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Cellucalst enzyme-assisted extraction of Sargassum horneri enhances the immunomodulation by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB pathway in murine splenocytes with or without Concanavalin A

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Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 2024年 181卷 117673-117673页

作者： Yang, Jiwon Kim, Hyo Jin Herath, Kalahe Hewage Iresha Nadeeka Madushani Jee, Youngheun Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science Jeju National University Jeju 63243 South Korea Department of Food Bioengineering Jeju National University Jeju 690-756 South Korea Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Massachusetts United States Department of Biosystems Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and Plantation Management Wayamba University Gonawila Makandura 60170 Sri Lanka Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute Jeju National University Jeju 64243 South Korea

Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is an edible species of large brown algae inhabiting along the coasts of northeastern Asia. The study focuses on the impact of celluclast enzyme extract of S. hoeneri (SHC) on various immune cell populations in splenocytes including granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes. SHC alone increased the population of granulocytes and macrophages and the secretion of M1 macrophage-derived cytokines (TNF-α, IL-22), and M2 macrophage-derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-10). Interestingly, however, SHC suppressed the concanavalin A (Con A)-expanded populations of macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, T and B cells, and Con A-promoted secretion of M1-macrophage derived cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-22) and M2-macrophage derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β). SHC further restrained the Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell responses through attenuating the expression of respective transcription factors T-bet, Gata3, and Rorγt. The anti-inflammatory property of SHC is highlighted through its influence on cytokine production, particularly in the NF-κB pathway, and the attenuation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. The results reveal that SHC acts as both an immunostimulator and an inhibitor of hyperimmune reactions, showcasing its potential therapeutic applications in conditions involving dysregulated immune responses such as autoimmune diseases and inflammatory disorders. This positions SHC as a promising candidate for the development of functional ingredients with diverse applications encompassing the realms of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. © 2024

关键词： Celluclast Concanavalin A S. horneri Splenocytes

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Spatiotemporal changes in land cover land use in protected areas of Serra da Mantiqueira, Southeastern Brazil

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environmental Challenges 2021年 4卷

作者： da Silva, Ismael Aparecido Dupas, Francisco Antonio Costa, Carlos Wilmer Medeiros, Grasiela de Oliveira Rodrigues de Souza, Alessandra Ribeiro Graduate Program in Energy Engineering Federal University of Itajubá Itajubá Minas Gerais Brazil Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences Federal University of São Carlos São Paulo Brazil Department of Civil Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal Rio Grande do Norte Brazil Earth System Science Center National Institute of Spacial Research São José dos Campos São Paulo Brazil

An assessment of the dynamics of land cover and use in and around a Protected Area (PA) located in the Área de Preservação Ambiental da Serra da Mantiqueira (APASM;Mantiqueira Mountain Range environmental Protection Area) and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (PNI;Itatiaia National Park) has been developed. This PA is part of the Brazilian Mata Atlântica (MA;Atlantic Forest) biome, which is of great importance in providing water resources and in biodiversity maintenance since it is one of the largest and most populated urban centers in Brazil. In two contiguous drainage basins, with an area of 24,757.65 hectares (ha), proposals have been sought that lead to monitoring of forests pressured by anthropic actions that have as an inductor vehicle the roads built around the PA. Results obtained by Remote Sensing (RS) data show that pasture areas have grown 43% between 1985 and 2005 and forest areas have declined 20% in the same period. However, between 2005 and 2017, there was a 22% decline in pasture area and rehabilitation in forest areas by 26%. Urban spots have steadily grown by nearly 120% between 1985 and 2017. In a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment and using multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with a weighted sum to environmental attributes of roads and urban spots, it has also been verified that 85% of the study area is under high or very high pressure, which can jeopardize the maintenance of biodiversity and water resources in the region due to population increase induced by secondary roads and their paving, which moves towards the PNI limits. © 2021

关键词： Atlantic forest GIS National park Park road Remote sensing Territorial dynamics

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Measuring 60-pc-scale Star Formation Rate of the Nearby Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068 with ALMA, HST, VLT/MUSE, and VLA

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Nagashima, Yuzuki Saito, Toshiki Ikarashi, Soh Takano, Shuro Nakanishi, Kouichiro Harada, Nanase Nakajima, Taku Taniguchi, Akio Tosaki, Tomoka Bamba, Kazuharu Physics and Mechatronics Course Major in Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology Fukushima University 1 Kanayagawa Fukushima Fukushima960-1296 Japan National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Faculty of Global Interdisciplinary Science and Innovation Shizuoka University 836 Ohya Suruga-ku Shizuoka422-8529 Japan Department of Physics General Studies College of Engineering Nihon University Tamura-machi Fukushima Koriyama963-8642 Japan Astronomical Science Program Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies SOKENDAI 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-1855 Japan Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Aichi Nagoya464-8601 Japan Department of Physics Graduate School of Science Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Aichi Nagoya464-8602 Japan Department of Geoscience Joetsu University of Education Yamayashiki-machi Niigata Joetsu943-8512 Japan

Star formation rate (SFR) is a fundamental parameter for describing galaxies and inferring their evolutionary course. H II regions yield the best measure of instantaneous SFR in galaxies, although the derived SFR can have large uncertainties depending on tracers and assumptions. We present an SFR calibration for the entire molecular gas disk of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068, based on our new high-sensitivity ALMA 100 GHz continuum data at 55 pc (= 0′′ . 8) resolution in combination with the HST Paα line data. In this calibration, we account for the spatial variations of dust extinction, electron temperature of H II regions, AGN contamination, and diffuse ionized gas (DIG) based on publicly available multi-wavelength data. Especially, given the extended nature and the possible non-negligible contribution to the total SFR, a careful consideration of DIG is essential. With a cross-calibration between two corrected ionized gas tracers (free-free continuum and Paα), the total SFR of the NGC 1068 disk is estimated to be 3.2 ± 0.5 M☉ yr−1, one-third of the SFR without accounting for DIG (9.1 ± 1.4 M☉ yr−1). We confirmed high SFR around the southern bar-end and the corotation radius, which is consistent with the previous SFR measurements. In addition, our total SFR exceeds the total SFR based on 8 µm dust emission by a factor of 1.5. We attribute this discrepancy to the differences in the young stars at different stages of evolution traced by each tracer and their respective timescales. This study provides an example to address the various uncertainties in conventional SFR measurements and their potential to lead to significant SFR miscalculations. © 2024, CC0.

关键词： Galaxies

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Hospital Admission Risks and Excess Costs for Neurological Symptoms Attributable to Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in New York State, USA

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Min, Jieun Lee, Whanhee Bell, Michelle L. Kim, Yijun Heo, Seulkee Kim, Ga Eun Kim, Jee Hyun Yun, Ji Young Kim, Soo In Schwartz, Joel Ha, Eunhee Department of Environmental Medicine School of Medicine Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea Republic of Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering College of Medicine Ewha Womans University Seoul Korea Republic of Ewha Womans University College of Medicine Seoul Korea Republic of School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering College of Information and Biomedical Engineering Pusan National University Yangsan Korea Republic of Yale School of the Environment Yale University New HavenCT United States Department of Psychiatry Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital Ewha Womans University College of Medicine Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Neurology Ewha Womans University Seoul Hospital Ewha Womans University College of Medicine Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Environmental Health Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health BostonMA United States Department of Medical Science Ewha Womans University School of Medicine Ewha Medical Research Institute Seoul Korea Republic of

Background: Although emerging evidence suggests that PM2.5 is linked to neurological symptoms (NSs) via neuroinflammation, relevant studies are scarce. This study aimed to investigate the risks and excess costs of hospital admission for five NSs—fatigue, headache, dizziness, convulsion, and paralysis—attributable to long-term exposure to PM2.5 in New York State, ***: We analyzed the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) from 2010 to 2016. A Bayesian hierarchical model with integrated nested Laplace approximations was performed to estimate the risks and excess costs of hospital admission for NSs due to long-term exposure to PM2.5 at the county ***: A 1 µg/m3 increase in lag 0–1 years PM2.5 was associated with an increased risk of headache and convulsion by 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) and 1.04 (1.01, 1.06), respectively. The excess hospital admission cost for five NSs attributable to lag 0–1 years PM2.5 above the new World Health Organization guideline (annual standard: 5 µg/m3) was $200.24 (95% CI: 6.00, 376.96) million during 2011–2016, recording the highest for convulsion ($153.73 [95% CI: 63.61, 244.19] million).Conclusions: This study provides quantitative estimates of risks and excess costs for NSs attributable to long-term PM2.5 and suggests that policies that reduce long-term PM2.5 concentration in accordance with the new WHO air quality guidelines can yield substantial health and economic benefits related to NSs in the New York State population. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hierarchical systems

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Assessment of sources and health risks of heavy metals in metropolitan household dust among preschool children: The LEAPP-HIT study

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Journal of environmental Management 2024年 352卷 120015页

作者： Kao, Chi-Sian Wang, Ying-Lin Jiang, Chuen-Bin Tai, Pei-Ju Chen, Yi-Hua Chao, Hsing-Jasmine Lo, Yu-Chun Hseu, Zeng-Yei Hsi, Hsing-Cheng Chien, Ling-Chu School of Public Health College of Public Health Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition MacKay Children's Hospital Taipei Taiwan Department of Medicine MacKay Medical College SanZhi District New Taipei City Taiwan Neuroscience Research Center Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Ph.D. Program in Medical Neuroscience College of Medical Science and Technology Taipei Medical University Taipei Taiwan Department of Agricultural Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan Nutrition Research Center Taipei Medical University Hospital Taipei Taiwan

The most common construction material used in Taiwan is concrete, potentially contaminated by geologic heavy metals (HMs). Younger children spend much time indoors, increasing HM exposure risks from household dust owing to their behaviors. We evaluated arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) concentrations in fingernails among 280 preschoolers between 2017 and 2023. We also analyzed HM concentrations, including As, Cd, Pb, chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn), in 90 household dust and 50 road dust samples from a residential area where children lived between 2019 and 2021 to deepen the understanding of sources and health risks of exposure to HMs from household dust. The average As, Cd, and Pb concentrations in fingernails were 0.12 ± 0.06, 0.05 ± 0.05, and 0.95 ± 0.77 μg/g, respectively. Soil parent materials, indoor construction activities, vehicle emissions, and mixed indoor combustion were the pollution sources of HMs in household dust. Higher Cr and Pb levels in household dust may pose non-carcinogenic risks to preschoolers. Addressing indoor construction and soil parent materials sources is vital for children's health. The finding of the present survey can be used for indoor environmental management to reduce the risks of HM exposure and avoid potential adverse health effects for younger children. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Heavy metals

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Prioritizing Strategies for Building the Resilience of Public Health Systems to Disasters Across Multiple Communities and Countries

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2024年第1期15卷 1-17页

作者： Benjamin J.Ryan Mayumi Kako Shelby Garner Rok Fink Ismail Tayfur Jonathan Abrahams Sanjaya Bhatia Adriana Campelo Matthew Fendt Alicia Fontenot Nahuel Arenas Garcia Tim Hatch Ryoma Kayano LaShonda Malrey‑Horne Makiko MacDermot Md Moshiur Rahman Chaverle Noel Shuhei Nomura Jeremy P.Novak Maria Opazo Kendell Oliver Luciana Peters Sohel Rahman PerihanŞimşek Andrew Stricklin Raymond Swienton Bryan W.Brooks Frist College of Medicine Belmont UniversityNashvilleTN 37212USA Department of Environmental Science Environmental Health Science ProgramCollege of Arts and SciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTX 76798USA Division of Nursing Science School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshima 734-8553Japan Gordon E.Inman College of Health Sciences and Nursing Belmont UniversityNashvilleTN 37212USA Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ljubljana1000 LjubljanaSlovenia Department of Emergency Medicine University of Health Sciences34668 IstanbulTurkey Monash University Accident Research Center MelbourneVIC 3800Australia Global Education and Training Institute United Nations Ofce for Disaster Risk ReductionIncheon 22004Republic of Korea Regional Ofce for the Americas and Caribbean United Nations Ofce for Disaster Risk ReductionPanama City 0843-03441Panama Engineering and Computer Science Baylor UniversityWacoTX 76798USA Department of Public Health Robbins College of Health and Human SciencesBaylor UniversityWacoTX 76798USA Alabama Department of Public Health MontgomeryAL 36092USA World Health Organization Centre for Health Development(WHO Kobe Centre) Kobe 651-0073Japan Waco-McLennan County Public Health District WacoTX 76707USA Department of Health Policy and Management School of MedicineKeio UniversityTokyo 160-8582Japan Department of Global Health Policy Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyo 113-0033Japan Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research Tokyo 106-6234Japan Global Development College BrisbaneQLD 4000Australia Municipality of Pudahuel 13124 PudahuelChile City Hall of Porto Alegre Porto Alegre 90010-170Brazil Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of the People’s Republic of BangladeshDhaka 1000Bangladesh Department of Emergency Aid and Disaster Management Trabzon University61335 TrabzonTurkey Department of Emergency Medicine UT SouthwesternDallasTX 75390USA

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgent need to strengthen public health *** response,the United Nations Disaster Risk Reduction(UNDRR) Public Health System Resilience Scorecard(Scorecard) was applied in workshops across multiple *** aim of our research was to explore the workshop findings to develop priority strategies for strengthening public health system *** conducted a workshop from 14 to 16 March 2023,at the UNDRR Global Education and Training Institute in Incheon,Republic of Korea.A sequential modified Delphi method was utilized to develop a set of prioritized resilience *** were drawn from 70 strategies identified from 13 distinct workshops in eight *** two surveys,23 strategies were *** received ratings of "High" or Very High" from89% of *** related to the inclusion of public health risks in emergency plans,integrating multidisciplinary teams into public health,enabling local transport mechanisms,and improving the ability to manage an influx of *** Scorecard provides an adaptable framework to identify and prioritize strategies for strengthening public health system *** leveraging this methodology,our study demonstrated how resilience strategies could inform disaster risk reduction funding,policies,and actions.

关键词： Health system resilience Public policy Resilience scorecard Workshops

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Sequential Action-Based Dynamic Decision-Support Model for Urban Ecological Planning

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Kim, Eun Sub Yun, Seok Hwan Kim, Ji Yeon Thorne, James H. Hyun, Jung Hee Lee, Dong Kun Interdisciplinary Program in Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Integrated Major in Smart City Global Convergence Program Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Specialized Graduate School of Intelligent Eco-Science 4 Dept. of Landscape Architecture Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Smart Green Solution Team SK forest Department of Environmental Science and Policy University of California One Shields Ave DavisCA95616 United States Systemic Risk and Resilience Research Group Advancing Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Austria Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural System Engineering Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of

Decision-makers often encounter the challenge of efficient long-term ecological planning to consider economic and environmental trade-offs. However, tools to support stepwise mitigation strategies that account for dynamic ecological responses to continuing urban development are limited. Therefore, we developed a sequential action-based dynamic decision-making model to simulate stepwise mitigation measures in space over time using a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focused on exploring the ecological corridors and habitat creation as mitigation measures through four decades to identify trade-offs and optimal plans that minimize landscape connectivity and edge density as ecological responses to urban development and minimize implementation costs per action. The results showed that adopting an initial low-investment strategy with sequential planning significantly enhanced potential ecological benefits beyond the 2000s compared with one-action planning. In contrast, the initial high-cost investment exhibited a gradual decline in the ecological benefits over time from 1995. The initial low-cost investment presented an opportunity to enhance ecological benefits by implementing early mitigation measures in locations capable of sustaining long-term ecological functions. The results suggest that sequential planning offers valuable insights into effective urban ecological planning by analyzing time-series data. This study enables step-by-step scenario testing, thereby supporting the facilitation of urban and regional sustainability planning. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Decision making

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Would the occurrence of a Maunder-like solar minimum reverse the observed climate change?

Evolving Earth

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Evolving Earth 2025年 3卷

作者： Marcio Cataldi Rafael Rangel Vitor Luiz Victalino Galves Sonia Jerez Juan Pedro Montávez Amar Halifa-Marín Luiz Landau Regional Atmospheric Modelling Group (MAR) Physics of the Earth Department of Physics Regional Campus of International Excellence (CEIR) “Campus Mare Nostrum” University of Murcia Spain Climate System Monitoring and Modelling Laboratory (LAMMOC) Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Federal Fluminense University Brazil Laboratory of Computational Methods in Engineering (LAMCE) Civil Engineering Program Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Graduate Studies and Research in Engineering Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

This study examines a scenario combining a prolonged solar minimum, like the historical Maunder Minimum, with the increased CO2 emissions characteristic of the industrial era. Two scenarios were developed in NCAR/CESM 2.0 implemented at LAMMOC/UFF to create simulations from 1850 to 2000, it contrasts differing radiative forcings from 1950 onward—one reflecting actual observed changes, including rising CO2 levels, and the other simulating a decrease in solar output like that during the Maunder Minimum but with continued CO2 growth. The results were validated against ERA5 data and 20th-century reanalysis. By calculating meridional averages at 30-degree latitude intervals, distinct regional impacts of the Maunder Minimum were identified. Notably the simulated Maunder Minimum reduced global warming by and even mitigated 70 % in HS in the last decade of the 20th century. However, this attenuation was lower in the HN, especially in the 30–60N region where no attenuation was observed.

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Priority Screening of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (Cecs) in Surface Water: Comparing Cell-Based Bioassays and Exposure-Activity Ratios (Ears)

SSRN

引用

SSRN 2024年

作者： Heuvel, John Patrick Vanden Granda, Megan Ferguson, Francesca M. Glaberman, Scott R. Preisendanz, Heather E. Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Penn State University University ParkPA United States INDIGO Biosciences Inc. 3006 Research Drive State CollegePA16801 United States Institute for Sustainable Agricultural Food and Environmental Science The Pennsylvania State Univ. University ParkPA16802 United States Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Penn State University University ParkPA United States Department of Entomology Penn State University University ParkPA United States Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering Penn State University University ParkPA United States George Mason University Department of Environmental Science and Policy FairfaxVA United States Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Penn State University 122 Agricultural Sciences and Industry Building University ParkPA16802 United States

In this study, we compared a wide range of cell-based bioassays to the use of chemical analysis followed by exposure-activity ratio (EAR) and Toxicological Prioritization index (ToxPi) for prioritizing chemicals, sites, and hazard concerns in water samples. Surface water samples were collected from nine sites in three Central Pennsylvania streams and analyzed for a targeted list of compounds of emerging concern (CECs), including pesticides, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals. Cell-based reporter assays evaluated human and zebrafish molecular initiating events (MIEs) in endocrine and metabolic disruption, altered lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. Bioassays showed that 29 out of 40 assays had at least one site with activity over the limit of detection. The receptors that exhibited the highest number of samples above the effect-based trigger (EBT) values that would be expected to cause toxicity were Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR, human and zebrafish), Pregnane X Receptor (PXR), Estrogen Receptor-beta (ERB), and Androgen Receptor (AR). Characterizing the collection sites by their bioactivity aligned closely with the stream in which samples were collected, with the three sites in Warriors Mark Run, three in Halfmoon, and three in Spruce Run more similar than sites from the other streams. The sum of all EARs for each chemical indicated that the pharmaceutical Carbamazepine and the pesticides Carbaryl and Atrazine posed the greatest concern. However, predicted activity and site prioritization based on individual chemical analysis and calculated EAR were different than those measured by bioassay, indicating that biologically active chemicals are present in the samples that were not included in the targeted analytes. Taken together, these data show that chemical analysis and EAR analysis are beneficial for prioritization of chemicals, whereas mechanism-based bioassays are more inclusive of known as well as unknown chemical contaminants and thus of more use fo

关键词： Water quality

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Removal of Methyl Orange Using Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation Process with Activated Carbon as Activator: Kinetic and Potential Application for Textile Industrial Wastewater Treatment

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Setiyono, Setiyono Susanto, Heru Sudarno, Sudarno Kholiq, Muhammad Abdul Luvita, Veny Nugroho, Rudi Said, Nusa Idaman Shoiful, Ahmad Mahasti, Nicolaus Nezha Nunez Fuad, Nur Muhamad Primeia, Sandia Ikbal, Ikbal Arifudin, Arifudin Hernaningsih, Taty Widayat, Wahyu Nugraha, Yosep Widi Priyanto, Fajar Eko Waluyo, Joko Purwoko, Reza Yuridian Septian, Ardie Building 720 K.S.T. B.J Habibie Serpong South Tangerang15314 Indonesia Graduate School of Environmental Studies Diponegoro University Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang Semarang50275 Indonesia Chemical Engineering Diponegoro University Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang Semarang50275 Indonesia Environment Engineering Diponegoro University Jl. Prof. Soedarto SH Tembalang Semarang50275 Indonesia Gedung B.J. Habibie Jl. M.H. Thamrin No.8 Jakarta Indonesia Program Studi Teknik Kimia Sebelas Maret University Jl. Ir. Sutami No.36 Surakarta Indonesia Jl. Raya Bogor KM. 46 Cibinong16911 Indonesia

This study aimed to investigate the catalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in water using persulfate (PS) combined with activated carbon (AC). The PS activated by AC removed more MO than the AC only and PS activated by Fe2+. The MO removal in the PS/AC system fitted to the coupled sorption–oxidation kinetic model. Compared to the AC-only system, the PS/AC system enhanced the oxidation mechanism but depressed the sorption mechanism. The O2•– played a dominant role in the oxidation mechanism. The MO was degraded through demethylation, carboxylation, ring opening, azo bond breakage, asymmetric cleavage, and aromatic ring removal. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Activated carbon

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