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The myth of ''healthism'' in organized sports: Implications for health promotion sponsorship of sports and the arts

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION 1997年第3期11卷 169-176页

作者： Holman, CDJ Donovan, RJ Corti, B Jalleh, G C. D'Arcy J. Holman PhD is a Professor of Public Health Robert J. Donovan PhD is an Associate Professor of Management Billie Corti MAppSc is a Lecturer in Health Promotion and Geoffrey Jalleh is a Research Assistant all at the Health Promotion Development and Evaluation Program Department of Public Health and Graduate School of Management The University of Western Australia. Send reprint requests to C. D'Arcy J. Holman Department of Public Health The University of Western Australia Western Australia 6907.

Purpose. The study examines the association of involvement in sports and arts with five health risk factors. The aim;were to evaluate the argument that promotion of sports alone will achieve health objectives and to assess the suitability of sports and arts populations as targets for health promotion sponsorship. Design. Personal and telephone cross-sectional surveys were performed in Western Australia in 1992 (N = 2629) and 1994 (N = 2031). Setting. Sports and arts venues in Western Australia. Subjects. Random samples of household respondents aged 16 to 69 years. Measures. Measures of association between risk factors and involvement in sports and the arts were adjusted for sex, age residence, income, and other types of sports/arts involvement. Results. Spectators attending sports events, who were not members of organized sports clubs, were more likely to possess three or more risk factors than nonparticipants (OR = 1.43;95% CI 1.20-1.70). They were more likely to report cigarette smoking, unsafe alcohol drinking and poor sun protection practices. Sports club members had a similar profile of risk factors, except that their prevalence of smoking was reduced and they were much less likely to report inadequate Physical exercise. The most elevated risk factor in sports pop populations was unsafe alcohol drinking (OR = 1.81 in club members, 1.88 in spectators, and 2.25 in spectators who were also members). Arts populations were less likely than average to report elevated risk factors, especially in the case of members of arts organizations who also attended arts events (for three or more risk factors, OR = 0.59 95% CI .45-.75). However, the majority of arts respondents had at least two risk factors. Levels of inadequate exercise in arts populations were the same as those in sports populations. Conclusions. The promotion of sports alone is unlikely to achieve health objectives. Highest priority in the use of hearth promotion sponsorship funds should be given to the popula

关键词： health promotion sponsorship sports arts risk factors

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Empirical testing: The prototyper's evaluation mechanism

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第1期109卷 41-46页

作者： Hafner, AN Arnold N. Hafner Ph.D.:is founder and president of Information Systems Research (ISR). He has twenty-five years of experience in systems development and is published in the field of systems development management. He served as corporate research scientist at Systems Exploration Inc. from 1988 to 1991 program director at Computer Science Corporation from 1983 to 1988 director of operations at Republic Management Systems Corporation from 1981 to 1983 and program manager at Computer Science Corporation from 1972 to 1981. A 1962 graduate of the US. Naval Academy he holds a doctoral degree in human behavior and engineering degrees in electronics and communications. He has taught courses on information systems and systems management at most of the colleges in the San Diego area. Dr. Hafner has presented fourteen refereed research papers while publishing sixteen articles and a book A Manager's Guide to Software System Development.

Evaluating complex systems is the subject of this paper, the third in a series investigating prototyping. It provides an interesting and helpful overview of how to evaluate systems prototypes and outlines the iterative stream of developer-user interactions that is replacing older approaches to testing and evaluating new military systems, which promise to reduce the time required to develop and field future military capabilities. Changes to the acquisition process, such as those the paper sketches, will facilitate the nation's rapid transit through its current revolution in military affairs.

关键词： Systems analysis

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AV-8B flight hazard awareness analysis and training using flight simulation

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 269-276页

作者： Calvert, JF Jeffrey F. Calvert P.E.:has spent the last twelve years of his career with the Aricraft Division and Training Systems Division of the Naval Air Warfare Center. His engineering experience includes research and development test and evaluation and training ssystems program for numberous military and research aricraft program. Currently Mr. Calvert is employed at the Training Systems Division in Orlando where he is applying his aero-sciences knowledge as a modeling and simulation subject matter expert. Mr. Calvert holds a bachelor of science degree in aerospace engineering and a master's degree in engineering science. He is a graduate of the United States Naval Test Pilot School under the Flight Test Engineering curriculum. He holds a general aviation pilot's licence and has special aircrew tectical aircraft Mr. Calvert is a registered professional engineer a member of the Society of Flight Test Engineers (SFTE) and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and the AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technical Committee. He has authored more than thirty technical reports and was the 1993 recipient of the AIAA Creater Philadelphia Chapter Award for Ground Testing and Simulation.

The V/STOL capability of the AV-8B Harrier is provided through a sophisticated combination of vectored thrust and aerodynamic technology. The proper interaction of the nozzle thrust and flap system is of extreme importance. Specific combinations of nozzle angle and flap position are employed to optimize both jet lift and aerodynamic lift. However, if the proper flap-nozzle position schedule is violated, the resulting thrust and flap impingement may cause a severe nose-down pitching moment sufficient to override the pilot control. Depending upon ground proximity, this condition creates a hazard which causes great potential for loss of aircraft and/or pilot. Flap impingement hazard was identified on the AV-8B aircraft as a potential catastrophic flight hazard. In response, a requirement was established to 1) study the severity of the flap impingement hazard on the AV-8B, 2) devise flight operational procedures which would minimize pilot exposure to the hazard potential and the resulting pilot control problems during flight, and 3) devise a training capability to familiarize pilots with flap impingement hazard characteristics and recovery procedures. This paper comprises the results of a study which utilized piloted flight simulation and fleet simulation trainers to meet these requirements.

关键词： VTOL/STOL aircraft

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Environmental compliance: Requirements and technology opportunities for future ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第3期109卷 349-369页

作者： Nickens, AD Pizzino, JF Crane, CH Anthony D. Nickens:is the research and development progrma a manager for the Navy's Environmental Protection Program at the Naval Sea Systems Command's Ship Research Development and Standards Group (Sea 03R).He is responsible for overseeing directing and funding the design and development of shipboard systems and precedures to assure compliance with maritime environmental laws and regulations He holds an M.B.A. degree from the Florida Institute of Technology an M.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Florida and a B.S. degree i chemical engineering magna cum laude from the North Carolina State University. In addition he successufully completed the twenty-week Program Management Course at the Defense Systems management College in Fort Belvoir Virginia and the Executive Program at the University of Virginia Darden Graduate School of Business. He is also an engineering duty officer in the Navy reserves and a previous author and frequent contributor to Naval Engineers Journal. Josepe F. Pizzino:is a Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Employee working at the Naval Sea Systems Command's Ship Research Development and Standards Group (Sea 03R). He is a research and development program manager for the Navy's Environment Protection Program responsible for overseeing directing and funding the design and development of shipboard systems and procedures to assure combliance with maritime environment laws and regulations. Prior to his present assignment he was project engineer for the development os shipboard and life-boat reverse osmosis desalination systems both of which are persently being unstalled aboard Navy ships. He holds a B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Marland and an M.S. degree in chimical engineering from The Catholic Uhiversity of America. Chirstopher H. Crane:is a senior scientist at Geo-Centrs Inc. where he has provided technical program and dcumentation support for Navy headquarters shipboard environmental programs since 1989. Previouss grover

Navy ships must be able to operate anywhere in the world and visit any port unencumbered by environmental restrictions. The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OCNO) has formulated a vision for the environmentally sound ship of the 21st century, which will ensure compliance with environmental requirements applicable to Navy ships, while maintaining fleet effectiveness and readiness. Navy ships generate a variety of solid and liquid wastes and atmospheric emissions. Ships have limited capabilities for holding wastes for offload to shore. Working closely with the OCNO, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) is developing systems, equipment, and procedures to process and manage ship wastes in an environmentally responsible manner. Several pieces of shipboard equipment have been successfully developed to process solid and liquid waste, hazardous materials and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). The technologies and practices being developed under this program will: ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, significantly reduce the logistic burdens and costs associated with shoreside offload and disposal of ship wastes, implement Navy environmental and occupational safety and health policies, enhance the quality of life aboard ship, and continue the Navy's leadership role in protecting the marine environment.

关键词： Naval vessels

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Maintenance avoidance and maintenance reduction

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第1期109卷 47-56页

作者： Jacobs, KS McComas, JP Kenneth J. Jacobs:is director of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Surface Ship Maintenance Division (Sea 915). Originally trained as a data systems technician he attended Old Dominion University in Norfolk Virginia and graduated with a B.S degree in mechanical engineering in 1975. Over the course of the last twenty-one years Mr. Jacobs has served in NavSea as a project engineer for boats and service craft as the type desk for AFS AOR AO and AOG ship types and as manager of the Amphibious and Auxiliary Ship Maintenance Strategy Program where he was instrumental in the development and implementation of the Phased Maintenance Program. He has authored several papers on the subject of ship maintenance and is a member of Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society ASNE and the Association of Scientists and Engineers. Jon P. McComas:is a 1967 graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a 1974 graduate of the Naval Postgraduate School where he earned an M.S. degree in mechanical engineering. He also completed the Executive Management Program at North-western University in 1988. During his twenty-eight year naval career he served in destroyers and was a qualified surface warfare officer. He was designated an engineering duty officer in 1977 and subsequently held a number of positions primarily in the area of fleet maintenance and modernization including ship superintendent and type desk officer at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard assistant maintenance officer on the staff of ComNav-SurfGru WestPac in Subic Bay Phillippines assistant program manager for steam-powered surface combatants (PMS 313) and for gas turbine-powered surface combatants (PMS 314) at Navsea and director Maintenance Policy Branch (OP 433) on the CNO staff. Following a tour as head of engineering duty assignments at BuPers his last active duty assignment was at NavSea as the program manager for surface ships (PMS 335) responsible for life cycle management of more than 300 surface ships in forty-three ship classes and direction of the Navy Ship Inactivation P

Maintenance is performed to restore a system's inherent reliability. However, reliability is not enough: a maintenance task must ''pay for itself'' in dollars or readiness. This applies to all types of maintenance: corrective, preventive, and alterative. We can reduce corrective maintenance costs through preventive and alterative maintenance. We can reduce preventive maintenance costs by eliminating inapplicable and ineffecitve tasks. We must weigh alterative maintenance costs against the value of improved readiness and cost-avoidance of future corrective maintenance. The U.S. Navy is improving alterative maintenance by engineering for reduced maintenance (ERM). This process corrects the root cause of some high-cost items by replacing the system, component, or coating with an improved design or material. It overcomes the limit of preventive maintenance: higher levels of inherent reliability require design improvement. The U.S. Navy is improving preventive maintenance through condition-based maintenance (CBM). The Navy's CBM initiative encompasses three parallel efforts: rules (improving maintenance requirements and plans), tools (using computer and diagnostic technology to facilitate maintenance decision-making), and schools (educating all levels of maintenance decision-makers in reliability and condition-based maintenance engineering principles). This paper addresses how the U.S. Navy surface ship community plans to avoid inapplicable and ineffective maintenance and reduce maintenance costs without sacrificing reliability.

关键词： Logistics

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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Invited Commentary

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Physical Therapy 1996年第7期76卷 778-779页

作者： Schenkman, Margaret M Schenkman PhD PT is Associate Professor Graduate Program in Physical Therapy Senior Fellow Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and Co-Director Claude D Pepper Older Americans Independence Center Duke University Durham NC 27710

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Crossing paths: Using the case study in course evaluation

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Assessment Update 1996年第3期8卷

作者： Meredith Ludwig Ray Koch Justine Unatin Director of association research at the. American Association of State Colleges and Universities and adjunct faculty at the Graduate School of Education and Human Development George Washington University Washington Justine Unatin are students in the Crystal City Program Graduate School of Education and Human Development George Washington University

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The Computer Dilemma

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Journal of Technology in Human Services 1996年第1-2期12卷 21-35页

作者： Richard Reinoehl[a][b][c] Jack Coates[d] Diane Russell[e][f] Adam Engst[g] Tonya Engst[h] & Gregory Stosuy[i][j][k][l] [a] Oberiin College [b] Human Development Consortium Inc. [c] Social Work Program University of Wisconsin Superior USA [d] Coates Chiropractic Clinic in Wellington Ohio USA [e] Western Reserve Massotherapy [f] Ohio College of Medical Arts USA [g] Cornell University [h] History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Cornell University [i] New Jersey Department of Human Services USA [j] Ancora Psychiatric Hospital [k] Office of Institutional Services [l] Rutgers University's Graduate School of Social Work USA

SUMMARYSUMMARYAs computer use In health and human service organizations increases, so does the number of workers susceptible to soft tissue and joint dysfunction. These problems can be manifested as low back, cervical, shoulder girdle, and wrist-hand related disorders. Some common, recognizable conditions are Tendinitis, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, and Myofascial Pain Syndrome. An under-uti-lization of ergonomic principles for computer work stations is a primary cause but even strict adherence to ergonomic guidelines can result in disorders. Preventive actions, however, can be taken by introducing relatively simple systemic changes in organizational procedures. Such changes should be part of a broader, more holistic understanding of human relationships within organizations.

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Postfailure compressive behavior of tibial trabecular bone in three anatomic directions

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Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 1996年第3期31卷

作者： J. H. Keyak I. Y. Lee D. S. Nath H. B. Skinner Rehabilitation Research and Development Service Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco California Bioengineering Graduate Group University of California San Francisco/Berkeley Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco California Bioengineering Undergraduate Program University of California Berkeley Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley California Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California Irvine California

To obtain information describing the postfailure behavior of human proximal tibial trabecular bone, cube specimens of bone were mechanically tested in compression beyond the point of failure. Tests were performed in the three anatomic directions, plots of stress versus strain were obtained, and measures to describe the stress-strain relations before, during, and after failure were defined. These measures included elastic modulus, strength, postfailure slope, strain during maximum stress, and first postfailure minimum stress. For each anatomic direction, analyses were performed to correlate these parameters with ash density. Each of these measures was significantly correlated with ash density at the p < 0.05 level for all test directions, except for postfailure slope, which was correlated in the mediolateral and superior-inferior directions, and strain during maximum stress, which was correlated only in the superior-inferior direction. The data from this study enable trilinear stress-strain relations to be estimated for proximal tibial trabecular bone of various densities, and can serve as a first step toward modeling the behavior of trabecular bone before, during, and after failure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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