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Azimuthal Angle Correlations for Rapidity Separated Hadron Pairs in d+Au Collisions at sNN=200 GeV

Physical Review Letters 2006年第22期96卷 222301-222301页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba A. Al-Jamel J. Alexander K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis F. Bauer A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov M. T. Bjorndal J. G. Boissevain H. Borel M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgő J. P. Cussonneau D. d’Enterria K. Das G. David F. Deák H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch J. L. Drachenberg O. Drapier A. Drees A. Durum D. Dutta V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko H. En’yo B. Espagnon S. Esumi D. E. Fields C. Finck F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao S.-Y. Fung S. Gadrat M. Germain A. Glenn M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey K. Hasuko R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser P. Hidas H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Horaguchi T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai M. Inaba M. Inuzuka D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara M. Kaneta J. H. Kang K. Katou T. Kawabata A. V. Kazantsev S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. J. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kinney A. Kiss E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov R. Kohara B. Komkov M. Konno D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg G. J. Kunde K. Kurita M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey J. G. Lajoie Y. Le Bornec A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee M. J. L Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 U.S. USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino 142281 Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California-Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad region 188300 Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea IPN-Orsay Universite Paris Sud CNRS-IN2P3 BP1 F-91406 Orsay France ELTE Eötvös Loránd University H - 1117 Budapest Pázmány P. s. 1/A Hungary KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA KFKI RMKI) H-1525 Bu

Deuteron-gold (d+Au) collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider provide ideal platforms for testing QCD theories in dense nuclear matter at high energy. In particular, models suggesting strong saturation effects for partons carrying small nucleon momentum fraction (x) predict modifications to jet production at forward rapidity (deuteron-going direction) in d+Au collisions. We report on two-particle azimuthal angle correlations between charged hadrons at forward/backward (deuteron/gold going direction) rapidity and charged hadrons at midrapidity in d+Au and p+p collisions at sNN=200 GeV. Jet structures observed in the correlations are quantified in terms of the conditional yield and angular width of away-side partners. The kinematic region studied here samples partons in the gold nucleus with x∼0.1 to ∼0.01. Within this range, we find no x dependence of the jet structure in d+Au collisions.

关键词： Heavy ions

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Common Suppression Pattern of η and π0 Mesons at High Transverse Momentum in Au+Au Collisions at sNN=200 GeV

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Physical Review Letters 2006年第20期96卷 202301-202301页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba J. Alexander R. Amirikas L. Aphecetche S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes R. Azmoun V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov Y. Berdnikov S. Bhagavatula J. G. Boissevain H. Borel S. Borenstein M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard J.-S. Chai P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole P. Constantin D. d’Enterria G. David H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch O. Drapier A. Drees R. du Rietz A. Durum D. Dutta Y. V. Efremenko K. El Chenawi A. Enokizono H. En’yo S. Esumi L. Ewell D. E. Fields F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley S.-Y. Fung S. Garpman T. K. Ghosh A. Glenn G. Gogiberidze M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp W. Guryn H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey R. Hayano N. Hayashi X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser M. Hibino H. Hiejima J. C. Hill W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai D. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak W. Y. Jang Y. Jeong J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan S. Kametani N. Kamihara J. H. Kang S. S. Kapoor K. Katou S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. H. Kim D. J. Kim D. W. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi K. Kiyoyama C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov D. Koehler T. Kohama M. Kopytine D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg K. Kurita Y. Kuroki M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey V. Ladygin J. G. Lajoie A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee S. Lee M. J. Leitch X. H. Li H. Lim A. Litvinenko M. X. Liu Y. Liu C. F. Maguire Y. I. Makdis Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan RIKEN The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino 142281 Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California - Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad Region 188300 Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University St. Petersburg Russia Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet Ecole Polytechnique CNRS-IN2P3 Route de Saclay F-91128 Palaiseau France New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA KAERI Cyclotron Application Laboratory Seoul South Korea Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea Kangnung National

Inclusive transverse momentum spectra of η mesons have been measured within pT=2–10 GeV/c at midrapidity by the PHENIX experiment in Au+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV. In central Au+Au the η yields are significantly suppressed compared to peripheral Au+Au, d+Au, and p+p yields scaled by the corresponding number of nucleon-nucleon collisions. The magnitude, centrality, and pT dependence of the suppression is common, within errors, for η and π0. The ratio of η to π0 spectra at high pT amounts to 0.40

关键词： Elementary particles

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Improved measurement of double helicity asymmetry in inclulsive midrapidity π0 production for polarized p+p collisions at s=200 GeV

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Physical Review D 2006年第9期73卷 091102(R)-091102(R)页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba A. Al-Jamel J. Alexander K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes B. Azmoun V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis F. Bauer A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov R. Bennett Y. Berdnikov M. T. Bjorndal J. G. Boissevain H. Borel K. Boyle M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard S. Campbell J.-S. Chai P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo C. R. Cleven Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgő J. P. Cussonneau D. d’Enterria T. Dahms K. Das G. David F. Deák H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch A. Dion J. L. Drachenberg O. Drapier A. Drees A. K. Dubey A. Durum D. Dutta V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko J. Egdemir A. Enokizono H. En’yo B. Espagnon S. Esumi D. E. Fields C. Finck F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. Forestier B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao S.-Y. Fung S. Gadrat F. Gastineau M. Germain A. Glenn M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp T. Gunji H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya A. Hadj Henni J. S. Haggerty M. N. Hagiwara H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen H. Harada E. P. Hartouni K. Haruna M. Harvey E. Haslum K. Hasuko R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser P. Hidas H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs M. Holmes W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Horaguchi M. G. Hur T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai M. Inaba M. Inuzuka D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara T. Isobe M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak J. Jia J. Jin O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara M. Kaneta J. H. Kang K. Katou T. Kawabata T. Kawagishi A. V. Kazantsev S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. J. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim Y.-S. Kim E. Kinney A. Kiss Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University Stony Brook SUNY New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan RIKEN The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino 142281 Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California - Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad region 188300 Russia Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University St. Petersburg Russia Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA KAERI Cyclotron Application Laboratory Seoul South Korea Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235 USA Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia 30303 USA IPN-Orsay Universite Paris Sud C

We present an improved measurement of the double helicity asymmetry for π0 production in polarized proton-proton scattering at s=200 GeV employing the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The improvements to our previous measurement come from two main factors: Inclusion of a new data set from the 2004 RHIC run with higher beam polarizations than the earlier run and a recalibration of the beam polarization measurements for the earlier run, which resulted in reduced uncertainties and increased beam polarizations. The results are compared to a Next to Leading Order (NLO) perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) calculation with a range of polarized gluon distributions.

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Measurement of High-pT Single Electrons from Heavy-Flavor Decays in p+p Collisions at s=200 GeV

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Physical Review Letters 2006年第25期97卷 252002-252002页

作者： A. Adare S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba H. Al-Bataineh J. Alexander K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson J. Asai E. T. Atomssa R. Averbeck T. C. Awes B. Azmoun V. Babintsev G. Baksay L. Baksay A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov R. Bennett Y. Berdnikov A. A. Bickley J. G. Boissevain H. Borel K. Boyle M. L. Brooks H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce S. Butsyk S. Campbell B. S. Chang J.-L. Charvet S. Chernichenko J. Chiba C. Y. Chi M. Chiu I. J. Choi T. Chujo P. Chung A. Churyn V. Cianciolo C. R. Cleven B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgő T. Dahms K. Das G. David M. B. Deaton K. Dehmelt H. Delagrange A. Denisov D. d’Enterria A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond O. Dietzsch A. Dion M. Donadelli O. Drapier A. Drees A. K. Dubey A. Durum V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko J. Egdemir F. Ellinghaus W. S. Emam A. Enokizono H. En’yo S. Esumi K. O. Eyser D. E. Fields M. Finger, Jr. F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin Z. Fraenkel A. Franz J. Frantz A. D. Frawley K. Fujiwara Y. Fukao T. Fusayasu S. Gadrat I. Garishvili A. Glenn H. Gong M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp T. Gunji H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya A. Hadj Henni C. Haegemann J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki R. Han H. Harada E. P. Hartouni K. Haruna E. Haslum R. Hayano M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick T. Hester X. He H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs M. Hohlmann W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong T. Horaguchi D. Hornback T. Ichihara K. Imai M. Inaba Y. Inoue D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara T. Isobe M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak J. Jia J. Jin O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara J. Kamin M. Kaneta J. H. Kang H. Kanou H. Kano D. Kawall A. V. Kazantsev A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. H. Kim D. J. Kim E. Kim E. Kinney A. Kiss E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi J. Klay C. Klein-Boesing L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov B. Komkov M. Konno D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov A. Král A. Kravitz J. Kubart G. J. Kunde N. Kurihara University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University Stony Brook SUNY New York 11794-3400 USA RIKEN The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet Ecole Polytechnique CNRS-IN2P3 Route de Saclay F-91128 Palaiseau France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino 142281 Russia Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne Florida 32901 USA Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California - Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad Region 188300 Russia Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University St. Petersburg Russia Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana Illinois 61801 USA Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235 USA Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia 30303 USA IPN-Orsay Universite Paris Sud CNRS-IN2P3 BP1 F-91406 Orsay France ELTE Eötvös Loránd University

The momentum distribution of electrons from decays of heavy flavor (charm and bottom) for midrapidity |y|<0.35 in p+p collisions at s=200 GeV has been measured by the PHENIX experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heav... 详细信息

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Jet structure from dihadron correlations in d+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV

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Physical Review C 2006年第5期73卷 054903-054903页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba A. Al-Jamel J. Alexander K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis F. Bauer A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov M. T. Bjorndal J. G. Boissevain H. Borel M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgö J. P. Cussonneau D. d'Enterria K. Das G. David F. Deák H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch J. L. Drachenberg O. Drapier A. Drees A. Durum D. Dutta V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko H. En'yo B. Espagnon S. Esumi D. E. Fields C. Finck F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao S.-Y. Fung S. Gadrat M. Germain A. Glenn M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey K. Hasuko R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser P. Hidas H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Horaguchi T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai M. Inaba M. Inuzuka D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara M. Kaneta J. H. Kang K. Katou T. Kawabata A. V. Kazantsev S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. J. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kinney A. Kiss E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov R. Kohara B. Komkov M. Konno D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg G. J. Kunde K. Kurita M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey J. G. Lajoie Y. Le Bornec A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee M. J. L Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research RU-141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University Stony Brook SUNY New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 JAPAN New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722-44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino RU-142281 Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California–Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad region RU-188300 Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea IPN-Orsay Universite Paris Sud CNRS-IN2P3 BP1 F-91406 Orsay France ELTE Eötvös Loránd University H-1117 Budapest Pázmány P.s. 1/A Hungary KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA KFKI RMKI) H-1525 Budape

Dihadron correlations at high transverse momentum pT in d+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV at midrapidity are measured by the PHENIX experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. From these correlations, we extract several structural characteristics of jets: the root-mean-squared transverse momentum of fragmenting hadrons with respect to the jet 〈jT2〉, the mean sine-squared of the azimuthal angle between the jet axes 〈sin2ϕjj〉, and the number of particles produced within the dijet that are associated with a high-pT particle (dN/dxE distributions). We observe that the fragmentation characteristics of jets in d+Au collisions are very similar to those in p+p collisions and that there is little dependence on the centrality of the d+Au collision. This is consistent with the nuclear medium having little influence on the fragmentation process. Furthermore, there is no statistically significant increase in the value of 〈sin2ϕjj〉 from p+p to d+Au collisions. This constrains the effect of multiple scattering that partons undergo in the cold nuclear medium before and after a hard collision.

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Jet properties from dihadron correlations in p+p collisions at s=200 GeV

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Physical Review D 2006年第7期74卷 072002-072002页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba A. Al-Jamel J. Alexander K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis F. Bauer A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov M. T. Bjorndal J. G. Boissevain H. Borel M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgő J. P. Cussonneau D. d’Enterria K. Das G. David F. Deák H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch J. L. Drachenberg O. Drapier A. Drees A. Durum D. Dutta V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko H. En’yo B. Espagnon S. Esumi D. E. Fields C. Finck F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao S.-Y. Fung S. Gadrat M. Germain A. Glenn M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey K. Hasuko R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser P. Hidas H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Horaguchi T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai M. Inaba M. Inuzuka D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara M. Kaneta J. H. Kang K. Katou T. Kawabata A. V. Kazantsev S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. J. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kinney A. Kiss E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov R. Kohara B. Komkov M. Konno D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg G. J. Kunde K. Kurita M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey J. G. Lajoie Y. Le Bornec A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee M. J. L Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 JAPAN New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino 142281 Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California - Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad region 188300 Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea IPN-Orsay Universite Paris Sud CNRS-IN2P3 BP1 F-91406 Orsay France ELTE Eötvös Loránd University H - 1117 Budapest Pázmány P. s. 1/A Hungary KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA KFKI RMKI) H-1525 Budapest

The properties of jets produced in p+p collisions at s=200 GeV are measured using the method of two-particle correlations. The trigger particle is a leading particle from a large transverse momentum jet while the associated particle comes from either the same jet or the away-side jet. Analysis of the angular width of the near-side peak in the correlation function determines the jet-fragmentation transverse momentum jT. The extracted value, ⟨jT2⟩=585±6(stat)±15(sys) MeV/c, is constant with respect to the trigger particle transverse momentum, and comparable to the previous lower s measurements. The width of the away-side peak is shown to be a convolution of jT with the fragmentation variable, z, and the partonic transverse momentum, kT. The ⟨z⟩ is determined through a combined analysis of the measured π0 inclusive and associated spectra using jet-fragmentation functions measured in e+e− collisions. The final extracted values of kT are then determined to also be independent of the trigger particle transverse momentum, over the range measured, with value of ⟨kT2⟩=2.68±0.07(stat)±0.34(sys) GeV/c.

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Nuclear effects on hadron production in d+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV revealed by comparison with p+p data

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Physical Review C 2006年第2期74卷 024904-024904页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba A. Al-Jamel J. Alexander K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis F. Bauer A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov M. T. Bjorndal J. G. Boissevain H. Borel M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgö J. P. Cussonneau D. d'Enterria K. Das G. David F. Deák H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch J. L. Drachenberg O. Drapier A. Drees A. Durum D. Dutta V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko H. En'yo B. Espagnon S. Esumi D. E. Fields C. Finck F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao S.-Y. Fung S. Gadrat M. Germain A. Glenn M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen E. P. Hartouni M. Harvey K. Hasuko R. Hayano X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser P. Hidas H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Horaguchi T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai M. Inaba M. Inuzuka D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak J. Jia O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara M. Kaneta J. H. Kang K. Katou T. Kawabata A. V. Kazantsev S. Kelly B. Khachaturov A. Khanzadeev J. Kikuchi D. J. Kim E. Kim G.-B. Kim H. J. Kim E. Kinney A. Kiss E. Kistenev A. Kiyomichi C. Klein-Boesing H. Kobayashi L. Kochenda V. Kochetkov R. Kohara B. Komkov M. Konno D. Kotchetkov A. Kozlov P. J. Kroon C. H. Kuberg G. J. Kunde K. Kurita M. J. Kweon Y. Kwon G. S. Kyle R. Lacey J. G. Lajoie Y. Le Bornec A. Lebedev S. Leckey D. M. Lee M. J. L Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research RU-141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 JAPAN New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 F-44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino RU-142281 Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California-Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad region RU-188300 Russia RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea IPN-Orsay Université Paris Sud CNRS-IN2P3 BP1 F-91406 Orsay France ELTE Eötvös Loránd University H-1117 Budapest Pázmány P. s. 1/A Hungary KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA KFKI RMKI) H-1525 Budap

PHENIX has measured the centrality dependence of midrapidity pion, kaon, and proton transverse momentum distributions in d+Au and p+p collisions at sNN=200 GeV. The p+p data provide a reference for nuclear effects in d+Au and previously measured Au+Au collisions. Hadron production is enhanced in d+Au, relative to independent nucleon-nucleon scattering, as was observed in lower energy collisions. The nuclear modification factor for (anti)protons is larger than that for pions. The difference increases with centrality but is not sufficient to account for the abundance of baryon production observed in central Au+Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The centrality dependence in d+Au shows that the nuclear modification factor increases gradually with the number of collisions encountered by each participant nucleon. We also present comparisons with lower energy data as well as with parton recombination and other theoretical models of nuclear effects on particle production.

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Short-Range Spectroscopic Ruler Based on a Single-Molecule Optical Switch

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Physical Review Letters 2005年第10期94卷 108101-108101页

作者： Mark Bates Timothy R. Blosser Xiaowei Zhuang Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA Graduate Program in Biophysics Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA Department of Chemistry Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA Department of Physics Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA

We demonstrate a novel all-optical switch consisting of two molecules: a primary fluorophore (Cy5) that can be switched between a fluorescent and a dark state by light of different wavelengths, and a secondary chromophore (Cy3) that facilitates switching. The interaction between the two molecules exhibits a distance dependence much steeper than that of conventional Förster resonance energy transfer. This enables the switch to act as a ruler with the capability to probe distances difficult to access by other spectroscopic methods, thus presenting a new tool for the study of biomolecules at the single-molecule level.

关键词： .switching distance PRL ending Probe dependence Demonstrate Spectroscopic uorescent short-range Single-molecule switched optical switch Ruler dark state

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Erratum: 'Real Time Imaging of Surface Acoustic Waves on Crystals and Microstructures'

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Japanese Journal of applied physics 2005年第1R期44卷

作者： Oliver B. Wright Osamu Matsuda Yoshihiro Sugawara School of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton SO17 1BJ Southampton U.K. Department of Applied Physics Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-8628 Japan

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Saturation of Azimuthal Anisotropy in Au+Au Collisions at sNN=62–200 GeV

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Physical Review Letters 2005年第23期94卷 232302-232302页

作者： S. S. Adler S. Afanasiev C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba A. Al-Jamel J. Alexander R. Amirikas K. Aoki L. Aphecetche R. Armendariz S. H. Aronson R. Averbeck T. C. Awes B. Azmoun R. Azmoun V. Babintsev A. Baldisseri K. N. Barish P. D. Barnes B. Bassalleck S. Bathe S. Batsouli V. Baublis F. Bauer A. Bazilevsky S. Belikov R. Bennett Y. Berdnikov S. Bhagavatula M. T. Bjorndal J. G. Boissevain H. Borel S. Borenstein K. Boyle M. L. Brooks D. S. Brown N. Bruner D. Bucher H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov G. Bunce J. M. Burward-Hoy S. Butsyk X. Camard S. Campbell J.-S. Chai P. Chand W. C. Chang S. Chernichenko C. Y. Chi J. Chiba M. Chiu I. J. Choi J. Choi R. K. Choudhury T. Chujo V. Cianciolo C. R. Cleven Y. Cobigo B. A. Cole M. P. Comets P. Constantin M. Csanád T. Csörgő D. d’Enterria T. Dahms K. Das G. David H. Delagrange A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond A. Devismes O. Dietzsch A. Dion J. L. Drachenberg O. Drapier A. Drees K. A. Drees A. K. Dubey R. du Rietz A. Durum D. Dutta V. Dzhordzhadze Y. V. Efremenko J. Egdemir K. El Chenawi A. Enokizono H. En’yo B. Espagnon S. Esumi L. Ewell D. E. Fields F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin B. Forestier B. D. Fox Z. Fraenkel J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao S.-Y. Fung S. Gadrat S. Garpman F. Gastineau M. Germain T. K. Ghosh A. Glenn G. Gogiberidze M. Gonin J. Gosset Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp T. Gunji W. Guryn H.-Å. Gustafsson T. Hachiya A. Hadj Henni J. S. Haggerty M. N. Hagiwara H. Hamagaki A. G. Hansen H. Harada E. P. Hartouni K. Haruna M. Harvey E. Haslum K. Hasuko R. Hayano N. Hayashi X. He M. Heffner T. K. Hemmick J. M. Heuser M. Hibino H. Hiejima J. C. Hill R. Hobbs M. Holmes W. Holzmann K. Homma B. Hong A. Hoover T. Horaguchi H. M. Hur T. Ichihara V. V. Ikonnikov K. Imai M. Inaba D. Isenhower L. Isenhower M. Ishihara T. Isobe M. Issah A. Isupov B. V. Jacak W. Y. Jang Y. Jeong J. Jia J. Jin O. Jinnouchi B. M. Johnson S. C. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan F. Kajihara S. Kametani N. Kamihara M. Kaneta J. H. Kang S. S. Kapoor K. Katou T Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA Joint Institute for Nuclear Research 141980 Dubna Moscow Region Russia Columbia University New York New York 10027 USA and Nevis Laboratories Irvington New York 10533 USA Chemistry Department Stony Brook University Stony Brook SUNY New York 11794-3400 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba-shi Ibaraki-ken 305-0801 Japan RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973-5000 USA New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes CNRS-IN2P3 Université de Nantes) BP 20722 - 44307 Nantes France Department of Physics and Astronomy Stony Brook University SUNY Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Institute for High Energy Physics (IHEP) Protvino Russia Dapnia CEA Saclay F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France University of California - Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87131 USA Institut für Kernphysik University of Muenster D-48149 Muenster Germany PNPI Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Russia Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA St. Petersburg State Technical University St. Petersburg Russia Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet Ecole Polytechnique CNRS-IN2P3 Route de Saclay F-91128 Palaiseau France Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California 94550 USA KAERI Cyclotron Application Laboratory Seoul South Korea Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Bombay 400 085 India Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 11529 Taiwan Yonsei University IPAP Seoul 120-749 Korea Kangnung National University Kangnung 210-702 Korea Vander

New measurements are presented for charged hadron azimuthal correlations at midrapidity in Au+Au collisions at sNN=62.4 and 200 GeV. They are compared to earlier measurements obtained at sNN=130 GeV and in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=17.2 GeV. Sizeable anisotropies are observed with centrality and transverse momentum (pT) dependence characteristic of elliptic flow (v2). For a broad range of centralities, the observed magnitudes and trends of the differential anisotropy, v2(pT), change very little over the collision energy range sNN=62–200 GeV, indicating saturation of the excitation function for v2 at these energies. Such a saturation may be indicative of the dominance of a very soft equation of state for sNN∼60–200 GeV.

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