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Emulating complex synapses using interlinked proton conductors

Physical Review Applied 2025年第1期23卷 014027-014027页

作者： Lifu Zhang Ji-An Li Yang Hu Jie Jiang Rongjie Lai Marcus K. Benna Jian Shi Department of Materials Science and Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12180 USA Neurosciences Graduate Program University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA Department of Mathematics Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA Department of Neurobiology School of Biological Sciences University of California at San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA Department of Physics Applied Physics and Astronomy Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12180 USA

In terms of energy efficiency and computational speed, neuromorphic electronics based on nonvolatile memory devices are expected to be one of most promising hardware candidates for future artificial intelligence (AI). However, catastrophic forgetting, networks rapidly overwriting previously learned weights when learning new tasks, remains a pivotal obstacle in either digital or analog AI chips for unleashing the true power of brainlike computing. To address catastrophic forgetting in the context of online memory storage, a complex synapse model (the Benna-Fusi model) was proposed recently [M. K. Benna and S. Fusi, Nat. Neurosci. 19, 1697 (2016)], the synaptic weight and internal variables of which evolve following diffusion dynamics. In this work, by designing a proton transistor with a series of charge-diffusion-controlled storage components, we have experimentally realized the Benna-Fusi artificial complex synapse. Memory consolidation from coupled storage components is revealed by both numerical simulations and experimental observations. Different memory timescales for the complex synapse are engineered by the diffusion length of charge carriers and the capacity and number of coupled storage components. The advantages of the demonstrated complex synapse for both memory capacity and memory consolidation are revealed by neural network simulations of face-familiarity detection. Our experimental realization of the complex synapse suggests a promising approach to enhance memory capacity and to enable continual learning.

关键词： Nonvolatile storage

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Wavelength dependence of laser-induced nanowelded microstructures assembled from metal nanoparticles

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Rogers, Ariel Niyonshuti, Isabelle I. Ou, Jun Shrestha, Diksha Chen, Jingyi Wang, Yong Department of Physics University of Arkansas FayettevilleAR72701 United States Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Arkansas FayettevilleAR72701 United States School of Engineering California State Polytechnic University Humboldt ArcataCA95521 United States Mechanical Engineering Program California State Polytechnic University Humboldt ArcataCA95521 United States Cell and Molecular Graduate Program University of Arkansas FayettevilleAR72701 United States Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Arkansas FayettevilleAR72701 United States

Light-based nanowelding of metallic nanoparticles is of particular interest because it provides convenient and controlled means for the conversion of nanoparticles into microstructures and fabrication of nanodevices. Here, we demonstrated the wavelength dependence of laser-induced nanowelded shapes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We observed that the nanowelded microstructures illuminated by the 405 nm laser only were more branched than those formed with illumination of both the 405 nm and 532 nm lasers. We quantified this observation by several compactness descriptors and examined the dependence of the power of the 532 nm laser. More importantly, to understand the experimental observations, we formulated and tested a hypothesis by calculating the wavelength-dependent electric field enhancement due to surface plasmon resonance of the AgNPs and nanowelded microstructures when illuminated with lights at the two wavelengths. Based on the different patterns of "hot spots" for welding AgNPs from these calculations, numerical simulations successfully "reproduced" the different shapes of nanowelded microstructures, supporting our hypothesis. This work suggests the possibility of light-based controlling the shapes of laser-induced nanowelded microstructures of metallic nanoparticles. This work is expected to facilitate the development of better nanowelding strategies of metallic nanoparticles for broader applications. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surface plasmon resonance

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Room temperature phosphorescence materials based on small organic molecules: Design strategies and applications

Responsive Materials

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Responsive materials 2024年第3期2卷

作者： Meixia He Cong Ding Hexiang Guo Quan Li Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University Kent Ohio USA

Room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted significant attention due to their applications in various fields such as information storage and encryption, organic light-emitting diode (OLED), sensing, lighting and display, biological imaging, and photodynamic therapy. Traditionally, RTP materials can be efficiently developed using inorganic systems with noble metals or rare earth elements. Recently, many efforts have been devoted to the development of RTP materials based on small organic molecules. The strategies to construct RTP materials include hydrogen bonding, heavy atom effect, n –π* transitions, π–π stacking, donor–acceptor effect, and host–guest doping. Herein, we summarize the recent examples of RTP materials based on small organic molecules primarily focusing on their design strategies and properties. Moreover, their promising applications in information encryption, OLED, as well as bio-imaging and phototherapy are discussed. The challenges and perspectives are given to provide inspiration toward the future development of organic RTP materials.

关键词： bio-imaging information encryption organic room-temperature phosphorescence persistent room temperature phosphorescence small organic molecule

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Performance comparison of InGaN-based 40–80 μm micro-LEDs fabricated with and without plasma etching

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materials Today Advances 2024年 22卷

作者： Lo, Yu-Yun Chen, Yi-Ho Hsu, Yun-Cheng Lee, Tzu-Yi Hung, Yu-Ying Kao, Yu-Cheng Zan, Hsiao-Wen Wuu, Dong- Sing Kuo, Hao-Chung Samukawa, Seiji Horng, Ray-Hua Institute of Electronics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 University Road Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Department of Photonics College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Graduate Degree Program of College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung40227 Taiwan Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering National Chi Nan University Nantou54561 Taiwan Semiconductor Research Center Hon Hai Research Institute Taipei11492 Taiwan Institute of Communications Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30010 Taiwan

The fabrication of InGaN-based blue 4✕4 array micro-LEDs (μLEDs) with 40 μm ✕40 μm chip size and 2✕2 array μLEDs with 80 μm ✕80 μm chip size etching by the inductive coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICPRIE) and defect-free neutral beam etching (NBE) processes was studied in this work. In μLEDs of this size, the influence of defects formation in the sidewalls on EQE was evaluated. There was almost no difference in EQE between μLEDs array etched by the NBE process no matter 40 μm ✕40 μm and 80 μm ✕80 μm, but the dependence was observed in the ICPRIE. Even with this size, it was found that the size effect of EQE is smaller than that in case of using ICPRIE for defect-free neutral beam etching. This impact is substantial since μLED predominantly operated at low current density, around 1–5 A/cm2. Consequently, the reduction of defect density, encompassing both internal and sidewall defects, becomes imperative even in 40–80 μm InGaN-based μLEDs. This not only improves the overall efficiency of μLEDs but also fortifies the brightness stability of μLED displays if process etching by NBE. It was also found that the etching shape had an influence on EQE. It could be attributed to fact that the etching profile angle of NBE was more vertical than that of ICPRIE. Because the different angles of the mesa resulted in different light intensity. The μLEDs emitting with a wavelength of 450 nm, the light extraction efficiency and intensity at a mesa angle 58° of NBE etching μLEDs was about 8% lower than those of an angle (38°) of ICPRIE etching μLEDs by simulation. © The Authors

关键词： Light emitting diodes

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Micro- and nanorobots from magnetic particles: Fabrication, control, and applications

Responsive Materials

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Responsive materials 2024年第4期2卷

作者： Xiaoyu Wang Tao Yang Quan Li Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University Kent OH USA

Magnetic microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) have long been used as ideal miniaturized delivery and detection platforms. Their use as micro- and nanorobots (MNRs) is also emerging in the recent years with the help of more dedicated external magnetic field manipulations. In this review, we summarize the research progress on magnetic micro- and nanoparticle (MNP)-based MNRs. First, the fabrication of micro- and nanorobots from either template-assisted NP doping methods or directly synthesized MPs is summarized. The external driving torque sources for both types of MNRs are analyzed, and their propulsion control under low Reynolds number flows is discussed by evaluating symmetry breaking mechanisms and interparticle interactions. Subsequently, the use of these MNRs as scientific models, bioimaging agents, active delivery, and treatment platforms (drug and cell delivery, and sterilization), and biomedical diagnostics has also been reviewed. Finally, the perspective of MNPs-based MNRs was outlined, including challenges and future directions.

关键词： assembly in vivo magnetic microparticle magnetic nanoparticle microrobot nanorobot

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Characterizations of Second-order Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility for ϵ-phase Gallium Oxide

Characterizations of Second-order Nonlinear Optical Suscepti...

引用

2022 Compound Semiconductor Week, CSW 2022

作者： Zhou, Jingan Zhao, Xuan Xu, Rui Fu, Kai Li, Tao Xu, Mingfei He, Ziyi Robinson, Jacob T. Zhu, Hanyu Zhang, Xiaodong Zhao, Yuji Rice University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77005 United States Rice University Smalley-Curl Institute Applied Physics Graduate Program HoustonTX77005 United States Rice University Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering HoustonTX77005 United States Arizona State University School of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering TempeAZ85287 United States Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics CAS Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications Suzhou215123 China

ISBN: (数字)9781665453400

ISBN: (纸本)9781665453400

In this work, we report the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(2) for epsilon phase Gallium Oxide (ϵ-Ga2O3) thin film on sapphire. ϵ-Ga2O3 exhibits hexagonal P63mc space group symmetry, which is a non-centrosymmetric structure with non-zero second order susceptibility. By focusing a pulsed laser beam on to a polished ϵ-Ga2O3 thin film, we collected the generated second harmonic photons with an ultra-sensitive femtowatt photodetector, obtaining effective second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of χ(2) = 4.89×10-3 pm/V at wavelength of 800 nm. Two different measurement systems collecting reflected and transmitted photons were applied separately to make the result more convincing. The wavelength dependence from 790 nm to 900 nm and polarization dependence from TM mode to TE mode were measured as well. These results will be helpful for the design and fabrication of Ga2O3 based integrated photonics platform in the infrared-visible spectral range. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Gallium compounds

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Modulating the macroscopic anisotropy of liquid crystalline polymers by polarized light

Responsive Materials

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Responsive materials 2024年第4期2卷

作者： Yiyi Xu Mengshi Jin Jinyu Wang Shuai Huang Quan Li Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University Kent Ohio USA

Photoalignment technology is serving as an emerging technology for programming liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) materials due to its advantages including noncontact, high resolution, spatial control, programmability, and high efficiency. In this review, we report the research progress in implementing polarized light to design the anisotropy of LCPs, which is categorized based on the photoalignment mechanisms. The alignment approaches and the different stimulus-responsive behaviors of the materials after photoalignment are discussed. Additionally, we have summarized the applications of photoaligned LCPs such as liquid crystal displays, optical components, intelligent soft actuators, and beyond. Finally, the challenges and future directions of the technology are outlined.

关键词： liquid crystalline polymer photoalignment photoisomerization photocrosslinking photodegradation

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Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) Reliability of Fabricated Y-gate HEMT with Various Top Length

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ECS Journal of Solid State science and Technology 2023年第3期12卷 035001-035001页

作者： Chen, Yu-Lin Yeh, Wen-Kuan Chen, Ke-Horng Hsu, Heng-Tung Hsu, Chin-Tsai Godwin Raj, D. Chou, Hung-Ting Wu, Jui-Sheng Yu, Tien-Han Godfrey, D. Graduate Degree Program of College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan International College of Semiconductor Technology National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan National Applied Research Laboratories Hsinchu Taiwan Dept of ECE Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Kerala India National Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology Taoyuan Taiwan Deparment of Materials Science and Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan Dept of Electronics and Communication Engineering Dayananda Sagar University Bengaluru India

Device degradation due to hot carrier injection (HCI) in different Y-gate HEMT devices is thoroughly analyzed. To further understand the HCI reliability of the Y-gate HEMT devices, the device is fabricated with AlGaN/GaN structure with different top lengths (Ltop). An HCI stress time of 6000 s was conducted on these devices, while V t stability in other stress time domains, leakage current, and transconductance degradation are also discussed. In this work, we have demonstrated that increasing the LTop length could avoid the virtual gate effect and disperse the influence of the electric field under HCI stress. Furthermore, the effects of trapping in various locations, such as in the bulk SiN or AlGaN/GaN interface has been discussed. These trapping effects caused by the HCI stress might be the source of the Vth shift. Overall, The large Y-gate HEMT showed the lowest degradation of DC characteristics after the long HCI stress test. © 2023 The Electrochemical Society ("ECS"). Published on behalf of ECS by IOP Publishing Limited.

关键词： High electron mobility transistors

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Photoelectrochemical X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Graphene/Si Heterojunction Platform with Multifunctional Atomic Bridging Layer for Efficient Solar-Powered Co2 Conversion

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Wu, Heng-Liang Wu, Po-Hsien Chen, Hsuan-Yu Yu, Sheng-Yu Chang, Chen Liu, Tsung-Hsin Song, Ruo-Nong Lin, Jr-Wen Cyue, Zih-Wei Chan, Kwun-Man Chen, Cheng-Ying Chan, Ting-Shan Chen, Jeng-Lung Pao, Chih Wen Chen, Chun-Wei Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan Center for Condensed Matter Sciences National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan Academia Sinica Taipei11529 Taiwan Department of Optoelectronics and Materials Technology National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung202301 Taiwan National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Research Center Hsinchu300092 Taiwan Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei106319 Taiwan

The facile integration and stability of Si-based photoelectrode architectures are the remaining challenges in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) conversion of CO2 to fuels. In this work, the single-atomic-layer graphene is used as a functional bridging layer to integrate both Si photocathodes and photoanodes, which enable the direct electrodeposition of metal-based electrocatalysts (Cu, Ag and InSn alloys) and a semiconductor-based catalyst (NiFe-LDH) on the graphene/Si heterojunction electrodes for PEC CO2 reduction and O2 evolution reaction, respectively. Photoelectrochemical X-ray absorption spectroscopy results show that the electrodeposited catalysts on the graphene layer are active and leads to efficient transport of photogenerated electrons from Si junctions to electrocatalysts. We demonstrate a PEC device with a full-cell configuration consisting of InSn/graphene/Si heterojunction photocathode and NiFe-LDH/graphene/Si heterojunction photoanode, exhibiting a reduced photovoltage of ~1080 mV compared to the electrochemical counterparts. A self-powered overall PEC CO2 reduction with a promising solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of 3.2% can be obtained by integrating the graphene/Si heterojunction photocathode and photoanode with a Si photovoltaic. By combining the inherent chemical inertness of graphene with its role as an atomic bridging layer, the facile integration of Si photoelectrodes with various catalysts presents a promising platform for stable and efficient solar-to-fuel conversion. © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： X ray absorption spectroscopy

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Preparation of a New Hybrid Mgalldh@Magnetite Activated Charcoal by Hydrothermal Method for Stability and Adsorption Mechanism of Congo Red

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Ahmad, Nur Kameda, Tomohito Rahman, Mir Tamzid Rahman, Farzana Lesbani, Aldes Graduate School of Mathematics and Natural Science FMIPA Universitas Sriwijaya Sumatera Selatan Palembang30139 Indonesia Research Center of Inorganic Materials and Complexes Universitas Sriwijaya Sumatera Selatan Palembang30139 Indonesia Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University 6-6-20 Aoba Aramaki Aobaku Sendai980-8579 Japan Department of Chemistry Jahangirnagar University Dhaka Savar1342 Bangladesh Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering Daffodil International University Birulia1216 Bangladesh Master Program of Material Science Graduate School of Universitas Sriwijaya Sumatera Selatan Palembang30139 Indonesia

Background The removal of hazardous dyes from water by magnetic adsorbents has received significant interest due to their low cost and ease of separation from the solution phase. This study explores the efficacy of a novel hybrid adsorbent, magnetite and activated charcoal-modified MgAl layered double hydroxide (MgAlLDH@MAC), for removing congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. Methods MgAlLDH@MAC was successfully prepared via a co-precipitation to hydrothermal method and characterized using FE-SEM, FE-STEM, VSM, BET, XRD, FTIR, XPS, and HPLC analysis. Significant findings The incorporation of magnetite and activated charcoal was successful, resulting in excellent adsorption performance for CR and easy separation from the solution due to its magnetic properties. The adsorbent achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 625 mg/g, which is in line with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Moreover, the adsorbent demonstrated excellent stability and reusability, retaining 91.78% efficiency after five adsorption-desorption. This study offers a fresh viewpoint on creating high-performance LDH adsorbents that remove dyes quickly and effectively using carbon and magnetite materials. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Magnetite

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