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Impact of an Altruistic Activity on Life Satisfaction in Institutionalized Elders: A Pilot Study

Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 2003年第3-4期20卷 125-135页

作者： Hon Keung Yuen Occupational Therapy Educational Program College of Health Professions Medical University of South Carolina 77 President St. P. O. Box 250700 Charleston SC 29425 yuen@musc.edu Jennifer R. Johnson was a graduate student in the School of Occupational Therapy Texas Woman's University Houston TX at the time of this study. She is currently employed as an Occupational Therapist at Touro Infirmary in New Orleans LA Debra Stewart is Lecturer School of Rehabilitation Science McMaster University and staff therapist at Erinoak Centre Missis-sauga Ontario. She is currently completing a MSc (Design Measurement and Evaluation) at McMaster University.Ronald L. Mace (deceased June 29 1998) was also affiliated with The Center for Universal Design School of Design North Carolina University. Lois Rosage and Geraldine Shaw are Occupational Therapist Consultants who provide evaluations for the housing programs at the Philadelphia Corporation for Aging. Lois Rosage and Geraldine Shaw are Occupational Therapist Consultants who provide evaluations for the housing programs at the Philadelphia Corporation for Aging.Debbie Rand is Occupational Therapist Beit Rivka Geriatric Rehabilitation Hospital Petach Tikva Israel. She completed this study in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in Occupational Therapy School of Occupational Therapy Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her mailing address is 50 Heh B'Eyar Street Apartment 5 Rosh Ha'Ayin Israel 48056. Maureen McKenna is a Licensed Physical Therapist and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. Her Current position is: Assistant Professor of Physical Therapy Wheeling Jesuit University 316 Washington Avenue Wheeling WV 26003.Heather Lambert was funded in part by a Health Canada NHRDP Fellowship a REPAR Fellowship a doctoral bursary from the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Quebec and a Canadian Occupational Therapy Foundation-Royal Canadian Legion Fellowship in Gerontology. Trish Wiela

Many residents in long-term care (LTC) facilities experience social isolation, lack of control over their lives and role loss. Participation in altruistic activities can create a meaningful social role. Based on the activity theory of aging (Lemon, Bengtson, & Peterson, 1972), the adoption of a meaningful role may improve the life satisfaction of residents in LTC facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of participation in an altruistic activity on institutionalized elders. Eighteen residents from four LTC facilities were assigned to either an intervention group (mentoring) or a usual care control group (no mentoring). Once a week residents in the mentoring group participated in one-on-one mentoring conversational skills to English as a Second Language (ESL) students in an hour session for 1-3 weeks. Residents were administered the Life Satisfaction Index-A (LSI-A) to measure their life satisfaction at the beginning and end of the study. Results of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated that at post-intervention residents in the mentoring group reported a higher adjusted mean score of LSI-A than those in the control group (F(.05, 1, 15)= 4.96,p= .0417). Comparison between the LSI-A mean scores at pre- and post-intervention in the mentoring group using a paired t-test showed a significant improvement (t(.05, 8)= 1.98,p= .042, one-tailed). This study provides some preliminary evidence to validate the beneficial effects of participating in an altruistic activity on residents in LTC facilities.

关键词： Volunteering activity theory of aging intergenerational program

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The New Urbanism: Critiques and rebuttals

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Journal of Urban design 2002年第3期7卷 261-291页

作者： Ellis, Cliff Graduate Program in Urban Planning School of Architecture/Urban Design University of Kansas Lawrence KA 66045-7614 1465 Jayhawk Blvd. United States

Over the past two decades, the New Urbanism has emerged as a controversial alternative to conventional patterns of urban development. Although growing in popularity, it has received a sceptical reception in journals of planning, architecture and geography. This paper reviews criticisms of the New Urbanism and examines evidence and arguments on both sides of each issue. Critiques may be roughly divided into those involving empirical performance, ideological and cultural affinities, and aesthetic quality. While insufficient evidence exists in some cases to make final judgments, it is argued that the critical attack on the New Urbanism remains unconvincing. Much of the critical literature is flawed by the use of caricature, inadequate sampling of projects, deficient understanding of New Urbanist principles and practices, premature judgments, unrealistic expectations and ideological bias. While New Urbanists can learn from the critiques of their work, and research gaps need to be filled, the New Urbanism remains a resilient, practical and well-founded alternative to conventional land development practices.

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Learning through Service: The Community design Studio

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College Teaching 2001年第3期49卷 105-113页

作者： Cameron, Mark Forsyth, Ann Green, William A. Lu, Henry McGirr, Patricia Owens, Patsy Eubanks Stoltz, Ronald Graduate Program in Landscape Architecture at Morgan State University Baltimore MD United States Urban Planning Graduate School of Design at Harvard University Cambridge MA United States Landscape Architecture University of Rhode Island Kingston United States Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning University of Massachusetts Amherst United States Landscape Architecture Department of Environmental Design University of California Davis United States Landscape Architecture University of Guelph ON Canada

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Survey of reduced workload and crewing strategies for ocean patrol vessels

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2001年第2期113卷 29-44页

作者： Baker, C Krull, R Snyder, G Lincoln, W Malone, TB Clifford C. Baker CIE CHFEP is a senior staff scientist at Carlow International Incorporated. He has applied most of his 24 years of experience in the application of human engineering technology to maritime systems. Mr. Baker has directed much of Carlow's efforts to reduce ship workload and to improve human performance and maritime safety through application of human factors methods and data. He is a Certified Industrial Ergonomist (CIE) as well as a Certified Human Factors Engineering Professional (CHFEP). Both certifications were granted by Oxford Research where Mr. Baker also serves as an Advisory Board member. Russell D. Krull P.E. is a senior engineer with A&T/Proteus Engineering with more than 18 years of experi-ence in marine engineering naval architecture and program management including 16 years of active duty in the U.S. Coast Guard. Recent experience includes advanced ship design studies engineering software development technical support for the USMC Advanced Amphibious Assault Vehicle propulsion systems analyses ship structural engineering and cargo handling systems engineering. Mr. Krull has an M.S.E. in naval architecture and marine engineering and an M.S.E. in industrial and operations engineering from University of Michigan and a B.S. in ocean engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. Capt. Glenn L. Snyder USCG. Regrettably since this paper was originally written Capt. Snyder has passed away. At the time of his death he was an operations specialist assigned to the Coast Guard's Deepwater Capabilities Replacement Project as Chief of Human Systems Integration. He served as commanding officer of the patrol boat Cape George (WPB-95306) the icebreaking tug Biscayne Bay (WTGB-104) and the cutter Legare (WMEC-911). A 1975 graduate of the U.S. Coast Guard Academy Capt. Snyder held an M.A. in national security and strategic studies from the U.S. Naval War College and an M.A. in international relations from Salve Regina College. In addition he was a 1998 fellow of the Foreign Service

The U.S. Coast Guard is in the concept exploration phase of its Integrated Deepwater System (IDS) acquisition project. This project will define the next generation of surface, air and command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) assets used to perform the Coast Guard's missions in the IDS environment (>50 NM off the U. S. coastline). As part of early technology investigations, the needs exist to: (1) analyze the workload requirements of the IDS, (2) identify alternative means to perform ship's work, and (3) optimize ship manning consistent with ship workload, performance criteria, and the available tools and equipment aboard. To reduce shipboard work requires an understanding of the mission and support requirements placed on the vessel and crew, how these requirements are currently met, and how requirements might otherwise be met to reduce workload and crew size. This study examined currently implemented workload and manpower reducing approaches of commercial maritime fleets, U.S. and foreign navies, and foreign coastguards. These approaches were analyzed according to evaluation criteria approved by the IDS acquisition project team. From this, strategies for shipboard work reduction that may be considered for adoption by the IDS were identified and analyzed according to performance and costs factors. Ten workload-reducing strategies were identified: damage control, bridge, multiple crewing, engineering, risk acceptance, modularity, deck, enabling technologies, ship/personnel readiness, and operability and maintainability.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Advances in aircraft carrier life cycle cost analysis for acquisition and ownership decision-making

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 2000年第3期112卷 97-110页

作者： Chewning, IM Moretto, SJ Irvin M. Chewning:is currently the Director of the Aircraft Carrier Cost Estimating and Industrial Analysis Group of the Naval Sea Systems Command. Over the past four years Mr. Chewning has guided the cost analysis effort for the new CVNX class aircraft carrier through a three-part analysis of alternatives and is currently steering it towards Milestone I in June of 2000. In 1999 the CVNX cost analysis team was presented the NAVSEA Association of Scientists and Engineers “outstanding team achievement” award for its work on the CVNX analysis of alternatives. Mr. Chewning's professional career includes over 16 years as an employee of Newport News Shipbuilding as a Pipe Fitter Piping Systems Designer Piping Systems Engineer and Cost Engineer. He has worked at the Naval Sea Systems Command since 1980 as a Senior Cost Analyst Branch Head and Deputy Division Director of the Cost Estimating and Analysis Division. He has preformed cost analysis work for virtually all USN combatant programs including submarines cruisers destroyers frigates and aircraft carriers. He also performed the cost analysis work for the OSD evaluation of the Israeli Naval Modernization Program in the 1980's. Mr. Chewning is also Chairman of the NATO Specialist Team on Ship Costing a subgroup of the NATO Naval Group Six on Ship Design. Under his leadership two Allied Naval Engineering Publications have been completed in the 1990's: ANEP-41 on Ship Costing and ANEP-49 on Ways to Reduce Costs of Ships. In 1999 the NATO Specialist Team on Ship Costing completed a paper titled “Manpower Reduction and the Use of Commercial Standards and Practices to Reduce Costs of Ships.” The result of this work will be incorporated in a future revision of the aforementioned ANEFs. Mr. Chewning is a graduate of North Carolina State University with a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Mr. Chewning has also completed courses at the University of Virginia and Christopher Newport University Mr. Chewning is a graduate of the Program Management College

The U.S. Navy recently conducted an analysis of alternatives (AOA) to set the stage for determining the characteristics and acquisition strategy for its next generation aircraft carrier. The platform design selected is expected to be in service throughout the 21st century. The parameters under consideration for change in the new carrier design lie in the areas of propulsion and electric power generation, aviation, survivability, service life, and total ownership cost (TOC) reduction. The issue of affordability is paramount This paper focuses on the need for the program management office and its supporting cost analysis staff to understand the life cycle cost (LCC) of the existing and proposed future aircraft carriers and to then translate these LCC's into meaningful information for cost-conscious decision making. The challenge is to relate the LCC in terms the key decision-makers and the engineering team can use to satisfy their respective roles. Thus, it is necessary to translate the results of the given ship design alternative LCC's into the paradigms of the respective stakeholders: Fleet User (operators of aircraft carriers) Ship designers (translators of the fleet operator requirements) program Sponsors (providers of the funding resources) program Management Office, Ship builder and Supporting Industry (executors of the acquisition and construction of the ship) Navy and OSD decision-makers (overseers of program execution) The paper describes the aircraft carrier LCC breakdown structure that has resulted, in part, from a recent navy/shipbuilder integrated product team effort to capture total ownership costs. The structure has been used in the AOA as a tool to identify cost drivers and to add the time element to the cast equation in order to perform return on investment and program affordability analysis. The expanded ship work breakdown structure (ESWBS) has emerged as the central backbone of the cost work breakdown for AOA work. The ESWBS structure is a natural

关键词： Aircraft carriers

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The road to Impeccable -: An uncommon approach to ship acquisition

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 245-255页

作者： Shen, TWT Proctor, BL Saha, D Mr. Terry Shen:is the Assistant Project Manager for the Ocean Surveillance Ship (T-AGOS 23) Acquisition Project at Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). He is responsible for the program management of the large SWATH (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) ship construction in the Gulf region. Mr. Shen has over 14 years of experience in ship acquisitions and has co-authored several technical papers published by the Association of Scientists & Engineers the Society of Naval Architects & Marine Engineers and the American Society of Naval Engineers. He is a graduate of the University of Maryland with a BS in aerospace engineering and a BA in speech communication a 1986 graduate of the DSMC Program Management Course and a 1991 graduate of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute with an MBA in business administration. Mr. Barry Proctor:is NAVSEA's Ship Design Manager for the T-AGOS 23 program. He has held this position since March 1997. Prior to that time he was NAVSEA's Ship Design Manager for the T -AKR 300 class vessels. He has over 18 years of experience as a Naval Architect for NAVSEA (O3D). He has a BS in civil engineering from the University of Maryland and an MS in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. Mr. Deepak Saha:provides design support to NAVSEA's Program Office and Ship Design Manager on the T -AGOS 23 ship acquisition. His involvement with the program started at the time the first shipbuilder declared bankruptcy. He is Manager of the Commercial Ship Design Group at M. Rosenblatt & Son Inc. (MR&S) Arlington Branch. He has over 26 years of experience as a marine engineer and naval architect. He obtained a BS in marine engineering from Calcutta India in 1972 and a BSE in naval architecture from the University of Michigan in 1983. He also holds a Chief Engineer's License (Unlimited Horsepower Diesels).

The road to the acquisition of the USNS Impeccable (T-AGOS 23) has seen a few uncommon and challenging twists and turns, resulting in delays and disruption to the program. The saga began in 1993, when the original shipbuilder, facing financial difficulties, filed for Chapter XI bankruptcy protection. For two more years the program was stalled before the Navy was able to warrant the work that had been done up to that point. In 1995 the contract was reassigned to another shipbuilder to complete the vessel and obtain the necessary certificates to comply with all the applicable requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). This unprecedented approach put the Navy in the unique situation of being responsible for two of the most controversial issues in a ship construction process, i.e., detail design and equipment warranties. This paper gives the status of the program, discusses how various technical issues and production demands are being addressed, and describes the future hurdles that need to be overcome before delivery of the vessel.

关键词： Ships SPT/ADA/Gcn5 Acetyltransferase Road Navy Shipyards

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Engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships Environmental regulations Engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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Topside design of warships: A 100 year perspective

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第2期111卷 27-44页

作者： Tibbitts, B Baron, N Captain Barry Tibbitts USN (Ret.):He received his education at the U.S. Naval Academy and MIT. He served five years at sea and eight years at shipyards. From 1976 to 1987 he served in a variety of senior Washington positions: aircrafi carrier (CW) ship design manager Director NVSEC's 450 man Hull Division Director NAVSEC Ship Design Division Commander of the 3000 man David Taylor Research Center (now NSWC CD) and a second three year tour as Director NAVSEA Ship Design Group. He was professor of Navad Construction and Engineering at MIT for three years. While on active duty he received numerous personal decorations including two awarad of the Legion of Merit. Currently he is the Chief Systems Engineer for John J. McMullan Assoc. the country's largest naval architecture and marine engineering company. Since 1986 he has published twelve Papers on naval ship technology design and acquisition. He is a member of SNAME's Ship Design Committee an Overseas Fellow of RINA lectures at the NAVSEA Institute and DSMC and remains on the MIT faculty as a senior lecturer. Neil T. Baron:Mr. Baron is a graduate of Marquette University. He provided senior systems engineering support to ship and system design programs including MCM-1 MHC-51 LHD-5 and headed the the Topside Design branch under the Weapons Systems Directorate at the Naval Sea Systems Command. The Topside Design branch is involved in all new construction and active fleet upgrade programs related to antennas/weapon systems/ship architecture systems engineering integration. Mr. Baron has been instrumental in forwarding the “Topside Vision” for the Navy and currently supports OPNAV and senior NAVSEA steering groups in the development of topside technologies and their application to ship and system acquistion programs. Mr. Baron was recently assigned as technology director for the Warfare Systems Engineering Directorate at NAVSEA and is currently acting as the deputy director for the Navy Afloat Y2K Test Program. He co-teaches the Combat System Design and

The warship design process requires competition, compromise, and iteration. This is as true today as it was when David Taylor was a young officer in the Construction Corps at the turn of the century when the U.S. was struggling to develop a world class navy. The naval architects and ordnance engineers of his day wrestled over topside arrangements much as do their current counterparts. They tried to anticipate future threats, and they worried about cost because they were in an arm's race. These were total ship engineering issues, although the phrase had not yet been coined. What is different today! It is tempting to say that the short answer is technology. And, more importantly, the rate of change. Yet, an objective appraisal of David Taylor's era tells us that they too experienced an explosion in technology. Just the years 1900-1910 alone saw the introduction of dreadnought battleships, submarines, and aircraft. We are still trying to grapple with the implications of the last two warfare systems. History tells us that our predecessors got it right more often than wrong. Why? Because they recognized the need to change the way they did business in the face of new technologies and new threats.

关键词： Worry topside Officers WARSHIP Arms race Perspective Ordnance design process

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Measures of Balance and Fear of Falling in the Elderly

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Physical & Occupational Therapy In Geriatrics 1999年第4期15卷 17-32页

作者： Dayle Mari Nakamura Margo B. Holm and Ann Wilson Physical Therapy Program University of Puget Sound Tacoma WA 98416-0005 USA Jennifer R. Johnson was a graduate student in the School of Occupational Therapy Texas Woman's University Houston TX at the time of this study. She is currently employed as an Occupational Therapist at Touro Infirmary in New Orleans LA Debra Stewart is Lecturer School of Rehabilitation Science McMaster University and staff therapist at Erinoak Centre Missis-sauga Ontario. She is currently completing a MSc (Design Measurement and Evaluation) at McMaster University.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to review, compare, and contrast the five most frequently cited scales of balance (Performance Oriented Assessment of Balance, 'Get Up and Go,' Berg Balance Scale, Functional Reach) and Falls Efficacy (Falls Efficacy Scale) with the intent of assisting clinicians in the process of selecting an appropriate instrument for use with older adults in a clinical or research ***. A search of the literature was conducted through MED-LINE for the years 1986-1996. Scales were reviewed based on six selected criteria: purpose of the scale, target population, scale reliability and validity, ease of use, mode and time needed for administration and scoring, and clinical usefulness for ***. The Get Up and Go Test (GUGT) and the Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) were identified as screening tools, while the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Performance Oriented Assessment of Balance (POAB), and the Functional Reach test (FR) were suggested for more in-depth evaluation. A summary of the information reached on each scale was compiled into several tables. Implications for use by practitioners are ***. A summary of the five most frequently cited scales of balance in the literature may help clinicians in selecting an appropriate scale for use with patients or clinical research studies.

关键词： Falls balance

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Modelling combat system manning and manpower reduction

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 153-171页

作者： Roos, CH Carl H. Roos:is a Senior Engineer with Logicon-Syscon. A graduate of the University of Pittsburgh with a BSEE degree he has over 35 years experience in functional operational combat system fire control interface and computer program design. As technology changed and the combat system was upgraded Mr. Roos maintained his level of technical expertise by taking graduate-level courses in computer science modelling & structured analysis networking & fiber optics. He has worked in various capacities on the LHD LHA DDG 993 DD 963 LPD 17 LCC LPD 13 CGN 38 CGN 9 CG 26 and the DDG Class Combat Systems. In recent years Mr. Roos has been responsible for managing directing and performing engineering design and analysis efforts associated with Battle Management Organization (BMO) functional analysis and operational analysis. These efforts were used in defining combat system operational requirements shipboard space requirements and integration requirements. His paper “Configuration Management of Digital Programs” was published at the 1972 IEEE Southeastern Conrence.

NAVSEA 03K41 is responsible for generating Combat System Rattle Management Organizations (BMO) and Functional Flow Diagrams (FFD). Several years ago, NAVSEA provided the resources to conduct a functional analysis that would support the development and validation of the BMOs and FFDs. The major obstacle in performing the analysis was obtaining a consensus on how the functional hierarchy was to be structured. The non-optimum organization of the hierarchy was selected;as a result, the functions were difficult to define, find, use, and validate. Recognizing the shortcomings of this effort, research was conducted to evaluate state-of-the-art structured modelling techniques, concepts, and methodologies. Two modelling concepts by James Martin were found to be applicable for the combat system functional analysis: Enterprise Modelling Concept and Functional Decomposition Modelling Concept. The Structure Modelling definitions of Whitten, Bently, and Barlow provided the guidelines for using the Martin concepts. During the ensuing BMO and FFD development efforts, a Ship's Combat System (SCS) Modelling concept evolved and a SCS Model was developed. This paper addresses how the modelling concepts and tools are used in the BMO and FFD development and validation process. Data from the SCS Model provides the basis for defining combat system requirements (e.g., software, data display, database, networking, etc.).

关键词： Naval vessels

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