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Erratum to: Study protocol: differential effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes: individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis and health economic evaluation

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Systematic reviews 2015年第1期4卷 101页

作者： Anneloes E Ruifrok Ewelina Rogozinska Mireille N M van Poppel Girish Rayanagoudar Sally Kerry Christianne J M de Groot SeonAe Yeo Emma Molyneaux Ruben Barakat Carballo Maria Perales Annick Bogaerts Jose G Cecatti Fernanda Surita Jodie Dodd Julie Owens Nermeen El Beltagy Roland Devlieger Helena Teede Cheryce Harrison Lene Haakstad Garry X Shen Alexis Shub Narges Motahari Janette Khoury Serena Tonstad Riitta Luoto Tarja I Kinnunen Kym Guelfi Fabio Facchinetti Elisabetta Petrella Suzanne Phelan Tânia T Scudeller Kathrin Rauh Hans Hauner Kristina Renault Linda Reme Sagedal Ingvild Vistad Signe Nilssen Stafne Siv Mørkved Kjell Åsmund Salvesen Christina Vinter Marcia Vitolo Arne Astrup Nina Rica Wium Geiker Fionnuala McAuliffe Lucilla Poston Tracy Roberts Richard D Riley Arri Coomarasamy Khalid S Khan Ben Willem Mol Shakila Thangaratinam Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam The Netherlands. anneloesruifrok@***. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands. anneloesruifrok@***. Women's Health Research Unit Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. e.a.rogozinska@qmul.ac.uk. Multidisciplinary Evidence Synthesis Hub (mEsh) Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. e.a.rogozinska@qmul.ac.uk. Department of Public and Occupational Health EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands. mnm.vanpoppel@vumc.nl. Women's Health Research Unit Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. g.rayanagoudar@qmul.ac.uk. Multidisciplinary Evidence Synthesis Hub (mEsh) Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK. s.m.kerry@qmul.ac.uk. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Faculty of Medicine VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands. cj.degroot@vumc.nl. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Nursing Chapel Hill NC USA. syeo@email.unc.edu. Section of Women's Mental Health Health Service and Population Research Department Institute of Psychiatry King's College London London UK. emma.molyneaux@kcl.ac.uk. Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fısica y del Deporte-INEF Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Madrid Spain. rubenomar.barakat@upm.es. Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Fısica y del Deporte-INEF Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Madrid Spain. m.perales.santaella@***. Division of Mother and Child Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology University Colleges Leuven-Limburg Hasselt and University Hospitals KU Leuven Leuven Belgium. Annick.Bogaerts@khlim.be. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of Medical Scienc

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Antimicrobial effectiveness of biobased film against Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium

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Advance Journal of food science and technology 2011年第4期3卷 294-302页

作者： Theinsathid, Pornpun Visessanguan, Wonnop Kingchaand, Yutthana Keeratipibul, Suwimon Graduate School Interdisciplinary Program Technopreneurship and Innovation Management Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Thailand Science Park Bangkok Thailand Department of Food Technology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

Antimicrobial packaging, an active packaging concept, can be considered challenging technology that could have a significant impact on food safety of meat and meat products. The feasibility of polylactic acid (PLA)-based film was evaluated for its application as a material for antimicrobial film. A bio-based commercial polylactic acid (PLA) product, Ecovio*, was used as an environmentally friendly polymer matrix. The PLA based film was incorporated with lactic acid or sodium lactate by extrusion film-blowing process. The antimicrobial activity of films against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella entérica Serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) were evaluated. Antimicrobial film incorporated with lactic acid packaging film was found to be highly effective in inhibiting L. monocytogenes. In contrast, no inhibitory activity was observed against E. coli O157:H7, and S. Typhimurium. This is consistent with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) studies which indicated that undissociated lactic acid was more efficient in inhibiting L. monocytogenes than enterobacteria. This preliminary study shows the potential use of bio-based film as one hurdle technology in combination with good manufacturing practices and adequate storage temperatures. The use of antimicrobial packaging may contribute to improve the safety in minimally processed foods. Further work is required to improve the mechanical properties of the material in order to meet industry requirements. © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2011.

关键词： Lactic acid

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Abstracts Of Shellfish Technical Papers Presented at the joint meeting of the Northeast Aquaculture Conference and Exposition Milford Aquaculture Seminar and the International Conference on Shellfish Restoration Groton, Connecticut December 12–15, 2012

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Journal of Shellfish Research 2013年第2期32卷 571-612页

作者： Walter Blogoslawski Christopher Davis Dorothy Leonard Lisa Milke Steven Allen Peter Bergstrom A.C. Carpenter Mark Luckenbach Kennedy Paynter Angela Sowers Eric Weissberger James Wesson Stephanie Westby Steven Allen Stephanie Westby Claire O'Neil Angela Sowers Eric Weisberrger Oliver Bender Peter Boyce Gabriel Betty Mark Borrelli Anamarija Frankic Curtis Felix Jennifer Wilson Peter Boyce Oliver Bender Suzanne Bricker Tessa Getchis Cary Chadwick Julie Rose Cori Rose Kelsey Brockett Jessica Peterman David Bushek Daphne Munroe Eric Powell Lisa Calvo Barney Hollinger William Riggin William Shadel Jenny Paterno Ryan Carnegie David Bushek Carole Cyr Lisandre G. Solomon Francoise Bourque Tyler Carrier Stephen Eddy Sarah Redmond James Cervino Rand Weeks Jason Shorr Carmen Lin Dajana Gjoza Thomas J. Goreau Erik Chapman Derrick Chelikowsky Diane Kapareiko Dorothy Jefferess Gary Wikfors Carmela Cuomo Joseph Choromanski Sheila Stiles Dorothy Jeffress Haley Ladeau Loren Coen Boze Hancock Lesley Baggett Sean Powers Rob Brumbaugh Summer Morlock Bryan DeAngelis Anne Cohen Daniel McCorkle Gail Schwietermann Kathryn Rose Dave Conley SaiGiridhar Dasika April Croxton Soren Dahl Debra Barnes Bassem Allam Jonathan Davis Brian Allen Betsy Peabody Jonathan Davis Julie Davis William Walton Donatella Del Piero Michael Devin Molly Flanagan Paul Rawson Chauncey Devin Dana Morse Mark S. Dixon Genevieve Bernatchez Kelsey Boeff Eve Galimany Yaqin Li Aynur Lok Shannon L. Meseck Marguerite Petit Sean Dixon Sam Lee Dennis O'Connor Kelly Drake Shelley Edmundson Elizabeth Fairchild Melissa Evans Allison Fitzgerald Chester Zarnoch William Wallace Amy Fitzpatrick Gef Flimlin Sandra Macfarlane Gef Flimlin Thomas Foca David Bushek Timothy Visel Walter Blogoslawski Deborah A. Bouchard Joseph Buttner John Ewart Ann Faulds George E. Flimlin Doris Hicks Craig Hollingsworth Andrew Lazur Dale Leavitt Dennis McIntosh Dana L. Morse Tom Rippen Gregg Rivara Roxanna Smolowitz Dan Terlizzi Don Webster Michael Chambers Diane C. Murphy Robert Pomeroy Josh Reitsma Mic U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Fisheries Science Center Milford Laboratory 212 Rogers Avenue Milford CT 06460 Maine Aquaculture Innovation Center 5717 Corbett Hall Room 436 Orono ME 04469 Ocean Equities LLC 776 Rolling View Drive Annapolis MD 21409. Oyster Recovery Partnership 1805A Virginia St Annapolis MD 21401 NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office 410 Severn Ave Suite 207-A Annapolis MD 21403 Potomac River Fisheries Commission 222 Taylor St Colonial Beach VA 22443 Virginia Institute of Marine Science Eastern Shore Laboratory PO Box 350 Wachapreague VA 23480 1213 HJ Patterson Hall University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District P.O. Box 1715 Baltimore MD 21203 Maryland Department of Natural Resources 580 Taylor Ave Annapolis MD 21401 Virginia Marine Resources Commission 2600 Washington Ave Newport News VA 23607 NOAA Restoration Center 410 Severn Ave Annapolis MD 21403. Oyster Recovery Partnership 1805A Virginia St Annpolis MD 21401 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration 410 Severn Ave Suite 107-A Annapolis MD 21403 USA Army Corps of Engineers 10 South Howard St Baltimore MD 21201 Maryland Department of Natural Resources 580 Taylor Ave Tawes State Office Building Annapolis MD 21401. Maria Mitchell Association 4 Vestal St Nantucket MA 02554 Maria Mitchell Association 65 Meadowview Drive Nantucket MA 02554. University of Rhode Island 620 Main St. Hopkinton RI 02832. Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies 5 Holway Avenue Provincetown MA 02657 University of Massachusetts Boston 100 Morrissey Blvd Boston Massachusetts Boston MA Town of Wellfleet 300 Main Street Wellfleet Massachusetts MA 02667. Maria Mitchell Association 65 Meadowview Dr Nantucket MA 02554. NOAA National Center for Coastal Ocean Science 1305 East West Highway Room 8110 Silver Spring MD 20910 Connecticut Sea Grant University o

It was with great excitement that we planned the combined meetings of Northeast Aquaculture Conference and Exposition (NACE) and the International Conference on Shellfish Restoration (ICSR) with the 33rd Milford Aquaculture Seminar (MAS). Bringing these different but complementary audiences together resulted in a meeting that combined many different aspects of fisheries restoration and aquaculture under one *** hundred attendees including government representatives, research scientists, industry, and academia at both the university and vocational high school levels attended this event. The meeting commenced on Wednesday December 12th 2012, with over eighty people attending seven field trips to area aquaculture farms and research facilities. The formal program began on Thursday, December 13th with a plenary session including invited speakers Eric Schwabb, Acting Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Management at NOAA; Sebastian Belle, Executive Director of the Maine Aquaculture Association and Boze Hancock from the Nature Conservancy, who discussed the role of aquaculture in fisheries restoration. John Bullard, the Northeast Regional Administrator of NOAA Fisheries Service, addressed the group during the luncheon the following day. The technical papers and workshops presented were divided into 35 sessions over three days of the meeting and included topics such as the history of aquaculture, aquaculture hatchery innovations, siting and planning issues, risk management, aquaculture business management, ocean acidification, climate change, as well as aquaculture disease issues and potential remedies. Having persons present who have experienced problems and successes, along with those in manufacturing and government responsible for addressing concerns and sharing best practices, was invaluable. Discussions among this cross-section of persons who represent different aspects of aquaculture were as important as the well-presented and interesting formal papers

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Bio-based products: Factors that influence their adoption

Bio-based products: Factors that influence their adoption

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5th IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and technology, ICMIT2010

作者： Theinsthid, Pornpun Chandrachai, Achara Suwannathep, Sasitorn Keeratipibul, Suwimon Graduate School Interdisciplinary Program Technopreneurship and Innovation Management Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand School of Liberal Arts King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Bangkok Thailand Department of Food Technology Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9781424465675

Bioplastics constitute an emerging and innovative industrial segment, characterized by new synergies and collaborations among the chemical, biotechnological, agricultural, and consumer sectors. This paper reports on a survey of factors that influence bioplastics adoption. Research focusing on each factor such as capital, R&D and innovation and licensing and IP related impediments are summarized. © 2010 IEEE.

关键词： Carbon footprint

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Anti-inflammatory effect of Momordica grosvenori Swingle extract through suppressed LPS-induced upregulation of iNOS and COX-2 in murine macrophages

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Journal of Functional foods 2009年第2期1卷 145-152页

作者： Pan, Min-Hsiung Yang, Ji-Rui Tsai, Mei-Ling Sang, Shengmin Ho, Chi-Tang Department of Seafood Science National Kaohsiung Marine University Kaohsiung 811 Taiwan Nutrition Research Program University of North Carolina Nutrition Center Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute Kannapolis NC 28081 North Carolina Research Campus 500 Laureate Way United States Department of Food Science Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ 08901-8520 United States Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 100 Taiwan

Momordica grosvenori Swingle, a traditional medicinal herb, is known to possess anti-inflammatory anti-oxidative, anti-diabetic, and nephroprotective activities. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of M. grosvenori Swingle extract (MSE) on the induction of NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in murine RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses demonstrated that MSE significantly blocked protein and mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced macrophages. Treatment with MSE resulted in the reduction of LPS-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) subunit and the dependent transcriptional activity of NFκB by blocking phosphorylation of inhibitor κB (IκB)α and p65 and subsequent degradation of IκBα. Transient transfection experiments using NFκB reporter constructs indicated that MSE inhibits the transcriptional activity of NFκB in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages. MSE also inhibited LPS-induced activation of PI3K/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 MAPK. Taken together, these results show that MSE down regulates inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression in macrophages by inhibiting the activation of NFκB by interfering with the activation PI3K/Akt/IKK and MAPK. These results have important implication for using MSE towards the development of effective anti-inflammatory agents. Crown Copyright © 2009.

关键词： Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Inducible NO synthesis (iNOS) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Mitogen-activated protein (MAPK) Momordica grosvenori Swingle NFκB Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophages

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Improvement of the stability of nattokinase using γ-polyglutamic acid as a coating material for microencapsulation

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LWT 2009年第1期42卷 144-149页

作者： Hsieh, Chang-Wei Lu, Wen-Chien Hsieh, Wen-Ching Huang, Yun-Peng Lai, Cheng-Hung Ko, Wen-Ching Department of Medicinal Botany and Healthcare Da-Yeh University 112 Shan-Jiau Road Da-Tsuen Chang-Hua 51591 Taiwan Department of Food Science and Biotechnology National Chung-Hsing University 250 Kuokuang Road Taichung 402 Taiwan Vedan Enterprise Corporation 65 Hsingan Road Shulu Taichung 433 Taiwan Department and Graduate Program of BioIndustry Technology Da-Yeh University 112 Shan-Jiau Road Da-Tsuen Chang-Hua 51591 Taiwan

In this study, nattokinase (NK) was microencapsulated in high-molecular-weight Na-γ-PGA, and the amount of NK added to the Na-γ-PGA was in the ratio of 1:1 and 2:1 w/w, which was designated as NK-100 and NK-200, respectively. The temperature and pH stability of microencapsulated NK were found to be higher than those of the free form. Free NK lost its overall initial activity after treatment at a temperature above 60 °C or at a pH less than 5.0 for 1 h. NK-100 and NK-200 retained 35% and 60% of their activities after exposure to an acidic condition of pH 4.0 and possessed 18% and 25% activity after treatment at 60 °C for 1 h, respectively. Furthermore, NK-100 and NK-200 exhibited more protective bioactivity than free NK did in storage stability tests. This simple and versatile approach can be potentially applied to the microencapsulation of various biomolecules for drug-delivery applications. © 2008 Swiss Society of food science and technology.

关键词： Sodium

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Effect of bovine colostrum on the growth inhibition and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells

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Journal of the science of food and Agriculture 2009年第6期89卷 965-969页

作者： Ma, Chia-Yu Kung, Hua-Ting Chen, Jian-Nan Chang, Chi-Yue Chang, Huang-Min Wu, James Swi-Bea Department of Restaurant Management Technology and Science Institute of Northern Taiwan Taipei City 112 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology National Taiwan University Taipei City 106 Taiwan Department and Graduate Program of Bio Industry Technology Dayeh University Changhua 51591 Taiwan

BACKGROUND: Colostrum is the breast milk of female mammals produced within in a short time after giving birth. It is thought to protect neonates from infection as well as to facilitate immune system maturation. In this study the effect of bovine colostrum on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells was investigated to understand more about its immunomodulatory activity. RESULTS: Human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were stimulated with bovine colostrum (CS) and then filtered to obtain a conditioned medium (CM) (CS-MNC-CM). CS-MNC-CMs prepared with day 1 to day 4 colostrums inhibited U937 cells by 39.4-64.4%. The expressions of surface markers CD11b and CD14 on U937 cells in the treated groups were 30.6-33.5% and 40.0-42.6% respectively. High levels of cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α were detected in CS-MNC-CMs. CONCLUSION: Evidence indicates that colostrums stimulate human MNCs to secrete cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α which subsequently inhibit the growth of U937 cells and induce their differentiation into mature monocytes and macrophages. There is a possibility for bovine colostrum to be processed into an anti-leukemia ingredient for use in health foods. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry.

关键词： Antitumour Colostrum Cytokine Differentiation Leukemic cell Mononuclear cell

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Tandem multimer expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide in Escherichia coli

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Biotechnology Journal 2009年第9期4卷 1345-1356页

作者： Fida, Hasan M. Kumada, Yoichi Terashima, Masaaki Katsuda, Tomohisa Katoh, Shigeo Department of Molecular Science and Material Engineering Graduate School of Science and Technology Faculty of Engineering Kobe Japan Department of Chemistry and Materials Technology Kyoto Institute of Technology Kyoto Japan Department of Biosphere Sciences School of Human Science Kobe College Nishinomiya Japan Department of Chemical Engineering Hanyang University 1271 Sa-3-dong Sangrok-gu Ansan 426-791 Korea Republic of Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science Food Science and Technology Program Dalhousie University 1360 Barrington Street Halifax NS B3J 2X4 Canada

It is common for small tandem peptide multimer genes to be indirectly inserted into expression vectors and fused with a protein tag. In this study, a multimer of the tandem angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide (ACE-IP) gene was directly transferred to a commercially available vector and the designed gene was expressed as a repeated peptide in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. The process further developed in our study was the construction of six-repeated ACE-IP synthetic genes and their direct insertion. Protein expression in inclusion bodies was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Acid hydrolysis of inclusion bodies produced single-unit peptides through cleavage of the aspartyl-prolyl bonds. This cleaved recombinant peptide (rACE-IP) was purified using immuno-affinity chromatography followed by reversed phase-HPLC. 105-115 mg of the lyophilized recombinant peptide was obtained from 1 L E. coli culture. In vitro biological activity of rACE-IP was indistinguishable from that of the natural peptide produced by hydrolysis in artificial gastric juice or by acidic hydrolysis. The rACE-IP prepared by recombinant DNA technology and solid-phase synthesis methods showed a similar IC50. This strategy could be used for the expression of important peptides, which have N-terminal proline (P) and C-terminal aspartic acid residues (D) for commercial applications, e.g. functional foods and drinks. © 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

关键词： Peptides

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THE CRITICAL PROLINE SUBSTITUTION FOR THE THERMOSTABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF A NOVEL RECOMBINANT TREHALOSE SYNTHASE FROM P/CROPH/LUS TORR/DUS

THE CRITICAL PROLINE SUBSTITUTION FOR THE THERMOSTABILITY IM...

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第十四届世界食品科技大会

作者： Shu-Wei Chang Hsin-Hung Chou Guan-Chiun Lee Yi-Shan Chen Jei-Fu Shaw Department of Graduate Program of Bioindustry Technology Dayeh University 112 Shan-Jiau RoadDa-Tsuen Chang-Hua 515 CHINESE TAIPEI Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Taiwan Ocean University Keelung 202 CHINESE TAIPEI Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Chung Hsing University Taichung 402 CHINESE TAIPEI Institute of Plants and Microbial biology Academia SinicaNankang Taipei 11529 CHINESE TAIPEI Institute of Plants and Microbial biology Academia SinicaNankang Taipei 11529 CHINESE TAIPEI Department of Life Science Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei 116 CHINESE TAIPEI Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Taiwan Ocean University Keelung 202 CHINESE TAIPEI Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Taiwan Ocean University Keelung 202 CHINESE TAIPEI

Trehalose synthase (TSase) possess the catalysis ability for the reversible conversion of maltose to trehalose by intrarnolecular ***,a new recombinant Picrophilus torridus TSase (PTTS) gene has been identified and synthesized from a hyperacidophilic,thermophilic archaea by using overlap extension PCR,and then transformed into Escherichia coli for protein *** substitution of proline residue with ten amino acid sites of PTTS was obtained by using sequence alignment compared with two identified TSase.

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Engineering the environmentally sound warship for the twenty-first century

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1999年第3期111卷 189-217页

作者： Markle, SP Gill, SE McGraw, PS Udr. Stephen P. Markle USN is a career Engineering Duty officer assigned to Naval Sea Systems Command Arlington Virginia where he is Deputy Directs Environmental Programs Division (SEA 03L1 B). He is responsible fm program management activities associated with all ahat environmental protection equipment design and selection of environmental protection equipment and systems fm future surface ship designs (DD 21 CVN 7Z CW LPD 17) and serves on several teams designed to promote Nay wide awarmss of environmental protection requirements and Nay programs to meet these challenges. He is a 1993 graduate of the Naval Construction and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he received a naval engineers degree and master of science in mechanical engineering. His interest in environmental issues predates his undergraduate studies at Syracuse Universityl State University of New Ymk College of Environmental Science and Fmestry where he received a bachelm of science degree in fmest engineering from the School of Environmental and Resource Engineering. LCdx Markle has qualified as a Surface Warfare Officer and in submarines through the Engineering Duty Dolphin Program he is a member of the Acquisition Professional Community and a graduate of the Defense Systems Management College Advanced Program Managers Course. He is a professional engineer registered in the State of New York and is a member ofthe American Society of Naval Engineers National Society of Professional Engineers American Society for Testing and Materials Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers and Society of Automotive Engineers. Peter 5. McGraw is current the Acting Branch Head ofthe Solid Waste Management Branch (Code 634) of the Environmental Quality Dwrtment of the Naval Surfice Warfare Centel: Carderock Division. As such he is responsible for among other things: the Shipboard Advanced Incinerator RDT&E Program the Submarine Plastic Waste RDT&E Program Solid Waste Processing Equipment Design Acquisitio

The past twenty-five years has been marked by the introduction ed marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty-first Century. This vision incorporates the "Sense of Congress" for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality;a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process;minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation;adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency;reduced manpower requirements;and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

关键词： Ships Environmental regulations Engineering ARTICULATED Navy environmental security

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