry, powder bed based processes such as the laser powder bed fusion are established. Nevertheless, laser powder bed fusion is limited with regard to the producible surface roughness in a range of 5 µm ≤ Ra ≤ 15 µm. According to the state of the art, the increase of the geometrical accuracy and the reduction of the surface roughness values of the additive manufactured components are realised by different cutting and non-conventional processes. In this investigation, a new approach for the reduction of the surface roughness values by immersed tumbling was realised. Therefore, additively manufactured square bars made of the titanium alloy Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr were used as sample geometries. An immersed tumbling machine tool with planetary kinematics for post-processing was applied and the lapping media QZ, HSC 1/500 and M5/400 were evaluated. In addition, the influence of the rotor speed and the holder as well as the depth of immersion were considered as influencing factors. As target values the surface roughness values as well as the rounded edge radius were examined. Within this investigations the surface roughness values could be reduced by more than 90 %. In addition, a targeted rounding of the edges could be obtained, which removed the excess edge height at the part resulting from the laser powder bed fusion process. As a result the immersed tumbling process shows a great suitability as a finishing process for additively manufactured components and is particularly suitable for automated and serial finishing processes. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surface roughness

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Additive manufacturing of precision cemented carbide parts 21

Additive manufacturing of precision cemented carbide parts

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Polte, J. Polte, M. Lahoda, C. Hocke, T. Uhlmann, E. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems and Design Technology IPK Germany Institute for Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

Cemented carbide parts are commonly used as wear resistance components in a broad range of industry, e.g. for forming, mould making and matrices. At state of the art the machining of precision cemented carbide components by milling is strongly limited due to excessive tool wear and long machining times. Promising approaches for precision machining of cemented carbide components are dedicated cutting tool coatings, new cutting materials like binderless polycrystalline diamond and ultrasonic-assisted machining. Nevertheless, for all these approaches the components need to be machined of monolithic materials. The new approach addresses an innovative manufacturing process chain composed of near net shape Additive Manufacturing followed by a precision finishing process. Within this investigations for the manufacturing of precision cemented carbide parts, cemented carbide with a cobalt content of 17 % and a grain size in a range of 23 µm ≤ gs ≤ 40 µm were used. As Additive Manufacturing technology laser powder bed fusion was used. Diamond slide burnishing and immersed tumbling were investigated as finishing technologies. Based on the investigations, a dedicated process chain for the manufacturing of precision cemented carbide parts could be realised. The findings show that the developed process chain composed of near net shape Additive Manufacturing and the finishing process diamond slide burnishing enables the manufacturing of precision cemented carbide parts with a geometrical accuracy of ag ≤ 10 µm. Due to the finishing process the initial surface roughness after Additive Manufacturing could reduce by Ra = 89 %. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surface roughness

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Cutting edge preparation of monolithic ceramic milling tools 21

Cutting edge preparation of monolithic ceramic milling tools

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21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021

作者： Uhlmann, E. Polte, M. Polte, J. Hocke, T. Fraunhofer Institute for Production Systems Design Technology IPK Germany Institute for Machine Tools Factory Management IWF Technische Universität Berlin Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780995775190

Due to international competition, continuous increases in productivity, product quality and reduction of production costs are required. Especially, the development of milling tools made of innovative cutting materials and application-specific tool geometries for the machining of brittle materials are in focus to overcome these challenges. One approach to improve the performance and the tool behaviour concerning milling of graphite is the use of monolithic ceramic milling tools. Unfortunately, the high brittleness of the ceramic leads to breakouts on the cutting edge during the grinding process. This results in an increased maximum chipping of the cutting edge, which has a significant influence on the milling process. To improve the breakout behaviour, a cutting edge preparation with the immersed tumbling process was applied. To enable a process reliable cutting edge preparation, a suitable lapping medium, the influence of the processing time as well as the depth of immersion were investigated. Besides the maximum chipping of the cutting edge, the rounded cutting edge radius was also analysed. The results show that a process reliable cutting edge preparation of monolithic ceramic milling tools with a maximum chipping of the cutting edge RS,max ≤ 3 µm and a rounded cutting edge radius of rβ ≤ 7 µm could be realised. In future investigations, the experimental applicability of monolithic ceramic milling tools will be proved. © 2021 Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology, EUSPEN 2021. All rights reserved.

关键词： Brittleness

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