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arXiv 2021年

作者： Shirasaki, Masato Egami, Eiichi Okabe, Nobuhiro Miyazaki, Satoshi National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan The Institute of Statistical Mathematics Tachikawa Tokyo190-8562 Japan Steward Observatory University of Arizona 933 North Cherry Avenue TucsonAZ85721 United States Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Core Research for Energetic Universe Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan

We present a measurement of average histograms of line-of-sight velocities over pairs of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Since the histogram can be measured at different galaxy-cluster separations, this observable is commonly referred to as the stacked phase-space density. We formulate the stacked phase-space density based on a halo-model approach so that the model can be applied to real samples of galaxies and clusters. We examine our model by using an actual sample of massive clusters with known weak-lensing masses and spectroscopic observations of galaxies around the clusters. A likelihood analysis with our model enables us to infer the spherical-symmetric velocity dispersion of observed galaxies in massive clusters. We find the velocity dispersion of galaxies surrounding clusters with their lensing masses of 1.1 × 1015 ℎ−1M to be 1180+−8370 km/s at the 68% confidence level. Our constraint confirms that the relation between the galaxy velocity dispersion and the host cluster mass in our sample is consistent with the prediction in dark-matter-only N-body simulations under General Relativity. Assuming that the Poisson equation in clusters can be altered by an effective gravitational constant of Geff, our measurement of the velocity dispersion can place a tight constraint of 0.88 eff/GN N is the Newton's constant. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Galaxies

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Galaxy clusters at z∼1 imaged by ALMA with the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Kitayama, Tetsu Ueda, Shutaro Okabe, Nobuhiro Akahori, Takuya Hilton, Matt Hughes, John P. Ichinohe, Yuto Kohno, Kotaro Komatsu, Eiichiro Lin, Yen-Ting Miyatake, Hironao Oguri, Masamune Sifón, Cristóbal Takakuwa, Shigehisa Takizawa, Motokazu Tsutsumi, Takahiro van Marrewijk, Joshiwa Wollack, Edward J. Department of Physics Toho University Chiba Funabashi274-8510 Japan No. 1 Section 4 Roosevelt Road Taipei10617 Taiwan Institute of Astronomy National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Physics Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Astrophysical Science Center Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Core Research for Energetic Universe Hiroshima University Department of Physics Hiroshima University 1-3-1 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Mizusawa VLBI observatory National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Operation Division SKA Observatory Jodrell Bank Lower Withington MacclesfieldSK11 9DL United Kingdom Astrophysics Research Centre University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban4041 South Africa School of Mathematics Statistics & Computer Science University of KwaZulu-Natal Westville Campus Durban4041 South Africa Wits Centre for Astrophysics School of Physics University of the Witwatersrand Private Bag 3 Johannesburg2050 South Africa Department of Physics and Astronomy Rutgers The State University of New Jersey PiscatawayNJ08854-8019 United States Department of Physics Rikkyo University 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro Toshima-ku Tokyo171-8501 Japan Institute of Astronomy School of Science The University of Tokyo 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-0015 Japan Research Center for the Early Universe School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild Str. 1 GarchingD-85741 Germany The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Chiba277-8583 Japan Nagoya University Nagoya464-8

We present high angular-resolution measurements of the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (SZE) toward two galaxy clusters, RCS J2319+0038 at z = 0.9 and HSC J0947−0119 at z = 1.1, by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Band 3. They are supplemented with available Chandra X-ray data, optical data taken by Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru, and millimeter-wave SZE data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope. Taking into account departures from spherical symmetry, we have reconstructed non-parametrically the inner pressure profile of two clusters as well as electron temperature and density profiles for RCS J2319+0038. This is one of the first such measurements for an individual cluster at z >∼ 0.9. We find that the inner pressure profile of both clusters is much shallower than that of local cool-core clusters. Our results consistently suggest that RCS J2319+0038 hosts a weak cool core, where radiative cooling is less significant than in local cool cores. On the other hand, HSC J0947−0119 exhibits an even shallower pressure profile than RCS J2319+0038 and is more likely a non-cool-core cluster. The SZE centroid position is offset by more than 140 h−170kpc from the peaks of galaxy distribution in HSC J0947−0119, suggesting a stronger influence of mergers in this cluster. We conclude that these distant clusters are at a very early stage of developing the cool cores typically found in clusters at lower redshifts. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Millimeter waves

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Quantum storage and manipulation of heralded single photons in atomic memories based on electromagnetically induced transparency

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Physical Review Research 2020年第3期2卷 033155-033155页

作者： Pin-Ju Tsai Ya-Fen Hsiao Ying-Cheng Chen Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei 10617 Taiwan Molecular Science Technology Program Taiwan International Graduate Program Academia Sinica and National Central University Taipei 10617 Taiwan Center for Quantum Technology Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan

We demonstrate the storage and manipulation of heralded single photons generated from a cavity-enhanced spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) source in the atomic quantum memory based on electromagnetically induced transparency. We show that nonclassical correlations are preserved between the heralding and the retrieved photons after storage process. By varying the intensity of the coupling field during retrieval process, we further demonstrate that the waveform or bandwidth of the single photons can be manipulated and the reduction of the nonclassical correlation between the photon pairs can be compensated. Our SPDC photon pairs are generated in a single pair of longitudinal cavity modes, which not only reduces the experimental complexity arising from external filtering but also increases the useful photon generation rate. Our results can be scaled up with ease and thus lay the foundation for future realization of large-scale applications in quantum information processing.

关键词： Quantum memories Quantum optics Quantum repeaters

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Development of a Selective Wet-Chemical Etchant for 3D Structuring of Silicon via Nonlinear Laser Lithography

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2023年

作者： Borra, Mona Zolfaghari Radfar, Behrad Nasser, Hisham Çolakoğlu, Tahir Tokel, Onur Turnalı, Ahmet Demirtaş, Merve Ustunel, Hande Toffoli, Daniele Ömer İlday, F. Turan, Raşit Pavlov, Ihor Bek, Alpan ODTÜ-GÜNAM Middle East Technical University Ankara06800 Turkey Ankara06800 Turkey Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering Aalto University Tietotie 3 EspooFI-02150 Finland Department of Physics Engineering Ankara University Ankara06100 Turkey Department of Physics Bilkent University Ankara06800 Turkey UNAM National Nanotechnology Research Center Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University Ankara06800 Turkey Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Bilkent University Ankara06800 Turkey Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Boston University 8 Saint Mary’s Street BostonMA02215 United States Ankara06800 Turkey Network Technologies Department TUBITAK ULAKBIM Ankara06800 Turkey Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trieste University Trieste Italy IOM-CNR Istituto Officina dei Materiali Trieste34149 Italy Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program of Natural and Applied Sciences Middle East Technical Turkey

Recently-demonstrated high-quality three-dimensional (3D) subsurface laser processing inside crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers opens a door to a wide range of novel applications in multidisciplinary research areas. Using this technique, a novel maskless micro-pillars with precise control on the surface reflection and coverage are successfully fabricated by etching the laser processed region of c-Si wafer. To achieve this, a particular selective wet chemical etching is developed to follow subsurface laser processing of c-Si to reveal the desired 3D structures with smooth surfaces. Here, we report the development of a novel chromium-free chemical etching recipe based on copper nitrate, which yields substantially smooth surfaces at high etch rate and selectivity on the both laser-processed Si surface and subsurface, i.e., without significant etching of the unmodified Si. Our results show that the etch rate and surface morphology are interrelated and strongly influenced by the composition of the adopted etching solution. After an extensive compositional study performed at room temperature, we identify an etchant with a selectivity of over 1600 times for laser-modified Si with respect to unmodified Si. We also support our findings using density functional theory calculations of HF and Cu adsorption energies, indicating significant diversity on the c-Si and laser-modified surfaces. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Morphology

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Toroidal nuclei of columnar lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals coexisting with isotropic phase

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2022年

作者： Koizumi, Runa Golovaty, Dmitry Alqarni, Ali Walker, Shawn W. Nastishin, Yuriy A. Calderer, M. Carme Lavrentovich, Oleg D. Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University KentOH44242 United States Department of Mathematics The University of Akron AkronOH44325-4002 United States Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute Department of Physics Kent State University KentOH44242 United States Department of Physics University of Bisha Bisha67714 Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics Louisiana State University Baton RougeLA70803-4918 United States Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute Kent State University KentOH44242 United States Hetman Petro Sahaidachnyi National Army Academy 32 Heroes of Maidan street Lviv79012 Ukraine School of Mathematics University of Minnesota MinneapolisMN55455 United States Department of Physics Kent State University KentOH44242 United States

Nuclei of ordered materials emerging from the isotropic state usually show a shape topologically equivalent to a sphere;the well-known examples are crystals and nematic liquid crystal droplets. In this work, we explore experimentally and theoretically the nuclei of columnar lyotropic chromonic liquid crystal coexisting with the isotropic phase that are toroidal in shape. The geometry of toroids depends strongly on the molecular concentrations and presence of a crowding agent, polyethylene glycol. High concentrations result in thick toroids with small central holes, while low concentrations yield thin toroids with wide holes. The multitude of the observed shapes is explained by the balance of bending elasticity and anisotropic interfacial tension. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nematic liquid crystals

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The effect of time delay for synchronisation suppression in neuronal networks

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Hansen, Matheus Protachevicz, Paulo R. Iarosz, Kelly C. Caldas, Iberê L. Batista, Antonio M. Macau, Elbert E.N. Institute of Science and Technology Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP São José dos Campos SP São Paulo Brazil Institute of Physics University of São Paulo SP São Paulo Brazil Faculdade de Telêmaco Borba FATEB Telêmaco Borba Paraná Brazil Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering Federal Technological University of Paraná PR Ponta Grossa Brazil State University of Ponta Grossa PR Ponta Grossa Brazil Mathematics and Statistics Department State University of Ponta Grossa PR Ponta Grossa Brazil

We study the time delay in the synaptic conductance for suppression of spike synchronisation in a random network of Hodgkin Huxley neurons coupled by means of chemical synapses. In the first part, we examine in detail how the time delay acts over the network during the synchronised and desynchronised neuronal activities. We observe a relation between the neuronal dynamics and the syaptic conductance distributions. We find parameter values in which the time delay has high effectiveness in promoting the suppression of spike synchronisation. In the second part, we analyse how the delayed neuronal networks react when pulsed inputs with different profiles (periodic, random, and mixed) are applied on the neurons. We show the main parameters responsible for inducing or not synchronous neuronal oscillations in delayed networks. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Synchronization

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Identified charged-hadron production in p+Al, He3+Au, and Cu+Au collisions at sNN=200GeV and in U+U collisions at sNN=193GeV

引用

Physical Review C 2024年第5期109卷 054910-054910页

作者： N. J. Abdulameer U. Acharya A. Adare C. Aidala N. N. Ajitanand Y. Akiba R. Akimoto J. Alexander M. Alfred V. Andrieux K. Aoki N. Apadula H. Asano E. T. Atomssa T. C. Awes B. Azmoun V. Babintsev M. Bai X. Bai N. S. Bandara B. Bannier K. N. Barish S. Bathe V. Baublis C. Baumann S. Baumgart A. Bazilevsky M. Beaumier S. Beckman R. Belmont A. Berdnikov Y. Berdnikov L. Bichon D. Black B. Blankenship D. S. Blau J. S. Bok V. Borisov K. Boyle M. L. Brooks J. Bryslawskyj H. Buesching V. Bumazhnov S. Butsyk S. Campbell V. Canoa Roman R. Cervantes C.-H. Chen D. Chen M. Chiu C. Y. Chi I. J. Choi J. B. Choi S. Choi P. Christiansen T. Chujo V. Cianciolo Z. Citron B. A. Cole M. Connors R. Corliss Y. Corrales Morales N. Cronin N. Crossette M. Csanád T. Csörgő L. D'Orazio T. W. Danley A. Datta M. S. Daugherity G. David C. T. Dean K. DeBlasio K. Dehmelt A. Denisov A. Deshpande E. J. Desmond L. Ding A. Dion P. B. Diss D. Dixit V. Doomra J. H. Do O. Drapier A. Drees K. A. Drees J. M. Durham A. Durum H. En'yo T. Engelmore A. Enokizono R. Esha K. O. Eyser B. Fadem W. Fan N. Feege D. E. Fields M. Finger, Jr. M. Finger D. Firak D. Fitzgerald F. Fleuret S. L. Fokin J. E. Frantz A. Franz A. D. Frawley Y. Fukao Y. Fukuda T. Fusayasu K. Gainey P. Gallus C. Gal P. Garg A. Garishvili I. Garishvili H. Ge M. Giles F. Giordano A. Glenn X. Gong M. Gonin Y. Goto R. Granier de Cassagnac N. Grau S. V. Greene M. Grosse Perdekamp Y. Gu T. Gunji T. Guo H. Guragain T. Hachiya J. S. Haggerty K. I. Hahn H. Hamagaki H. F. Hamilton J. Hanks S. Y. Han M. Harvey S. Hasegawa T. O. S. Haseler K. Hashimoto R. Hayano T. K. Hemmick T. Hester X. He J. C. Hill K. Hill A. Hodges R. S. Hollis K. Homma B. Hong T. Hoshino N. Hotvedt J. Huang T. Ichihara Y. Ikeda K. Imai Y. Imazu M. Inaba A. Iordanova D. Isenhower A. Isinhue D. Ivanishchev B. V. Jacak S. J. Jeon M. Jezghani X. Jiang Z. Ji B. M. Johnson K. S. Joo D. Jouan D. S. Jumper J. Kamin S. Kanda B. H. Kang J. H. Kang J. S. Kang D. Kapukchyan J. Kapustinsky S. Karthas D. Kawall A. V. Kazantsev J. A. Key V. Khachatrya Debrecen University H-4010 Debrecen Egyetem tér 1 Hungary Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia 30303 USA University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos New Mexico 87545 USA Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA Chemistry Department State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan RIKEN BNL Research Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA Center for Nuclear Study Graduate School of Science University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo Tokyo 113-0033 Japan Department of Physics and Astronomy Howard University Washington DC 20059 USA KEK High Energy Accelerator Research Organization Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA Department of Physics and Astronomy State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794 USA Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8502 Japan Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA Physics Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA IHEP Protvino State Research Center of Russian Federation Institute for High Energy Physics Protvino 142281 Russia Collider-Accelerator Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton New York 11973 USA Science and Technology on Nuclear Data Laboratory China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 People's Republic of China Department of Physics University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01003 USA University of California-Riverside Riverside California 92521 USA Baruch College City University of New York New York New York 10010 USA Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina Leningrad Region 188300 Russia Physics and Astronomy Department University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina 27412 USA Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee 37235 USA Saint Petersburg Stat

The PHENIX experiment has performed a systematic study of identified charged-hadron (π±, K±, p, p¯) production at midrapidity in p+Al, He3+Au, and Cu+Au collisions at sNN=200GeV and U+U collisions at sNN=193GeV. Identified charged-hadron invariant transverse-momentum (pT) and transverse-mass (mT) spectra are presented and interpreted in terms of radially expanding thermalized systems. The particle ratios of K/π and p/π have been measured in different centrality ranges of large (Cu+Au and U+U) and small (p+Al and He3+Au) collision systems. The values of K/π ratios measured in all considered collision systems were found to be consistent with those measured in p+p collisions. However, the values of p/π ratios measured in large collision systems reach the values of ≈0.6, which is a factor of ≈2 larger than in p+p collisions. These results can be qualitatively understood in terms of the baryon enhancement expected from hadronization by recombination. Identified charged-hadron nuclear-modification factors (RAB) are also presented. Enhancement of proton RAB values over meson RAB values was observed in central He3+Au, Cu+Au, and U+U collisions. The proton RAB values measured in the p+Al collision system were found to be consistent with RAB values of ϕ, π±, K±, and π0 mesons, which may indicate that the size of the system produced in p+Al collisions is too small for recombination to cause a noticeable increase in proton production.

关键词： Hadron production Relativistic heavy-ion collisions Hadrons Kaons Pions Protons

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Optomechanical dissipative solitons (vol 600, pg 75, 2021)

引用

NATURE 2022年第7896期602卷 E24-E24页

作者： Zhang, Jing Peng, Bo Kim, Seunghwi Monifi, Faraz Jiang, Xuefeng Li, Yihang Yu, Peng Liu, Lianqing Liu, Yu-xi Alu, Andrea Yang, Lan Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering Washington University St. Louis MO USA Department of Automation Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Center City University of New York New York NY USA Physics Program Graduate Center City University of New York New York NY USA State Key Laboratory of Robotics Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang P. R. China Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University Beijing P. R. China

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Predicting temperatures in Brazilian states capitals via Machine Learning

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： da Silva, Sidney T. Gabrick, Enrique C. de Moraes, Ana Luiza R. Viana, Ricardo L. Batista, Antonio M. Caldas, Iberê L. Kurths, Jürgen Federal University of Paraná PR Curitiba81531-980 Brazil Institute of Physics University of São Paulo SP São Paulo05508-090 Brazil Federal University of Paraná Department of Physics Interdisciplinary Center for Science Technology and Innovation Center for Modeling and Scientific Computing PR Curitiba81531-980 Brazil Graduate Program in Science State University of Ponta Grossa PR Ponta Grossa84030-900 Brazil Department of Mathematics and Statistics State University of Ponta Grossa PR Ponta Grossa84030-900 Brazil Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research Telegrafenberg A31 Potsdam14473 Germany Department of Physics Humboldt University Berlin Newtonstraße 15 Berlin12489 Germany

Climate change refers to substantial long-term variations in weather patterns. In this work, we employ a Machine Learning (ML) technique, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, to forecast the monthly average temperature for Brazilian’s states capitals (27 cities) and the whole country, from January 1961 until December 2022. To forecast the temperature at k-month, we consider as features in RF: i) global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) at k-month;ii) temperatures from the previous three months, i.e., (k − 1), (k − 2) and (k − 3)-month;iii) combination of i and ii. By investigating breakpoints in the times series, we discover that 24 cities and the gases present breakpoints in the 80’s and 90’s. After the breakpoints, we find an increase in the temperature and the gas emission. Thereafter, we separate the cities according to their geographical position and employ the RF algorithm to forecast the temperature from 2010-08 until 2022-12. Based on i, ii, and iii, we find that the three inputs result in a very precise forecast, with a normalized root mean squared error (NMRSE) less than 0.083 for the considered cases. From our simulations, the better forecasted region is Northeast through iii (NMRSE = 0.012). Furthermore, we also investigate the forecasting of anomalous temperature data by removing the annual component of each time series. In this case, the best forecasting is obtained with strategy i, with the best region being Northeast (NRMSE = 0.090). © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Global warming

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Direct evidence of coupling between charge density wave and Kondo lattice in ferromagnet Fe₅GeTe₂

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Nature Communications 2025年第1期16卷 1-9页

作者： Luo, Parry Pei-Rui Hsu, Hung-Chang Lin, Li-Sheng Chen, Hao-Yu Xie, Xiang-Yu Kuo, Chia-Nung Chou, Jyh-Pin Lue, Chin-Shan Chiu, Ya-Ping Department of Physics National Taiwan University Taipei 106319 Taiwan School of Medicine National Taiwan University Taipei 100233 Taiwan Graduate School of Advanced Technology National Taiwan University Taipei 106319 Taiwan Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701401 Taiwan Taiwan Consortium of Emergent Crystalline Materials National Science and Technology Council Taipei 106214 Taiwan Program on Key Materials Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing National Cheng Kung University Tainan 701401 Taiwan Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Taipei 115201 Taiwan Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Taipei 106319 Taiwan

d-electronic heavy fermion systems have sparked interest in exploring the connection between electronic and spin degrees of freedom in Kondo systems. Nevertheless, the coexistence of charge order on a Kondo lattice has yet to be discovered. Fe₅GeTe₂, a two-dimensional ferromagnet, intriguingly provides a promising avenue to bridge the gap, as this d-electronic Kondo system facilitates the ordering of charge and magnetic behaviors due to the influence of itinerant magnetism on local electronic band structure. Here, we present direct evidence for the coherent interplay between Kondo interaction and charge density wave (CDW) phenomena in Fe₅GeTe₂ using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS). From the electronic structure, we observe a 3×3R30∘ modulation accompanied by phase inversion, indicative of CDW. Concurrently, the presence of a Fano-like peak near the Fermi level corroborates the Kondo lattice behavior. Furthermore, formations of Kondo holes at defect sites underscore the influence of Kondo interaction on local electronic structures. To unveil the robust correlation between CDW and Kondo lattice behavior, we analyze the CDW modulation and develop a theoretical model to interpret their robust coupling. Our findings advance the understanding of Kondo physics in d-electronic ferromagnetic systems and highlight Fe₅GeTe₂ as a promising platform for exploring low-dimensional magnetism. © The Author(s) 2025.

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