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3D Printed frames to enable reuse and improve the fit of N95 and KN95 respirators

BMC biomedical engineering 2021年第1期3卷 10页

作者： Malia McAvoy Ai-Tram N Bui Christopher Hansen Deborah Plana Jordan T Said Zizi Yu Helen Yang Jacob Freake Christopher Van David Krikorian Avilash Cramer Leanne Smith Liwei Jiang Karen J Lee Sara J Li Brandon Beller Kimberley Huggins Michael P Short Sherry H Yu Arash Mostaghimi Peter K Sorger Nicole R LeBoeuf Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Department of Neurosurgery University of Washington Seattle WA USA. Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Harvard Graduate School of Design Cambridge MA USA. Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Cambridge MA USA. Department of Systems Biology Harvard Ludwig Cancer Research Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. Fikst Product Development Woburn MA USA. Borobot Middleborough MA USA. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute MA Boston USA. Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. Engineering Science at Norwalk Community College Norwalk CT USA. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA USA. Department of Dermatology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA. Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. peter_sorger@hms.harvard.edu. Department of Systems Biology Harvard Ludwig Cancer Research Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. peter_sorger@hms.harvard.edu. Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. peter_sorger@hms.harvard.edu. Greater Boston Pandemic Fabrication Team (PanFab) c/o Harvard-MIT Center for Regulatory Science Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu. Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute MA Boston USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu. Department of Dermatology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA. nleboeuf@bwh.harvard.edu.

BACKGROUND:In response to supply shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs or "masks"), which are typically single-use devices in healthcare settings, are routinely being used for prolonged periods and in some cases decontaminated under "reuse" and "extended use" policies. However, the reusability of N95 masks is limited by degradation of fit. Possible substitutes, such as KN95 masks meeting Chinese standards, frequently fail fit testing even when new. The purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive frame for damaged and poorly fitting masks using readily available materials and 3D printing. RESULTS:An iterative design process yielded a mask frame consisting of two 3D printed side pieces, malleable wire links that users press against their face, and cut lengths of elastic material that go around the head to hold the frame and mask in place. Volunteers (n = 45; average BMI = 25.4), underwent qualitative fit testing with and without mask frames wearing one or more of four different brands of FFRs conforming to US N95 or Chinese KN95 standards. Masks passed qualitative fit testing in the absence of a frame at rates varying from 48 to 94 % (depending on mask model). For individuals who underwent testing using respirators with broken or defective straps, 80-100 % (average 85 %) passed fit testing with mask frames. Among individuals who failed fit testing with a KN95, ~ 50 % passed testing by using a frame. CONCLUSIONS:Our study suggests that mask frames can prolong the lifespan of N95 and KN95 masks by serving as a substitute for broken or defective bands without adversely affecting fit. Use of frames made it possible for ~ 73 % of the test population to achieve a good fit based on qualitative and quantitative testing criteria, approaching the 85-90 % success rate observed for intact N95 masks. Frames therefore represent a simple and inexpensive way of expanding access to PPE and extending their useful life. For clinicia

关键词： 3D printing COVID-19 KN95 masks N95 respirators filtering face piece (FFP) respirator mask frames occupational health pandemic response personal protective equipment (PPE) prototyping

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An integrated study on the optimal shape design of cruciform specimen used in equibiaxial tensile test of a hyperelastic material

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IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and engineering 2017年第1期272卷

作者： J A Pramudita H Kubota Y Tanabe M Ito R Watanabe Mechanical Engineering Program Faculty of Engineering Niigata University Niigata 950-2181 Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Niigata 950-2181 Japan Product Analysis Center Panasonic Corporation Osaka 571-8686 Japan

To conduct a finite element analysis of a material exhibiting large deformations (hyperelastic material), hyperelastic Ogden model is commonly used. However, hyperelastic Ogden model requires several tensile tests data including equibiaxial tensile test during the parameter identification. In equibiaxial tensile test, although cruciform-shaped specimen is often adopted as the test specimen, high stress concentration at the corner area causes an early rupture in the specimen. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain the mechanical response of the material under large equibiaxial strain condition. In present study, an experimental study using equibiaxial tensile test device developed previously by authors and a numerical study using finite element analysis were conducted to investigate the stress distribution and the stress-strain response of cruciform specimen under an equibiaxial tensile loading. The optimal shape design of the corner area of the cruciform specimen was then discussed according to the results.

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Modelling and analysis of a nine-phase induction motor with third harmonic current injection 9

Modelling and analysis of a nine-phase induction motor with ...

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9th International Conference on Power Electronics - ECCE Asia, ICPE 2015-ECCE Asia

作者： Bastos, R.R. Valle, R.M. Nau, S.L. Filho, B. J. Cardoso Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais Av. Antnio Carlos 6627 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Mechanical Engineering Department UFMG Belo Horizonte Brazil WEG Motors Dept of Research and Product Development Jaraguá do Sul Brazil Electrical Engineering Department UFMG Belo Horizonte Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9788957082546

Using electric motors with a number of phases greater than three may present some advantages over conventional three phase machines in the following applications: high power levels, electric vehicles and applications that require high levels of reliability. Multiphase machines, meaning designs comprising more than three phases, also allows an increase in torque density from the injection of harmonic currents. It is shown in this paper a comprehensive approach for the derivation of equivalent circuits for steady state operation for both fundamental and third harmonic frequencies for a nine-phase motor with concentrated windings and full pitch. Besides that, simulation of the dynamic model of the machine is done to obtain the expected torque improvement. © 2015 Korean Institute of Power Electronics.

关键词： Induction machine analysis and design multiphase machines third harmonic current injection torque improvement

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Study on the frosting phenomena between concavity and convexity plate under forced convection-analysis of frost layer growth 24

Study on the frosting phenomena between concavity and convex...

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24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration, ICR 2015

作者： Kaneko, Akira Takano, Yusuke Miyahara, Ryo Morita, Kenrou Katsuta, Masafumi Automotive Product Development Dept. Sanden Advanced Technology Corporation 20 Kotobuki-cho Isesaki-shi Gunma372-8502 Japan Graduate School of Environment and Energy Engineering Waseda University Shinjuku-ku Tokyo169-8555 Japan Department of Modern Mechanical Engineering Waseda University Shinjuku-ku Tokyo169-8555 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9782362150128

In recent years, electric vehicles have been actively developed, and to use heat-pump system is meaningful for air conditioning system for electric vehicle. But frost formation of external heat exchanger becomes a problem under the heating cycle. To improve of heat exchange performance and to inhibit frost formation for heat pump system, fin-less heat exchanger is proposed. In this study, we investigated basic characteristic of frost formation of the flow path between flat plate with concavity and convexity under forced convection. Test section is a flow path that is placed opposite to a flat plate having a periodic concavity and convexity groove on the surface. Experiment was conducted using structure of concavity and convexity as a parameter. By visualizing the frost formation, the relationship of time to passage blockage and structure of concavity and convexity became clear. And it is possible to optimize of concavity and convexity.

关键词： Electric vehicles

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Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet Planetary Health 2022年第7期6卷 e586-e600页

作者： Burkart, Katrin Causey, Kate Cohen, Aaron J Wozniak, Sarah S Salvi, Devashri Digvijay Abbafati, Cristiana Adekanmbi, Victor Adsuar, Jose C Ahmadi, Keivan Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alipour, Vahid Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amegah, Adeladza Kofi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Ansari, Fereshteh Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Aripov, Timur Babaee, Ebrahim Banach, MacIej Barnett, Anthony Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Bedi, Neeraj Behzadifar, Masoud Béjot, Yannick Bennett, Derrick A Bensenor, Isabela M Bernstein, Robert S Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bijani, Ali Biondi, Antonio Bohlouli, Somayeh Breitner, Susanne Brenner, Hermann Butt, Zahid A Cámera, Luis Alberto Cantu-Brito, Carlos Carvalho, Felix Cerin, Ester Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chauhan, Bal Govind Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine Chu, Dinh-Toi Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Daryani, Ahmad Davletov, Kairat De Courten, Barbora Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Duncan, Bruce B El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Eskandarieh, Sharareh Fareed, Mohammad Farzadfar, Farshad Fattahi, Nazir Fazlzadeh, Mehdi Fernandes, Eduarda Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A Freitas, Marisa Ghashghaee, Ahmad Gill, Paramjit Singh Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Gopalani, Sameer Vali Guo, Yuming Gupta, Rajat Das Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie Hamadeh, Randah R Hamidi, Samer Hankey, Graeme J Hasanpoor, Edris Hassen, Hamid Yimam Hay, Simon I Heibati, Behzad Hole, Michael K Hossain, Naznin Househ, Mowafa Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Jaafari, Jalil Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kasaeian, Amir Kaydi, Neda Khader, Yousef Saleh Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Junaid Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khatab, Khaled Khater, Amir M Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kivimäki, Mika Knibbs, Luke D Kosen, Soewarta Koul, Parvaiz A Koyanagi, Ai Defo, Barthelemy Kuate Kugbey, Nuworza Lauriola, Paolo Lee, Paul H Leili, Mostafa Lewycka, Sonia Li, Shanshan Lim, Lee-Ling Li Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery University of Washington Seattle WA United States Research Insights and Innovation Seattle WA United States Health Effects Institute Boston MA United States School of Public Health Boston University Boston MA United States Department of Juridical and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Department of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff United Kingdom Sport Science Department University of Extremadura Badajoz Spain School of Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Primary Care and Public Health Imperial College London London United Kingdom Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO United States Clinical Epidemiology Center US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) St Louis MO United States Health Management and Economics Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Health Economics Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Community and Family Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast) Barranquilla Colombia Research Group in Health Economics University of Cartagena Cartagena Colombia Department of Biomedical Science University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana Cardiology Department Ca

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure–response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68–4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117–223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49–17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73–17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22–9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81–8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Am

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Modelling and analysis of a nine-phase induction motor with third harmonic current injection

Modelling and analysis of a nine-phase induction motor with ...

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International Conference on Power Electronics (ICPE)

作者： R. R. Bastos R. M. Valle S. L. Nau B. J. Cardoso Filho Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil UFMG Belo Horizonte Brazil Dept of Research and Product Development WEG Motors Jaraguá do Sul Brazil Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG BR

关键词： Harmonic analysis Torque Windings Mathematical model Integrated circuit modeling Induction motors Equivalent circuits

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Subnational mapping of HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–18: a modelling study

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第6期8卷 e363-e375页

作者： Sartorius, Benn VanderHeide, John D. Yang, Mingyou Goosmann, Erik A. Hon, Julia Haeuser, Emily Cork, Michael A. Perkins, Samantha Jahagirdar, Deepa Schaeffer, Lauren E. Serfes, Audrey L. LeGrand, Kate E. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam Abosetugn, Akine Eshete Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou Adebayo, Oladimeji M. Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Akalu, Yonas Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Aklilu, Addis Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Alahdab, Fares Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Noore Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw Alanzi, Turki M. Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Tilahun Alipour, Vahid Amini, Saeed Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Fereshteh Anteneh, Zelalem Alamrew Anvari, Davood Anwer, Razique Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Arabloo, Jalal Asemahagn, Mulusew A. Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asmare, Wondwossen Niguse Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atreya, Alok Ausloos, Marcel Awedew, Atalel Fentahun Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayanore, Martin Amogre Aynalem, Yared Asmare Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Azene, Zelalem Nigussie Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din Baig, Atif Amin Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Basu, Sanjay Bayati, Mohsen Bedi, Neeraj Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M. Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bibi, Sadia Bikbov, Boris Birhan, Tsegaye Adane Bitew, Zebenay Workneh Bockarie, Moses John Boloor, Archith Brady, Oliver J. Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath Butt, Zahid A. Cárdenas, Rosario Carvalho, Felix Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chu, Dinh-Toi Cook, Aubrey J. Cormier, Natalie Maria Cowden, Richard G. Culquichicon, Carlos Dagnew, Baye Dahlawi, Saad M.A. D Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Malaria Atlas Project University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Insights Program Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle WA United States Global Programs Medical Teams International Seattle WA United States Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA United States Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Environmental Health Engineering Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Public Health Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia College of Medicine and Health Science Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Nursing Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Biomedical Sciences Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia Department of Public Health Debre Berhan University Debre Brehan

Background: High-resolution estimates of HIV burden across space and time provide an important tool for tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts and assist with improving the precision and efficiency of targeting efforts. We aimed to assess HIV incidence and HIV mortality for all second-level administrative units across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: In this modelling study, we developed a framework that used the geographically specific HIV prevalence data collected in seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care clinics to train a model that estimates HIV incidence and mortality among individuals aged 15–49 years. We used a model-based geostatistical framework to estimate HIV prevalence at the second administrative level in 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa for 2000–18 and sought data on the number of individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) by second-level administrative unit. We then modified the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP) to use these HIV prevalence and treatment estimates to estimate HIV incidence and mortality by second-level administrative unit. Findings: The estimates suggest substantial variation in HIV incidence and mortality rates both between and within countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 15 countries having a ten-times or greater difference in estimated HIV incidence between the second-level administrative units with the lowest and highest estimated incidence levels. Across all 44 countries in 2018, HIV incidence ranged from 2·8 (95% uncertainty interval 2·1–3·8) in Mauritania to 1585·9 (1369·4–1824·8) cases per 100 000 people in Lesotho and HIV mortality ranged from 0·8 (0·7–0·9) in Mauritania to 676·5 (513·6–888·0) deaths per 100 000 people in Lesotho. Variation in both incidence and mortality was substantially greater at the subnational level than at the national level and the highest estimated rates were accordingly higher. Among second-level administrative units, Guijá District, Gaza Province, Mozambique,

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Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990–2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019

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The Lancet HIV 2021年第10期8卷 e633-e651页

作者： Jahagirdar, Deepa Walters, Magdalene K. Novotney, Amanda Brewer, Edmond D. Frank, Tahvi D. Carter, Austin Biehl, Molly H. Abbastabar, Hedayat Abhilash, E.S. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal Adekanmbi, Victor Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Saira Aghababaei, Soodabeh Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadpour, Ehsan Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Salih, Yusra Ahmed Aklilu, Addis Akram, Tayyaba Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet Al Hamad, Hanadi Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Aleksandrova, Ekaterina A. Alene, Kefyalew Addis Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amu, Hubert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Arulappan, Judie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Ayza, Muluken Altaye Azari, Samad Darshan, B.B. Banach, Maciej Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barra, Fabio Barrow, Amadou Basu, Sanjay Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana Berheto, Tezera Moshago Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Bisignano, Catherine Bolarinwa, Obasanjo Afolabi Boloor, Archith Boltaev, Azizbek A. Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Buonsenso, Danilo Burkart, Katrin Butt, Zahid A. Cao, Chao Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Vijay Kumar Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.S. Cowden, Richard G. Dachew, Berihun Assefa Dadras, Omid Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dahlawi, Saad M.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi das Neves, José Degenhardt, Louisa Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu Deuba, Keshab Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhungana, Govinda Prasad Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Doan, Linh Phuong Dorostkar, Fariba Edinur, Hisham Atan Effiong, Andem Eftekharzadeh, Sahar El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa Elayedath, Rajesh Elhadi, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA United States School of Social Work University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeones Columbia University Medical Center New York NY United States Division of Data Analytics and Delivery for Impact WHO Geneva Switzerland Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Multiple Sclerosis Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Paediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Psychiatry Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Metabolomics and Genomics Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Research Centre for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Non-Communicable Diseases Research Centre Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Botany Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur Kozhikode India Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Mass Communication Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health-Care Policy and Research Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar Doha Qatar Department of Population Medicine Ca

Background: The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to end HIV/AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. Understanding the current state of the HIV epidemic and its change over time is essential to this effort. This study assesses the current sex-specific HIV burden in 204 countries and territories and measures progress in the control of the epidemic. Methods: To estimate age-specific and sex-specific trends in 48 of 204 countries, we extended the Estimation and Projection Package Age-Sex Model to also implement the spectrum paediatric model. We used this model in cases where age and sex specific HIV-seroprevalence surveys and antenatal care-clinic sentinel surveillance data were available. For the remaining 156 of 204 locations, we developed a cohort-incidence bias adjustment to derive incidence as a function of cause-of-death data from vital registration systems. The incidence was input to a custom Spectrum model. To assess progress, we measured the percentage change in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 (threshold >75% decline), the ratio of incident cases to number of people living with HIV (incidence-to-prevalence ratio threshold <0·03), and the ratio of incident cases to deaths (incidence-to-mortality ratio threshold <1·0). Findings: In 2019, there were 36·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 35·1–38·9) people living with HIV worldwide. There were 0·84 males (95% UI 0·78–0·91) per female living with HIV in 2019, 0·99 male infections (0·91–1·10) for every female infection, and 1·02 male deaths (0·95–1·10) per female death. Global progress in incident cases and deaths between 2010 and 2019 was driven by sub-Saharan Africa (with a 28·52% decrease in incident cases, 95% UI 19·58–35·43, and a 39·66% decrease in deaths, 36·49–42·36). Elsewhere, the incidence remained stable or increased, whereas deaths generally decreased. In 2019, the global incidence-to-prevalence ratio was 0·05 (95% UI 0·05–0·06) and the global incidence-to-mortality ratio was

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A critical analysis of standard methods for characterization of electrical steels: Losses in high speed induction motors

A critical analysis of standard methods for characterization...

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2014 IEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting, IAS 2014

作者： Costa, Andre S.L. Bastos, Rodrigo R. Paolinelli, Sebastiao C. Nau, Sebastiao L. Valle, Ramon M. Filho, Braz J. Cardoso Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering Belo Horizonte Brazil APERAM South America - Dept of Research Timóteo MG Brazil WEG Motors - Dept of Research and Product Development Jaraguá do Sul Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781479922888

The demand for high speed electrical machines has increased recently, mainly in the electric or hybrid vehicles applications. Speeds as high as 13.000 rpm may be required, demanding new grades of electrical steels with improved magnetic properties. Such magnetic properties are typically characterized using parameters such as B50 and W10/400. However, improvements in these parameters do not necessarily translate into improvements of practical significance. This paper focuses on the performance improvements from newly developed electrical steels for high speed motors. Prototype motors were built for practical validation of the performance of these steels. Practical tests and finite element analysis are used to support the conclusions of this research work. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Induction motors

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Characterization of electrical steels for high speed induction motor applications: Going beyond the standards

Characterization of electrical steels for high speed inducti...

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作者： Costa, André S.L. Bastos, Rodrigo R. Paolinelli, Sebastião C. Nau, Sebastião L. Valle, Ramón M. Filho, Braz J. Cardoso Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering Belo Horizonte Brazil APERAM South America Dept. of Research Timóteo MG Brazil WEG Motors Dept. of Research and Product Development Jaraguá do Sul Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781479956982

The objective of the present work is to assess the impact of improvements in standard characterization figures of merit of electrical steels, typically found in manufacturers catalogs (B50 and W10/400), in the performance of high speed electrical motors. From the motor manufacturer standpoint, changing to new materials may represent a complicated and costly procedure. Besides, the motor manufacturer has to deal with process variability and building tolerances that may overcome minor improvements in the electric steel. The electrical steel manufacturer has to deal with numerous process variables and long and expensive development times to come up with new products. Hence, even a small improvement in the B50 and W10/400 figures are considered to be great achievements. In order to verify if such improvements really translate into real gains in electrical motors, a series of prototypes were constructed with newly developed electrical steels. The core losses of these prototypes were determined by the loss segregation method. Test results support the conclusion that the standard steel characterization figures of merit do not carry enough information for steel and motor manufacturers to conclude on the performance of an electrical steel grade. A datasheet of the electrical steel is proposed. Such datasheet carries useful information for the electrical motor designer and should also be used in the steel development process as a new product assessment tool. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Silicon steel

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