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arXiv 2022年

作者： Patankar, Shubhankar P. Zhou, Dale Lynn, Christopher W. Kim, Jason Z. Ouellet, Mathieu Ju, Harang Zurn, Perry Lydon-Staley, David M. Bassett, Dani S. Department of Bioengineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Neuroscience Graduate Group Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PA19104 United States Initiative for the Theoretical Sciences Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States Joseph Henry Laboratories of Physics Princeton University PrincetonNJ08544 United States Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Science University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Philosophy American University WashingtonDC20016 United States Annenberg School for Communication University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Psychiatry Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Neurology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA19104 United States Santa Fe Institute Santa FeNM87501 United States

Curiosity is an internally motivated search for information. It is enduring and open-ended, and may have evolved to help us build accurate mental representations of our ever-changing environments. Due to the significant role that curiosity plays in our lives, several theoretical constructs, such as the information gap theory and compression progress theory, have sought to explain how we engage in its practice. According to the former, curiosity is the drive to acquire information that is missing from our understanding of the world. According to the latter, curiosity is the drive to construct an increasingly parsimonious mental model of the world. To complement the densification processes inherent to these two theories, we propose the conformational change theory, wherein we posit that the practice of curiosity results in mental models with marked conceptual exibility. To validate these three theories, we must overcome the fundamental challenge of constructing formal models of mental representations of knowledge. Here, we address that challenge by formalizing curiosity as the process of building a growing knowledge network. We then quantitatively investigate information gap theory, compression progress theory, and the conformational change theory of curiosity. In knowledge networks, gaps can be identified as topological cavities, compression progress can be quantified using network compressibility, and exibility can be measured as the number of conformational degrees of freedom. We leverage data acquired from the online encyclopedia Wikipedia to determine the degree to which each theory explains the growth of knowledge networks built by individuals and by collectives. Our findings lend support to a pluralistic view of curiosity, wherein intrinsically motivated information acquisition fills knowledge gaps and simultaneously leads to increasingly compressible and exible knowledge networks. Across individuals and collectives, we determine the contexts in which each theo

关键词： Compressibility

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Intramolecular Structural Heterogeneity altered by Long-range Contacts in an Intrinsically Disordered Protein

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Koren, Gil Meir, Sagi Holschuh, Lennard Mertens, Haydyn D.T. Ehm, Tamara Yahalom, Nadav Golombek, Adina Schwartz, Tal Svergun, Dmitri I. Saleh, Omar A. Dzubiella, Joachim Beck, Roy Raymond & Beverly Sackler School of Physics & Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv6997801 Israel The Center for Physics & Chemistry of Living Systems Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv6997801 Israel The Center for NanoTechnology & NanoScience Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv6997801 Israel Applied Theoretical Physics-Computational Physics Physikalisches Institut Albert-Ludwigs-Universit Freiburg FreiburgD-79104 Germany European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Unit Hamburg22607 Germany Faculty of Physics Center for NanoScience Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenD-80539 Germany School of Chemistry Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Center for Light-Matter Interaction Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv6997801 Israel The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv69978 Israel BMSE Program University of California Santa BarbaraCA93110 United States Materials Department University of California Santa BarbaraCA93110 United States Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies Albert-Ludwigs-Universit Freiburg FreiburgD-79104 Germany

Short-range interactions and long-range contacts drive the 3D folding of structured proteins. The proteins’ structure has a direct impact on their biological function. However, nearly 40% of the eukaryotes proteome is composed of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and protein regions that fluctuate between ensembles of numerous conformations. Therefore, to understand their biological function, it is critical to depict how the structural ensemble statistics correlate to the IDPs’ amino acid sequence. Here, using small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (trFRET), we study the intra-molecular structural heterogeneity of the neurofilament low intrinsically disordered tail domain (NFLt). Using theoretical results of polymer physics, we find that the Flory scaling exponent of NFLt sub-segments correlates linearly with their net charge, ranging from statistics of ideal to self-avoiding chains. Surprisingly, measuring the same segments in the context of the whole NFLt protein, we find that regardless of the peptide sequence, the segments’ structural statistics are more expanded than when measured independently. Our findings show that while polymer physics can, to some level, relate the IDP’s sequence to its ensemble conformations, long-range contacts between distant amino acids play a crucial role in determining intra-molecular structures. This emphasizes the necessity of advanced polymer theories to fully describe IDPs ensembles with the hope it will allow us to model their biological function. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Proteins

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Radii, masses, and transit-timing variations of the three-planet system orbiting the naked-eye star TOI-396

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Bonfanti, A. Amateis, I. Gandolfi, D. Borsato, L. Egger, J.A. Cubillos, P.E. Armstrong, D. Leão, I.C. Fridlund, M. Martins, B.L. Canto Sousa, S.G. De Medeiros, J.R. Fossati, L. Adibekyan, V. Cameron, A. Collier Grziwa, S. Lam, K.W.F. Goffo, E. Nielsen, L.D. Rodler, F. Alarcon, J. Lillo-Box, J. Cochran, W.D. Luque, R. Redfield, S. Santos, N.C. Barros, S.C.C. Bayliss, D. Dumusque, X. Keniger, M.A.F. Livingston, J. Murgas, F. Nowak, G. Osborn, A. Osborn, H.P. Pallé, E. Persson, C.M. Serrano, L.M. Strøm, P.A. Udry, S. Wheatley, P.J. Austrian Academy of Sciences Schmiedlstrasse 6 GrazA-8042 Austria Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Torino via Pietro Giuria 1 TorinoI-10125 Italy Department of Physics and Astronomy Uppsala University Box 516 UppsalaSE-75120 Sweden INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5 Padova35122 Italy Weltraumforschung und Planetologie Physikalisches Institut University of Bern Gesellschaftsstrasse 6 Bern3012 Switzerland INAF Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Via Osservatorio 20 Pino Torinese To I-10025 Italy Department of Physics University of Warwick CoventryCV4 7AL United Kingdom Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road CoventryCV4 7AL United Kingdom Departamento de Física Teórica e Experimental Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Campus Universitário RN Natal59072-970 Brazil Leiden Observatory University of Leiden PO Box 9513 Leiden2300 RA Netherlands Chalmers University of Technology Department of Space Earth and Environment Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-439 92 Sweden INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri Largo E. Fermi 5 Florence Italy Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço Universidade do Porto CAUP Rua das Estrelas Porto4150-762 Portugal School of Physics and Astronomy Physical Science Building North Haugh St Andrews United Kingdom Rhenish Institute for Environmental Research Dep. of Planetary Research University of Cologne Aachener Str. 209 Cologne50931 Germany Rutherfordstrasse 2 BerlinD-12489 Germany Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg Sternwarte 5 TautenburgD-07778 Germany University Observatory Munich Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Scheinerstr. 1 Munich81679 Germany European Southern Observatory Alonso de Cordova 3107 Vitacura Casilla Santiago19001 Chile European Southern Observatory Alonso de Cordova 3107 Vitacura Santiago de Chile Chile CSIC-INTA Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n Villanueva de la Cañada Madrid

Context. TOI-396 is an F6 V bright naked-eye star (V ≈ 6.4) orbited by three small (Rp ≈ 2 R) transiting planets discovered thanks to space-based photometry from two TESS sectors. The orbital periods of the two innermost planets, namely TOI-396 b and c, are close to the 5:3 commensurability (Pb ∼ 3.6 d and Pc ∼ 6.0 d), suggesting that the planets might be trapped in a mean motion resonance (MMR). Aims. To measure the masses of the three planets, refine their radii, and investigate whether planets b and c are in MMR, we carried out HARPS radial velocity (RV) observations of TOI-396 and retrieved archival high-precision transit photometry from four TESS sectors. Methods. We extracted the RVs via a skew-normal fit onto the HARPS cross-correlation functions and performed a Markov chain Monte Carlo joint analysis of the Doppler measurements and transit photometry while employing the breakpoint method to remove stellar activity from the RV time series. We also performed a transit timing variation (TTV) dynamical analysis of the system and simulated the temporal evolution of the TTV amplitudes of the three planets following an N-body numerical integration. Results. Our analysis confirms that the three planets have similar sizes (formula presented) and is thus in agreement with previous findings. However, our measurements are ∼ 1.4 times more precise thanks to the use of two additional TESS sectors. For the first time, we have determined the RV masses for TOI-396 b and d, finding them to be (formula presented), which implies bulk densities of(formula presented), respectively. Our results suggest a quite unusual system architecture, with the outermost planet being the densest. Based on a frequency analysis of the HARPS activity indicators and TESS light curves, we find the rotation period of the star to be Prot,★ = 6.7 ± 1.3 d, in agreement with the value predicted from log R′HK-based empirical relations. The Doppler reflex motion induced by TOI-396 c remains undetected in o

关键词： Markov chains

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II. Spatially and spectrally resolved HCN/HCO+ line ratios in local luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Nishimura, Y. Aalto, S. Gorski, M.D. Konig, S. Onishi, K. Wethers, C. Yang, C. Barcos-Munoz, L. Combes, F. Diaz-Santos, T. Gallagher, J.S. Garcia-Burillo, S. Gonzalez-Alfonso, E. Greve, T.R. Harada, N. Henkel, C. Imanishi, M. Kohno, K. Linden, S.T. Mangum, J.G. Martin, S. Muller, S. Privon, G.C. Ricci, C. Stanley, F. van der Werf, P.P. Viti, S. Department of Astronomy The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Institute of Astronomy The University of Tokyo 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-0015 Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Space Earth and Environment Onsala Space Observatory Chalmers University of Technology OnsalaSE-439 92 Sweden National Radio Astronomy Observatory 520 Edgemont Road CharlottesvilleVA22903 United States Observatoire de Paris LERMA College de France CNRS PSL University Sorbonne Universite Paris France Heraklion70013 Greece School of Sciences European University Cyprus Diogenes street Engomi Nicosia1516 Cyprus Department of Astronomy University of Wisconsin-Madison 5534 Sterling 475 North Charter Street MadisonWI53706 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Macalester College 1600 Grand Abe St. PaulMN55105 United States -Observatorio de Madrid Alfonso XII 3 Madrid28014 Spain Universidad de Alcala Departamento de Fisica y Matematicas Campus Universitario Alcala de Henares MadridE-28871 Spain DTU-Space National Space Institute Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 327 LyngbyDK-2800 Kgs. Denmark DTU-Space Technical University of Denmark Elektrovej 327 LyngbyDK-2800 Kgs Denmark Astronomical Science Program Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-1855 Japan Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie Auf dem Hugel 69 Bonn53121 Germany Astron. Dept. King Abdulaziz University P.O. Box 80203 Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States European Southern Observatory Alonso de C ordova 3107 Vitacura Santiago763 0355 Chile Joint ALMA Observatory Alonso de Cordova 3107 Vitacura Santiago763 0355 Chile Department of Astronomy University of Florida P.O. Box 112055 GainesvilleFL32611 United States Department of Astronomy Univers

Context. Nuclear regions of ultraluminous and luminous infrared galaxies (U/LIRGs) are powered by starbursts and/or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). These regions are often obscured by extremely high columns of gas and dust. Molecular lines in the submillimeter windows have the potential to determine the physical conditions of these compact obscured nuclei (CONs). Aims. We aim to reveal the distributions of HCN and HCO+ emission in local U/LIRGs and investigate whether and how they are related to galaxy properties. Methods. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), we have conducted sensitive observations of the HCN J=3-2 and HCO+ J=3-2 lines toward 23 U/LIRGs in the local Universe (z © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Stars

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The putative center in NGC 1052

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Kadler, Matthias Ros, Eduardo Fromm, Christian M. Wielgus, Maciek Perucho, Manel Krichbaum, Thomas P. Baloković, Mislav Blackburn, Lindy Chan, Chi-Kwan Issaoun, Sara Janssen, Michael Ricci, Luca Akiyama, Kazunori Albentosa-Ruíz, Ezequiel Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Ball, David Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chang, Dominic O. Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Dahale, Rohan Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Dihingia, Indu K. Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougall, Sean Taylor Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Edward Ford, H. Alyson Foschi, Marianna Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, M Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology GothenburgSE-41296 Sweden Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Institut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik Universität Würzburg Emil-Fischer-Str. 31 WürzburgD-97074 Germany Institut für Theoretische Physik Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 Frankfurt am MainD-60438 Germany Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna ValènciaE-46980 Spain Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale University 52 Hillhouse Avenue New HavenCT06511 United States Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States Radboud University PO Box 9010 Nijmegen6500 GL Netherlands Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd. Taipei10617 Taiwan Astronomy Depart

Context. Many active galaxies harbor powerful relativistic jets, however, the detailed mechanisms of their formation and acceleration remain poorly understood. Aims. To investigate the area of jet acceleration and collimation with the highest available angular resolution, we study the innermost region of the bipolar jet in the nearby low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) galaxy NGC 1052. Methods. We combined observations of NGC 1052 taken with VLBA, GMVA, and EHT over one week in the spring of 2017. Our study is focused on the size and continuum spectrum of the innermost region containing the central engine and the footpoints of both jets. We employed a synchrotron-self absorption model to fit the continuum radio spectrum and we combined the size measurements from close to the central engine out to ∼1 pc to study the jet collimation. Results. For the first time, NGC 1052 was detected with the EHT, providing a size of the central region in-between both jet bases of 43 µas perpendicular to the jet axes, corresponding to just around 250 RS (Schwarzschild radii). This size estimate supports previous studies of the jets expansion profile which suggest two breaks of the profile at around 3 × 103 RS and 1 × 104 RS distances to the core. Furthermore, we estimated the magnetic field to be 1.25 Gauss at a distance of 22 µas from the central engine by fitting a synchrotron-self absorption spectrum to the innermost emission feature, which shows a spectral turn-over at ∼130 GHz. Assuming a purely poloidal magnetic field, this implies an upper limit on the magnetic field strength at the event horizon of 2.6 × 104 Gauss, which is consistent with previous measurements. Conclusions. The complex, low-brightness, double-sided jet structure in NGC 1052 makes it a challenge to detect the source at millimeter (mm) wavelengths. However, our first EHT observations have demonstrated that detection is possible up to at least 230 GHz. This study offers a glimpse through the dens

关键词： Synchrotrons

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The bulk van der Waals layered magnet CrSBr is a quasi-1D material

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Klein, Julian Pingault, Benjamin Florian, Matthias Heißenbüttel, Marie-Christin Steinhoff, Alexander Song, Zhigang Torres, Kierstin Dirnberger, Florian Curtis, Jonathan B. Weile, Mads Penn, Aubrey Deilmann, Thorsten Dana, Rami Bushati, Rezlind Quan, Jiamin Luxa, Jan Sofer, Zdenek Alù, Andrea Menon, Vinod M. Wurstbauer, Ursula Rohlfing, Michael Narang, Prineha Lončar, Marko Ross, Frances M. Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States QuTech Delft University of Technology Delft2600 GA Netherlands Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States Institut für Festkörpertheorie Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Münster48149 Germany Institut für Theoretische Physik Universität Bremen P.O. Box 330 440 Bremen28334 Germany Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science University of Bremen Bremen28359 Germany Department of Physics City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States College of Letters and Science UCLA Los AngelesCA90095 United States Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark Kgs. LyngbyDK-2800 Denmark MIT.nano Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Department of Physics The Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10016 United States Photonics Initiative CUNY Advanced Science Research Center New YorkNY10031 United States Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New YorkNY10026 United States Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6166 28 Czech Republic Institute of Physics Center for Nanotechnology University of Münster Münster48149 Germany

Correlated quantum phenomena in one-dimensional (1D) systems that exhibit competing electronic and magnetic order are of strong interest for studying fundamental interactions and excitations, such as Tomonaga-Luttinger liquids and topological orders and defects with properties completely different from the quasiparticles expected in their higher-dimensional counterparts. However, clean 1D electronic systems are difficult to realize experimentally, particularly magnetically ordered systems. Here, we show that the van der Waals layered magnetic semiconductor CrSBr behaves like a quasi-1D material embedded in a magnetically ordered environment. The strong 1D electronic character originates from the Cr-S chains and the combination of weak interlayer hybridization and anisotropy in effective mass and dielectric screening with an effective electron mass ratio of meX/meY ∼ 50. This extreme anisotropy experimentally manifests in strong electron-phonon and exciton-phonon interactions, a Peierls-like structural instability and a Fano resonance from a van Hove singularity of similar strength of metallic carbon nanotubes. Moreover, due to the reduced dimensionality and interlayer coupling, CrSBr hosts spectrally narrow (1 meV) excitons of high binding energy and oscillator strength that inherit the 1D character. Overall, CrSBr is best understood as a stack of weakly hybridized monolayers and appears to be an experimentally attractive candidate for the study of exotic exciton and 1D correlated many-body physics in the presence of magnetic order. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Excitons

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The structural, vibrational, and mechanical properties of jammed packings of deformable particles in three dimensions

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Wang, Dong Treado, John D. Boromand, Arman Norwick, Blake Murrell, Michael P. Shattuck, Mark D. O'Hern, Corey S. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Department of Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Department of Biomedical Engineering Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Systems Biology Institute Yale University West HavenCT06516 United States Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department The City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Applied Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States

We investigate the structural, vibrational, and mechanical properties of jammed packings of deformable particles with shape degrees of freedom in three dimensions (3D). Each 3D deformable particle is modeled as a surface-triangulated polyhedron, with spherical vertices whose positions are determined by a shape-energy function with terms that constrain the particle surface area, volume, and curvature, and prevent interparticle overlap. We show that jammed packings of deformable particles without bending energy possess low-frequency, quartic vibrational modes, whose number decreases with increasing asphericity and matches the number of missing contacts relative to the isostatic value. In contrast, jammed packings of deformable particles with non-zero bending energy are isostatic in 3D, with no quartic modes. We find that the contributions to the eigenmodes of the dynamical matrix from the shape degrees of freedom are significant over the full range of frequency and shape parameters for particles with zero bending energy. We further show that the ensembleaveraged shear modulus hGi scales with pressure P as hGi ∼ pβ, with β ≈ 0.75 for jammed packings of deformable particles with zero bending energy. In contrast, β ≈ 0.5 for packings of deformable particles with non-zero bending energy, which matches the value for jammed packings of soft, spherical particles with fixed shape. These studies underscore the importance of incorporating particle deformability and shape change when modeling the properties of jammed soft materials. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Degrees of freedom (mechanics)

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The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Akiyama, Kazunori Niinuma, Kotaro Hada, Kazuhiro Doi, Akihiro Hagiwara, Yoshiaki Higuchi, Aya E. Honma, Mareki Kawashima, Tomohisa Kolev, Dimitar Koyama, Shoko Masui, Sho Ohsuga, Ken Sano, Hidetoshi Takami, Hideki Tsunetoe, Yuh Uzawa, Yoshinori Akahori, Takuya Akiyama, Yuto Galison, Peter Hayashi, Takayuki J. Hirota, Tomoya Inoue, Makoto Iwata, Yuhei Johnson, Michael D. Kino, Motoki Kofuji, Yutaro Mizuno, Yosuke Moriyama, Kotaro Nagai, Hiroshi Nakamura, Kenta Notsu, Shota Ono, Fumie Oya, Yoko Oyama, Tomoaki Rana, Hannah Saida, Hiromi Saito, Ryo Saito, Yoshihiko Sasada, Mahito Sawada-Satoh, Satoko Takahashi, Mikiya M. Takamura, Mieko Tong, Edward Tsuji, Hiroyuki Yoshioka, Shogo Watanabe, Yoshimasa Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory WestfordMA01886 United States Mizusawa VLBI Observatory National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Iwate023-0861 Japan Black Hole Initiative Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi University Yamaguchi753-8512 Japan The Graduate School of Science Nagoya City University Aichi467-0001 Japan Institute of Space and Astronautical Science Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Kanagawa252-5210 Japan Department of Space and Astronautical Science The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Kanagawa229-8510 Japan Natural Science Laboratory Toyo University Tokyo112-8606 Japan Division of Science School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Denki University Saitama350-0394 Japan Department of Astronomy Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo Chiba277-8582 Japan Space Communication Systems Laboratory Wireless Networks Research Center National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Tokyo184-8795 Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Niigata950-2181 Japan Advanced Technology Center National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Tokyo181-8588 Japan Center for Computational Sciences University of Tsukuba Ibaraki305-8577 Japan Faculty of Engineering Gifu University Gifu501-1193 Japan Harvard University CambridgeMA02138 United States Azabu Junior and Senior High School Tokyo106-0046 Japan Astronomical Science Program The Graduate University for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI Tokyo181-8588 Japan Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica Taipei10617 Taiwan Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian CambridgeMA02138 United States Kogakuin University of Technology & Engineering Academic Support Center 2665-1 Nakano Hachioji Tokyo192-0015 Japan Tsung-Dao Lee Institut

The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a next-generation space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that will extend the ground-based millimeter/submillimeter arrays into space. The mission, closely aligned with the science priorities of the Japanese VLBI community, involves an active engagement of this community in the development of the mission, resulting in the formation of the Black Hole Explorer Japan Consortium. Here we present the current Japanese vision for the mission, ranging from scientific objectives to instrumentation. The Consortium anticipates a wide range of scientific investigations, from diverse black hole physics and astrophysics studied through the primary VLBI mode, to the molecular universe explored via a potential single-dish observation mode in the previously unexplored 50-70 GHz band that would make BHEX the highest-sensitivity explorer ever of molecular oxygen. A potential major contribution for the onboard instrument involves supplying essential elements for its high-sensitivity dual-band receiving system, which includes a broadband 300 GHz SIS mixer and a space-certified multi-stage 4.5K cryocooler akin to those used in the Hitomi and XRISM satellites by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. Additionally, the Consortium explores enhancing and supporting BHEX operations through the use of millimeter/submillimeter facilities developed by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, coupled with a network of laser communication stations operated by the National Institute of Information and Communication Technology. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Radio astronomy

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Charged-hadron and identified-hadron (KS0, Λ, Ξ−) yield measurements in photonuclear Pb+Pb and p+Pb collisions at sNN=5.02TeV with ATLAS

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Physical Review C 2025年第6期111卷 064908-064908页

作者： G. Aad E. Aakvaag B. Abbott S. Abdelhameed K. Abeling N. J. Abicht S. H. Abidi M. Aboelela A. Aboulhorma H. Abramowicz Y. Abulaiti B. S. Acharya A. Ackermann C. Adam Bourdarios L. Adamczyk S. V. Addepalli M. J. Addison J. Adelman A. Adiguzel T. Adye A. A. Affolder Y. Afik M. N. Agaras A. Aggarwal C. Agheorghiesei F. Ahmadov S. Ahuja X. Ai G. Aielli A. Aikot M. Ait Tamlihat B. Aitbenchikh M. Akbiyik T. P. A. Åkesson A. V. Akimov D. Akiyama N. N. Akolkar S. Aktas G. L. Alberghi J. Albert P. Albicocco G. L. Albouy S. Alderweireldt Z. L. Alegria M. Aleksa I. N. Aleksandrov C. Alexa T. Alexopoulos F. Alfonsi M. Algren M. Alhroob B. Ali H. M. J. Ali S. Ali S. W. Alibocus M. Aliev G. Alimonti W. Alkakhi C. Allaire B. M. M. Allbrooke J. S. Allen J. F. Allen P. P. Allport A. Aloisio F. Alonso C. Alpigiani Z. M. K. Alsolami A. Alvarez Fernandez M. Alves Cardoso M. G. Alviggi M. Aly Y. Amaral Coutinho A. Ambler C. Amelung M. Amerl C. G. Ames T. Amezza D. Amidei B. Amini K. Amirie A. Amirkhanov S. P. Amor Dos Santos K. R. Amos D. Amperiadou S. An C. Anastopoulos T. Andeen J. K. Anders A. C. Anderson A. Andreazza S. Angelidakis A. Angerami A. V. Anisenkov A. Annovi C. Antel E. Antipov M. Antonelli F. Anulli M. Aoki T. Aoki M. A. Aparo L. Aperio Bella M. Apicella C. Appelt A. Apyan S. J. Arbiol Val C. Arcangeletti A. T. H. Arce J-F. Arguin S. Argyropoulos J.-H. Arling O. Arnaez H. Arnold G. Artoni H. Asada K. Asai S. Asai N. A. Asbah R. A. Ashby Pickering A. M. Aslam K. Assamagan R. Astalos K. S. V. Astrand S. Atashi R. J. Atkin H. Atmani P. A. Atmasiddha K. Augsten A. D. Auriol V. A. Austrup G. Avolio K. Axiotis G. Azuelos D. Babal H. Bachacou K. Bachas A. Bachiu E. Bachmann M. J. Backes A. Badea T. M. Baer P. Bagnaia M. Bahmani D. Bahner K. Bai J. T. Baines L. Baines O. K. Baker E. Bakos D. Bakshi Gupta L. E. Balabram Filho V. Balakrishnan R. Balasubramanian E. M. Baldin P. Balek E. Ballabene F. Balli L. M. Baltes W. K. Balunas J. Balz I. Bamwidhi E. Banas M. Bandieramonte A. Bandyopadhyay S. Bansal L. Barak M. Barakat E. L. CPPM Aix-Marseille Université CNRS/IN2P3 Marseille France Department for Physics and Technology University of Bergen Bergen Norway Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA New York University Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates II. Physikalisches Institut Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany Fakultät Physik Technische Universität Dortmund Dortmund Germany Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York USA Physics Department Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA Faculté des sciences Université Mohammed V Rabat Morocco Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physics New York University New York New York USA INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine Sezione di Trieste Udine Italy ICTP Trieste Italy Also at Department of Physics King's College London London United Kingdom. Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany LAPP Université Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS/IN2P3 Annecy France AGH University of Krakow Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science Krakow Poland SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Stanford California USA School of Physics and Astronomy University of Manchester Manchester United Kingdom Department of Physics Northern Illinois University DeKalb Illinois USA Department of Physics Istanbul University Istanbul Türkiye Particle Physics Department Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA Enrico Fermi Institute University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Barcelona Spain Institut für Physik Universität Mainz Mainz Germany Department of Physics Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi Iasi Romania Affiliated with an internationa

This paper presents the measurement of charged-hadron and identified-hadron (KS0, Λ, Ξ−) yields in photonuclear collisions using 1.7nb−1 of sNN=5.02TeV Pb+Pb data collected in 2018 with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Candidate photonuclear events are selected using a combination of tracking and calorimeter information, including the zero-degree calorimeter. The yields as a function of transverse momentum and rapidity are measured in these photonuclear collisions as a function of charged-particle multiplicity. These photonuclear results are compared with 0.1nb−1 of sNN=5.02TeV p+Pb data collected in 2016 by ATLAS using similar charged-particle multiplicity selections. These photonuclear measurements shed light on potential quark-gluon plasma formation in photonuclear collisions via observables sensitive to radial flow, enhanced baryon-to-meson ratios, and strangeness enhancement. The results are also compared with the Monte Carlo dpmjet-iii generator and hydrodynamic calculations to test whether such photonuclear collisions may produce small droplets of quark-gluon plasma that flow collectively.

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Cosmological test using the Hubble diagram of high-z quasars

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2019年

作者： Melia, Fulvio Applied Math Program Department of Physics Department of Astronomy University of Arizona AZ85721 United States

It has been known for over three decades that the monochromatic X-ray and UV luminosities in quasars are correlated, though non-linearly. This offers the possibility of using high-z quasars as standard candles for cosmological testing. In this paper, we use a recently assembled, high-quality catalog of 1598 quasars extending all the way to redshift ~6, to compare the predictions of the Rh=ct and LCDM cosmologies. In so doing, we affirm that the parameters characterizing the correlation depend only weakly on the chosen cosmology, and that both models account very well for the data. Unlike LCDM, however, the Rh=ct model has no free parameters for this work, so the Bayesian Information Criterion favours it over LCDM with a relative likelihood of ~88 % versus ~10 %. This result is consistent with the outcome of other comparative tests, many of which have shown that Rh=ct is favoured over the standard model based on a diverse range of observations. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Black holes

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