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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

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The Lancet Global Health 2023年第3期11卷 e385-e413页

作者： Micah, Angela E. Bhangdia, Kayleigh Cogswell, Ian E. Lasher, Dylan Lidral-Porter, Brendan Maddison, Emilie R. Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc Patel, Nishali Pedroza, Paola Solorio, Juan Stutzman, Hayley Tsakalos, Golsum Wang, Yifeng Warriner, Wesley Zhao, Yingxi Zlavog, Bianca S. Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abedi, Aidin Abegaz, Kedir Hussein Abhilash, E.S. Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abrigo, Michael R.M. Abubaker Ali, Hiwa Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Adem, Mohammed Hussien Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed Rashid, Tarik Aji, Budi Akbarialiabad, Hossein Akelew, Yibeltal Al Hamad, Hanadi Alam, Khurshid Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled Alhassan, Robert Kaba Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Amare, Azmeraw T. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amini-Rarani, Mostafa Amu, Hubert Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Appiah, Francis Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Aremu, Olatunde Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Avila-Burgos, Leticia Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azari, Samad Baig, Atif Amin Bantie, Abere Tilahun Barrow, Amadou Baskaran, Pritish Basu, Sanjay Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Baune, Bernhard T. Berezvai, Zombor Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Boachie, Micheal Kofi Bodolica, Virginia Botelho, João Silva Botelho Braithwaite, Dejana Breitborde, Nicholas J.K. Busse, Reinhard Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero Catalá-López, Ferrán Chansa, Collins Charan, Jaykaran Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chen, Simiao Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Dadras, Omid Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dargahi, Abdollah Debela, Sisay Abebe Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Desye, Belay Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Diao, Nancy Doan, Linh Phuong Dodangeh, Milad dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque Doshmangir, Leila Dube, John Eini, Ebrahim El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa El Tantawi, Maha Enyew, Daniel Berhanie Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Antai College of Economics Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Children’s Medical Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Tehran Heart Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Faculty of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran National Institute for Health Research Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Pharmacology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Cardiology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Digestive Diseases Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurology Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Social Determinants of Health Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics and Statistics Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Neurosurgery Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Ophthalmic R

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided

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Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel-inspired property for development of eco-friendly loose-fill foam 8th

Pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel-inspired property for developmen...

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8th International Conference on Materials Science and Technology, MSAT 2014

作者： Looyrach, Jarawee Methacanon, Pawadee Gamonpilas, Chaiwut Lekpittaya, Porntip Lertworasirikul, Amornrat Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced and Sustainable Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering Kasetsart University Bangkok10900 Thailand National Metal and Materials Technology Center 114 Paholyothin Rd. Klong 1 Klong Luang Pathumthani12120 Thailand Department of Materials Engineering Faculty of Engineering Kasetsart University Bangkok10900 Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9783038355526

For development of eco-friendly packaging foam from pomelo peel, physical and mechanical properties of the pomelo peel and effects of pomelo varieties, namely Kao-Nampueng, Thong-Dee, and Kao-Pan, on their properties were investigated. It was found that the pomelo variety showed somewhat significant effect on physical and mechanical of pomelo peel properties. Because of its thick peel with high moisture content (75-80%) and water activity (0.90-0.98), the peel weight accounted for almost half of the total fruit weight. Cell structure and pore size of the peel were examined using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The result showed an open cell foam structure with pore size of approximately 151±31 μm. The pore size was more open and large towards the outer surface. Uniaxial compression tests on pomelo peel samples with and without flavedo showed good reproducible stress-strain curves despite its biological variation. Young's moduli of both samples were calculated to be 200-300 kPa and 110-210 kPa, respectively. Moreover, the most important property of packaging foam is the ability to absorb energy during impact which can be characterised through the measurement of the onset strain of densification. It was found that the strain values at the maximum energy absorption efficiency (Εcd) of peel samples with and without flavedo for all studied pomelo varieties were comparable and were approximately in the range of 60-65%. These preliminary results indicate very promising mechanical properties of pomelo peel as eco-friendly packaging foam although further modifications are required to improve their physical and shelf-stability properties. © (2015).

关键词： Scanning electron microscopy

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Fuzzy inference about wind resources in urban environment 3

Fuzzy inference about wind resources in urban environment

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3rd International Workshop on Simulation for Energy, Sustainable Development and Environment, SESDE 2015

作者： Moreira, Marcos Antonio Cruz Rosenhaim, Roberto Santos, Robson Da Cunha Cunha, Gerson Gomes De Araújo Holanda, Thaiane Fagundes Fluminense Federal Institute Automation and Control Engineering Environmental Engineering Program Macaé Brazil Fluminense Federal Institute Automation and Control Engineering Macaécio Brazil Control Engineering Department Federal Institute and Estacio de Sá University Cabo Frio Brazil Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute Graduate Engineering and Research Civil Engineering Program/COPPE/UFRJ Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Fluminense Federal University Macaécio Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9788897999522

The advancement of renewable energy technology gave rise to the implementation of small wind towers in urban areas. A major problem in predicting the use of such facilities is the difficulty of measuring in micro-regions that suffer different influences of the surrounding environment. Thus a wind tower may be installed where it does not work properly. Fuzzy inference systems try to approach the thinking process of human language allowing for a more assertive decision process. For the development of a fuzzy inference system dealing with this issue it was necessary to determine the variables that most impact on the variation of the wind distribution in micro urban environment as well as using data from automatic weather stations which allow to estimate the wind regime for a macro region. These data are fed in a fuzzy inference system that outputs an adequacy rank for sitting a small wind tower.

关键词： Wind power

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Author Correction: Early Pastoral Economies and Herding Transitions in Eastern Eurasia

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Scientific reports 2020年第1期10卷 4536页

作者： William Timothy Treal Taylor Julia Clark Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan Tumurbaatar Tuvshinjargal Jessica Thompson Jobe William Fitzhugh Richard Kortum Robert N Spengler Svetlana Shnaider Frederik Valeur Seersholm Isaac Hart Nicholas Case Shevan Wilkin Jessica Hendy Ulrike Thuering Bryan Miller Alicia R Ventresca Miller Andrea Picin Nils Vanwezer Franziska Irmer Samantha Brown Aida Abdykanova Daniel R Shultz Victoria Pham Michael Bunce Katerina Douka Emily Lena Jones Nicole Boivin CU Museum of Natural History/Department of Anthropology CU 218 Boulder CO 80309 USA. william.taylor@colorado.edu. Department of Archaeology Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 10 Kahlaische Str. Jena 07745 Germany. william.taylor@colorado.edu. Flinders University Australia Sturt Road Bedford Park South Australia 5042 Australia. National Museum of Mongolia Juulchiny Str-1 Ulaanbaatar 21046 Mongolia. Graduate School of Human Development in Landscapes University of Kiel Johanna-Mestorf Str 2-6 R.156 D - 24118 Kiel Germany. Department of Geology and Geological Engineering Colorado School of Mines 1500 Illinois St. Golden CO 80401 USA. Arctic Studies Center Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Washington D.C. 20560 USA. Department of Philosophy and Humanities East Tennessee State University 276 Gilbreath Dr Johnson City TN 37614 USA. Department of Archaeology Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 10 Kahlaische Str. Jena 07745 Germany. Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Science 17 Lavrentieva Avenue Novosibirsk 630090 Russia. Novosibirsk State University 1 Pirogova Str. Novosibirsk Russia. Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory Curtin University Kent Street Bentley WA 6102 Australia. Department of Geography University of Utah 260 Central campus Drive Room 4625 Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA. Wyoming Geographic Information Science Center Department of Geography University of Wyoming 1000 E. University Ave Laramie WY 82071 USA. Faculty of History University of Oxford George Street OX1 2RL Oxford UK. Department of Anthropology Museum of Anthropological Archaeology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA. Anthropology Program American University of Central Asia Aaly Tokombaev st. 7/6 720060 Bishkek Kyrgyzstan. Departments of Anthropology and History McGill University 855 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal Quebec H3A 2T7 Canada. Univers

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Metagenomic Analysis of Bacteria Community in Activated Sludge of Domestic Waste Water Treatment Plant

Metagenomic Analysis of Bacteria Community in Activated Slud...

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2015 4th International Conference on Environment, Chemistry and Biology

作者： Nang Hein Nandar Htwe Kazuhiko Miyanaga Analiza P.Rollon Yasunori Tanji Environmental Engineering Graduate Program College of Engineering University of the PhilippinesDiliman Department of Biotechnology Tokyo Institute of Technology Department of Chemical Engineering College of Engineering University of the Philippines-Diliman

Bio logical treat ment of the do mestic waste water relies on the functioning of microbial community in its conventional activated sludge. The pyrosequencing of 16 S r RNA approach is used to monitor the bacteria l population pattern. The v iable bac teria co mmunity d irectly re lated to perfo rmance of activated sludge is also evaluated by using Ethidiu m monoazide(EMA) treat ment co mparison with nontreatment sample prior to sequence 16 S r RNA gene. The fecal bacteria group Spirochetes and unassigned "other" bacteria are totally disappear in the viable community. Half of the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi are also overestimated in non-EMA treated sample. In conclusion, the bacterial co mmunity in activated sluge share simila r v iable pa ttern at phylu m leve l. Moreover, q PCR is applied to quantify the 16 S r RNA gene copies of population.

关键词： Bacterial community 454pyrosequencing EMA q PCR

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Distributed System Behavior Modeling with Ontologies, Rules, and Message Passing Mechanisms 1

Distributed System Behavior Modeling with Ontologies, Rules,...

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Conference on Systems engineering Research

作者： Austin, Mark Delgoshaei, Parastoo Alan Nguyen Associate Professor Institute for Systems Research University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA Graduate Student Ph.D. Program in Civil Systems Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA. Systems Engineer Constellation Energy Washington DC

Modern societal-scale infrastructures (e.g., buildings, roads, railways, and power supplies) that are defined by spatially distributed network structures, concurrent subsystem-level behaviours, distributed control and decision making, and interdependencies among subsystems that are not always well understood. During both Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, it quickly became evident a disturbance in one system can impact other networks in ways that are both unexpected and undesirable. Such outcomes put engineering designers and urban planners (decision makers) in a tough spot where quantitative decision-making regarding the adequacy of system infrastructure is complicated by the presence of newfound system interactions. This paper takes a first step toward providing designers and planners with computational support for simulation of distributed system behaviours with system-level interactions. We describe an experimental software prototype for distributed event-based system behaviour modelling with ontologies, rules checking and message passing mechanisms. Key features of the software architecture are demonstrated through the development of two scenarios: (1) A family interacting with a school system, and (2) Simulation of adjustments to the Washington DC Metro System schedule in response to a severe storm. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Distributed System Modeling Ontologies Rule Checking Jena API

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Public Policies to Reduce Risks of Natural Disasters in Blumenau/SC

Public Policies to Reduce Risks of Natural Disasters in Blum...

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International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems, CISIS

作者： Rafaela Vieira Noemia Bohn Giane Roberta Jansen Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering Regional University of Blumenau Blumenau Brazil Department of Architecture and Urbanism Regional University of Blumenau Blumenau Brazil

The risk of natural disaster has been the focus of public policies. They are based on the Federal Law 12.608 / 2012, establishing the National Policy on Protection and Civil Defense. The overall goal is to understand the public policy related to the risks of natural disasters in the city of Blumenau, by identifying the structure of a public body and its powers. It constitutes an exploratory and descriptive qualitative approach. The method is characterized by systemic method and indirect technical documentation. The research was done in three steps: data collection, tabulation of information, analysis and discussion of results. The results indicate that the Supplementary Law 870/2013 which defines the administrative structure of the public power of Blumenau, does not detail the powers to the municipal responsible body for risk management of natural disasters, precisely indicated in Federal Law 12.608 / 2012.

关键词： Meteorology Public policy Cities and towns Floods Education Data collection

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Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

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Archives of virology 2021年第12期166卷 3567-3579页

作者： Jens H Kuhn Scott Adkins Bernard R Agwanda Rim Al Kubrusli Sergey V Alkhovsky Gaya K Amarasinghe Tatjana Avšič-Županc María A Ayllón Justin Bahl Anne Balkema-Buschmann Matthew J Ballinger Christopher F Basler Sina Bavari Martin Beer Nicolas Bejerman Andrew J Bennett Dennis A Bente Éric Bergeron Brian H Bird Carol D Blair Kim R Blasdell Dag-Ragnar Blystad Jamie Bojko Wayne B Borth Steven Bradfute Rachel Breyta Thomas Briese Paul A Brown Judith K Brown Ursula J Buchholz Michael J Buchmeier Alexander Bukreyev Felicity Burt Carmen Büttner Charles H Calisher Mengji Cao Inmaculada Casas Kartik Chandran Rémi N Charrel Qi Cheng Yuya Chiaki Marco Chiapello Il-Ryong Choi Marina Ciuffo J Christopher S Clegg Ian Crozier Elena Dal Bó Juan Carlos de la Torre Xavier de Lamballerie Rik L de Swart Humberto Debat Nolwenn M Dheilly Emiliano Di Cicco Nicholas Di Paola Francesco Di Serio Ralf G Dietzgen Michele Digiaro Olga Dolnik Michael A Drebot J Felix Drexler William G Dundon W Paul Duprex Ralf Dürrwald John M Dye Andrew J Easton Hideki Ebihara Toufic Elbeaino Koray Ergünay Hugh W Ferguson Anthony R Fooks Marco Forgia Pierre B H Formenty Jana Fránová Juliana Freitas-Astúa Jingjing Fu Stephanie Fürl Selma Gago-Zachert George Fú Gāo María Laura García Adolfo García-Sastre Aura R Garrison Thomas Gaskin Jean-Paul J Gonzalez Anthony Griffiths Tony L Goldberg Martin H Groschup Stephan Günther Roy A Hall John Hammond Tong Han Jussi Hepojoki Roger Hewson Jiang Hong Ni Hong Seiji Hongo Masayuki Horie John S Hu Tao Hu Holly R Hughes Florian Hüttner Timothy H Hyndman M Ilyas Risto Jalkanen Dàohóng Jiāng Gilda B Jonson Sandra Junglen Fujio Kadono Karia H Kaukinen Michael Kawate Boris Klempa Jonas Klingström Gary Kobinger Igor Koloniuk Hideki Kondō Eugene V Koonin Mart Krupovic Kenji Kubota Gael Kurath Lies Laenen Amy J Lambert Stanley L Langevin Benhur Lee Elliot J Lefkowitz Eric M Leroy Shaorong Li Longhui Li Jiànróng Lǐ Huazhen Liu Igor S Lukashevich Piet Maes William Marciel de Souza Marco Marklewitz Sergio H Marshall Shin-Yi L Marzano Se Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health Frederick MD USA. kuhnjens@mail.nih.gov. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service US Horticultural Research Laboratory Fort Pierce FL USA. Zoology Department National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology Nairobi Kenya. Division Phytomedicine Faculty of Life Sciences Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany. D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation Moscow Russia. Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA. Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia. Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria Campus de Montegancedo Pozuelo de Alarcón Madrid Spain. Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica Alimentaria y de Biosistemas Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain. Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases Department of Infectious Diseases Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Insitute of Bioinformatics University of Georgia Athens GA USA. Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany. Department of Biological Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA. Center for Microbial Pathogenesis Institute for Biomedical Sciences Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA. Edge BioInnovation Consulting and Mgt Frederick MD USA. Institute of Diagnostic Virology Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Greifswald-Insel Riems Germany. UFyMA INTA-CONICET Cordoba Argentina. Genomics and Bioinformatics D

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Adsorption of emerging contaminants enhanced by ultrasound irradiation

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Sustainable Environment Research 2014年第5期24卷 349-355页

作者： Secondes, Mona Freda N. Naddeo, Vincenzo Ballesteros, Florencio Belgiorno, Vincenzo Environmental Engineering Graduate Program University of the Philippines - Diliman Quezon City1101 Philippines Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Division University of Salerno Fisciano84084 Italy

Recently detected pharmaceuticals in the environment, labeled as emerging contaminants (ECs), are linked to serious problems of biodiversity loss, emergence of highly resistant microbial strains, human infertility and cancer. The inability of conventional wastewater treatment plants in removing these ECs causes its widespread occurrence. Thus, protecting the environment from these risks necessitates advanced treatment methods. This study investigates the application of a hybrid process combining ultrasound irradiation simultaneously with activated carbon adsorption to the removal of ECs from synthetic wastewater. Three ECs - diclofenac, carbamazepine, and amoxicillin - in single component solutions and in mixture are used in equilibrium and kinetic tests. Isotherms and kinetic models were analyzed to understand the adsorption behavior both in the absence and presence of ultrasound at two ultrasonic frequencies (35 and 130 kHz). The influence of the nature of contaminant, the presence of other compounds in the mixture, and the ultrasonic frequency to the removal of ECs are studied. At low powdered activated carbon dose, removals are enhanced in the hybrid process in most cases, and performance is better at higher frequency due to the combined effects of adsorption enhancement and sonolytic degradation. Adsorption enhancement is demonstrated by an increase in adsorption capacity and/or kinetic rate constant. © 2013, (Chinese Institute of environmental engineering). All rights reserved.

关键词： Adsorption

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Performance-Based Specifications for Sustainable Pavements: A Lean engineering Analysis

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Energy Procedia 2015年 74卷 453-461页

作者： Yara Hamdar Hussein Kassem Issam Srour Ghassan Chehab Graduate Research Assistant Civil and Environmental Engineering Department American University of Beirut Beirut 1107-2020 Lebanon Assistant Professor Engineering Management Program American University of Beirut Beirut 1107-2020 Lebanon Associate Professor Civil and Environmental Engineering Department American University of Beirut Beirut 1107-2020 Lebanon

Lean concepts, though born in the manufacturing industry, have since made their way to the construction industry. In a broad sense, lean concepts aim at minimizing waste and maximizing value which can be related to cost, quality, and time. These aims are in-line with sustainable construction processes which target reducing the waste (e.g. resource consumption and emissions) in construction activities. As such, lean should not be viewed as a set of tools and techniques, but rather an approach and conceptual framework that can be catered to suit the needs of the process under study. Implementing lean concepts in the building construction sector has been proven challenging due to the uniqueness of each project. In infrastructure projects, such as pavements and bridges, the application of lean concepts is at its infancy stages and thus is still not well assessed and researched. The focus of this study is to investigate the implementation of lean concepts in pavement construction, specifically in the quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process. The ultimate objective is to come up with conclusions on how to maximize the value of pavements as dictated by their performance, while minimizing wastes due to inefficient QA/QC.

关键词： Pavement Asphalt Rutting Performance-Based Specifications Lean Concepts Dynamic Modulus Total Quality Management QA/QC

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