检索结果-内蒙古大学图书馆

arXiv 2022年

作者： Xu, Shuangjing Imai, Hiroshi Yun, Youngjoo Zhang, Bo Rioja, María J. Dodson, Richard Cho, Se-Hyung Kim, Jaeheon Cui, Lang Sobolev, Andrey M. Chibueze, James O. Kim, Dong-Jin Amada, Kei Nakashima, Jun-Ichi Orosz, Gabor Oyadomari, Miyako Oh, Sejin Yonekura, Yoshinori Sun, Yan Mai, Xiaofeng Zhang, Jingdong Wen, Shiming Jung, Taehyun Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute 776 Daedeok-daero Yuseong-gu Daejeon34055 Korea Republic of Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 80 Nandan Road Shanghai200030 China Graduate School of Science and Engineering Kagoshima University 1-21-35 Korimoto Kagoshima890-0065 Japan Amanogawa Galaxy Astronomy Research Center Graduate School of Science and Engineering Kagoshima University 1-21-35 Korimoto Kagoshima890-0065 Japan Center for General Education Institute for Comprehensive Education Kagoshima University 1-21-30 Korimoto Kagoshima890-0065 Japan ICRAR M468 The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy CrawleyWA6009 Australia CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science PO Box 1130 BentleyWA6102 Australia Alfonso XII 3 y 5 Madrid28014 Spain Astronomy program Department of Physics and Astronomy Seoul National University Seoul08826 Korea Republic of Republic of Korea Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute Yuseonggu Daejeon34055 Korea Republic of Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 150 Science 1-Street Urumqi830011 China Ural Federal University 19 Mira Street Ekaterinburg620002 Russia Centre for Space Research North-West University Potchefstroom2520 South Africa Department of Physics and Astronomy Faculty of Physical Sciences University of Nigeria Carver Building 1 University Road Nsukka Nigeria Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany School of Physics and Astronomy Sun Yat-sen University 2 Daxue Road Tangjia Guangdong Province Zhuhai China Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4 Dwingeloo7991PD Netherlands Center for Astronomy Ibaraki University 2-1-1 Bunkyo Ibaraki Mito310-8512 Japan Yuquan Rd. Shijingshan Beijing100049 China

We report VLBI monitoring observations of the 22 GHz water (H2O) masers around the Mira variable BX Cam, which were carried out as a part of the EAVN Synthesis of Stellar Maser Animations (ESTEMA) project. Data of 37 epochs in total were obtained from 2018 May to 2021 June with a time interval of 3–4 weeks, spanning approximately three stellar pulsation periods (P =∼440 d). In particular, the dual-beam system equipped on the VERA stations was used to measure the kinematics and parallaxes of the H2O maser features. The measured parallax, π = 1.79 ± 0.08 mas, is consistent with Gaia EDR3 and previously measured VLBI parallaxes within a 1-σ error level. The position of the central star was estimated, based on both the Gaia EDR3 data and the center position of the ring-like 43 GHz silicon-monoxide (SiO) maser distribution imaged with the KVN. The three-dimensional H2O maser kinematics indicates that the circumstellar envelope is expanding at a velocity of 13 ± 4 km s−1, while there are asymmetries in both the spatial and velocity distributions of the maser features. Furthermore, the H2O maser animation achieved by our dense monitoring program manifests the propagation of shock waves in the circumstellar envelope of BX Cam. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Stars

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A broadband thermal emission spectrum of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-18b

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Coulombe, Louis-Philippe Benneke, Björn Challener, Ryan Piette, Anjali A.A. Wiser, Lindsey S. Mansfield, Megan MacDonald, Ryan J. Beltz, Hayley Feinstein, Adina D. Radica, Michael Savel, Arjun B. Dos Santos, Leonardo A. Bean, Jacob L. Parmentier, Vivien Wong, Ian Rauscher, Emily Komacek, Thaddeus D. Kempton, Eliza M.-R. Tan, Xianyu Hammond, Mark Lewis, Neil T. Line, Michael R. Lee, Elspeth K.H. Shivkumar, Hinna Crossfield, Ian J.M. Nixon, Matthew C. Rackham, Benjamin V. Wakeford, Hannah R. Welbanks, Luis Zhang, Xi Batalha, Natalie M. Berta-Thompson, Zachory K. Changeat, Quentin Désert, Jean-Michel Espinoza, Néstor Goyal, Jayesh M. Harrington, Joseph Knutson, Heather A. Kreidberg, Laura López-Morales, Mercedes Shporer, Avi Sing, David K. Stevenson, Kevin B. Aggarwal, Keshav Ahrer, Eva-Maria Alam, Munazza K. Bell, Taylor J. Blecic, Jasmina Caceres, Claudio Carter, Aarynn L. Casewell, Sarah L. Crouzet, Nicolas Cubillos, Patricio E. Decin, Leen Fortney, Jonathan J. Gibson, Neale P. Heng, Kevin Henning, Thomas Iro, Nicolas Kendrew, Sarah Lagage, Pierre-Olivier Leconte, Jérémy Lendl, Monika Lothringer, Joshua D. Mancini, Luigi Mikal-Evans, Thomas Molaverdikhani, Karan Nikolov, Nikolay K. Ohno, Kazumasa Palle, Enric Piaulet, Caroline Redfield, Seth Roy, Pierre-Alexis Tsai, Shang-Min Venot, Olivia Wheatley, Peter J. Department of Physics Trottier Institute for Research on Exoplanets Université de Montréal MontréalQC Canada Department of Astronomy University of Michigan Ann ArborMI United States Earth and Planets Laboratory Carnegie Institution for Science WashingtonDC United States School of Earth and Space Exploration Arizona State University TempeAZ United States Steward Observatory University of Arizona TucsonAZ United States NHFP Sagan Fellow United States Department of Astronomy Carl Sagan Institute Cornell University NY United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago ChicagoIL United States NSF Graduate Research Fellow United States Department of Astronomy University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute New YorkNY United States Space Telescope Science Institute BaltimoreMD United States Université Côte d’Azur Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur CNRS Laboratoire Lagrange France NASA Goddard Space Flight Center GreenbeltMD United States NASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow United States Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Atmospheric Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department of Physics University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Statistics Faculty of Environment Science and Economy University of Exeter Exeter United Kingdom Center for Space and Habitability University of Bern Bern Switzerland Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands Department of Physics & Astronomy University of Kansas LawrenceKS United States Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA United States 51 Pegasi b Fellow France School of

Close-in giant exoplanets with temperatures greater than 2,000 K ("ultra-hot Jupiters") have been the subject of extensive efforts to determine their atmospheric properties using thermal emission measurements from the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes1;2;3. However, previous studies have yielded inconsistent results because the small sizes of the spectral features and the limited information content of the data resulted in high sensitivity to the varying assumptions made in the treatment of instrument systematics and the atmospheric retrieval analysis3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12. Here we present a dayside thermal emission spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-18b obtained with the NIRISS13 instrument on JWST. The data span 0.85 to 2.85 µm in wavelength at an average resolving power of 400 and exhibit minimal systematics. The spectrum shows three water emission features (at >6σ confidence) and evidence for optical opacity, possibly due to H−, TiO, and VO (combined significance of 3.8σ). Models that fit the data require a thermal inversion, molecular dissociation as predicted by chemical equilibrium, a solar heavy element abundance ("metallicity", M/H = 1.03+1.11−0.51 × solar), and a carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio less than unity. The data also yield a dayside brightness temperature map, which shows a peak in temperature near the sub-stellar point that decreases steeply and symmetrically with longitude toward the terminators. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Molecular oxygen

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Constraints on Lorentz invariance violation from the extraordinary Mrk 421 flare of 2014 using a novel analysis method

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Abe, S. Abhir, J. Abhishek, A. Acciari, V.A. Aguasca-Cabot, A. Agudo, I. Aniello, T. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Engels, A. Arbet Arcaro, C. Artero, M. Asano, K. Babić, A. Baquero, A. de Almeida, U. Barres Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Bautista, A. Baxter, J. González, J. Becerra Bednarek, W. Bernardini, E. Bernete, J. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Bronzini, E. Burelli, I. Busetto, G. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Carosi, A. Carosi, R. Carretero-Castrillo, M. Castro-Tirado, A.J. Cerasole, D. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Cifuentes, A. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D’Amico, G. D’Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. de Menezes, R. Del Popolo, A. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Mendez, C. Delgado Di Pierro, F. Di Tria, R. Di Venere, L. Prester, D. Dominis Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fariña, L. Fattorini, A. Foffano, L. Font, L. Fröse, S. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. López, R.J. García Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Paiva, J.G. Giesbrecht Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Gradetzke, T. Grau, R. Green, D. Green, J.G. Günther, P. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Imazawa, R. Ishio, K. Martínez, I. Jiménez Jormanainen, J. Kayanoki, T. Kerszberg, D. Kluge, G.W. Kobayashi, Y. Kouch, P.M. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Láinez, M. Lamastra, A. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Lorini, A. Lyard, E. de Oliveira Fraga, B. Machado Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Maneva, G. Manganaro, M. Mangano, S. Mannheim, K. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Martínez-Chicharro, M. Mas-Aguilar, A. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. González, M. Molero Molina, E. Mondal, H.A. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Nakamori, T. Nanci, C. Neustroev, V. Nickel, L. Rosillo, M. Nievas Nigro, C. Nikolić, L. The University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Università di Siena INFN Pisa SienaI-53100 Italy Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife La LagunaE-38200 Spain Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain RomeI-00136 Italy Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik GarchingD-85748 Germany Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain Departament de Física CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona BellaterraE-08193 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Department for Physics and Technology University of Bergen Norway INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Catania Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia University of Catania CataniaI-95123 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Faculty of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-97074 Germany Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany University of Geneva Chemin d’Ecogia 16 VersoixCH-1290 Switzerland Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526 Japan ZeuthenD-15738 Germany Armenia

The Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), a proposed consequence of certain quantum gravity (QG) scenarios, could instigate an energy-dependent group velocity for ultra-relativistic particles. This energy dependence, although suppressed by the massive QG energy scale EQG, expected to be on the level of the Planck energy 1.22 × 1019 GeV, is potentially detectable in astrophysical observations. In this scenario, the cosmological distances traversed by photons act as an amplifier for this effect. By leveraging the observation of a remarkable flare from the blazar Mrk 421, recorded at energies above 100 GeV by the MAGIC telescopes on the night of April 25 to 26, 2014, we look for time delays scaling linearly and quadratically with the photon energies. Using for the first time in LIV studies a binned-likelihood approach we set constraints on the QG energy scale. For the linear scenario, we set 95% lower limits EQG > 2.7×1017 GeV for the subluminal case and EQG > 3.6×1017 GeV for the superluminal case. For the quadratic scenario, the 95% lower limits for the subluminal and superluminal cases are EQG > 2.6 × 1010 GeV and EQG > 2.5 × 1010 GeV, respectively. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Gamma rays

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The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): X-ray properties and scaling relations of galaxy clusters and groups

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Bahar, Y. Emre Bulbul, Esra Clerc, Nicolas Ghirardini, Vittorio Liu, Ang Nandra, Kirpal Pacaud, Florian Chiu, I-Non Comparat, Johan Ider-Chitham, Jacob Klein, Mathias Liu, Teng Merloni, Andrea Migkas, Konstantinos Okabe, Nobuhiro Ramos-Ceja, Miriam E. Reiprich, Thomas H. Sanders, Jeremy S. Schrabback, Tim Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Giessenbachstrasse 1 Garching85748 Germany IRAP Université de Toulouse CNRS UPS CNES Toulouse France Universität Bonn Auf dem Hügel 71 Bonn53121 Germany Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Key Laboratory for Particle Physics Astrophysics and Cosmology Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Universitaets-Sternwarte Muenchen Fakultaet fuer Physik LMU Munich Scheinerstr. 1 Munich81679 Germany Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan Core Research for Energetic Universe Hiroshima University 1-3-1 Kagamiyama Higashi-Hiroshima Hiroshima739-8526 Japan

Context. Scaling relations link the physical properties of clusters at cosmic scales. They are used to probe the evolution of large-scale structure, estimate observables of clusters, and constrain cosmological parameters through cluster counts. Aims. We investigate the scaling relations between X-ray observables of the clusters detected in the eFEDS field using Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma/eROSITA observations taking into account the selection effects and the distributions of observables with cosmic time. Methods. We extract X-ray observables (LX, Lbol, T, Mgas, YX) within R500 for the sample of 542 clusters in the eFEDS field. By applying detection and extent likelihood cuts, we construct a subsample of 265 clusters with a contamination level of 500 and core-excised 0.15R500 - R500 apertures for 542 galaxy clusters and groups detected in the eFEDS field. Additionally, we present our best-fit results for the normalization, slope, redshift evolution, and intrinsic scatter parameters of the X-ray scaling relations between LX - T, LX - Mgas, LX - YX, Lbol - T, Lbol - Mgas, Lbol - YX, and Mgas - T. We find that the best-fit slopes significantly deviate from the self-similar model at a > 4σ confidence level, but our results are nevertheless in good agreement with the simulations including non-gravitational physics, and the recent results that take into account selection effects. Conclusions. The strong deviations we find from the self-similar scenario indicate that the non-gravitational effects play an important role in shaping the observed physical state of clusters. This work extends the scaling relations to the low-mass, low-luminosity galaxy cluster and group regime using eFEDS observations, demonstrating the ability of eROSITA to measure emission from the intracluster medium out to R500 with survey-depth exposures and constrain the scaling relations in a wide mass–luminosity–redshift range. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Surveys

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Protons Spectrum from the MAGIC Telescopes data 37

Protons Spectrum from the MAGIC Telescopes data

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37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Temnikov, P. Verguilov, V. Maneva, G. Mirzoyan, R. Baack, D. Acciari, V.A. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Arbet Engels, A. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bellizzi, L. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bhattacharyya, W. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bökenkamp, H. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Busetto, G. Carosi, R. Ceribella, G. Cerruti, M. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cikota, S. Colak, S.M. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D’Amico, G. D’Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Do Souto Espiñeira, E. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Fallah Ramazani, V. Fattorini, A. Fonseca, M.V. Font, L. Fruck, C. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Green, J.G. Green, D. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hoang, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Jouvin, L. Karjalainen, M. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Maggio, C. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, M. Maneva, G. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Maraschi, L. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molina, E. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Moreno, V. Moretti, E. Nakamori, T. Nava, L. Neustroev, V. Nigro, C. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, K. Nozaki, S. Ohtani, Y. Oka, T. Otero-Santos, J. Paiano, S. Palatiello, M. Paneque, D. Paoletti, R. Paredes, J.M. Pavletić, L. Peñil, P. Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Bulgarian Academy of Sciencies Sofia1084 Bulgaria Föhringer Ring 6 MunichD-80805 Germany Fakultät Physik Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44227 Germany Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna TenerifeE-38200 Spain Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy RomeI-00136 Italy ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain The University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Università di Siena INFN Pisa SienaI-53100 Italy ZeuthenD-15738 Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Physik MünchenD-80805 Germany Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Armenian MAGIC Group A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory Yerevan0036 Armenia Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Department of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-97074 Germany Finnish MAGIC Group Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO University of Turku TurkuFI-20014 Finland Departament de Física CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona BellaterraE-08193

Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) are designed to detect cosmic gamma rays. As a by-product, IACTs detect Cherenkov flashes generated by millions of hadronic air showers every night. We present the proton energy spectrum from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV, retrieved from the hadron induced showers detected by the MAGIC telescopes. The protons are discriminated from He and other heavy nuclei by means of using machine learning classification. The energy estimation is based on a specially developed deep neural network regressor. In the last decade, Deep Learning methods gained much interest in the scientific community for their ability to extract complex relations in data and process large datasets in a short time. The proton energy spectrum obtained in this work is compared to the spectra obtained by dedicated cosmic ray experiments. © Copyright owned by the author(s).

关键词： Cosmology

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Follow-up observations of GW170817 with the MAGIC telescopes 37

Follow-up observations of GW170817 with the MAGIC telescopes

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37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Stamerra, A. Salafia, O.S. Berti, A. Covino, S. D'Elia, V. Miceli, D. Nava, L. Patricelli, B. Righi, C. Inoue, S. Antonelli, L.A. Ansoldi, S. De Lotto, B. Longo, F. Tavecchio, F. Acciari, V.A. Arbet Engels, A. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bellizzi, L. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Besenrieder, J. Bhattacharyya, W. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bökenkamp, H. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Busetto, G. Carosi, R. Ceribella, G. Cerruti, M. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cikota, S. Colak, S.M. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. D'Amico, G. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Do Souto Espiñeira, E. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Fallah Ramazani, V. Fattorini, A. Fonseca, M.V. Font, L. Fruck, C. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Green, J.G. Green, D. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hoang, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Jouvin, L. Karjalainen, M. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Maggio, C. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, M. Maneva, G. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Maraschi, L. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, S. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molina, E. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Moreno, V. Moretti, E. Nakamori, T. Neustroev, V. Nigro, C. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, K. Nozaki, S. Ohtani, Y. Oka, T. Otero-Santos, J. Paiano, S. Palatiello, M. Paneque, D. Paoletti, R. Paredes, J.M. INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma Rome Italy INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Merate Italy Rome Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik München Germany Space Science Data Center - Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Rome Italy European Gravitational Observatory Pisa Italy RIKEN Saitama Wako Japan Università di Udine INFN Trieste Udine Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste Trieste Italy Scuola Normale Superiore Pisa Italy Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife La LagunaE-38200 Spain Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy RomeI-00136 Italy ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland E-08193 Spain The University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Università di Siena INFN Pisa SienaI-53100 Italy ZeuthenD-15738 Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Physik MünchenD-80805 Germany Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Armenian MAGIC Group A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory Yerevan0036 Armenia Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Department of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-

The discovery of the electromagnetic counterpart AT2017gfo and the GRB 170817A, associated to the binary neutron star merger GW170817, was one of the major advances in the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and the hallmark of the multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. Another breakthrough in GRB physics is represented by the discovery of the highly energetic, teraelectronvolt (TeV) component in the GRB 190114C, possibly an universal component in all GRBs. This conclusion is also suggested by the hint of TeV emission in the short GRB 160821B and a few more events reported in the literature. The missing observational piece is the joint detection of TeV emission and gravitational waves from a short GRB and its progenitor. MAGIC observed the counterpart AT2017gfo as soon as the visibility conditions allowed it, namely from January to June 2018. These observations correspond to the maximum flux level observed in the radio and X-ray bands. The upper limits derived from TeV observations are compared with the modelling of the late non-thermal emission using the multi-frequency SED. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

关键词： Gravity waves

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Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnant W44 as probed by Fermi-LAT and MAGIC

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2025年

作者： Abe, S. Abhir, J. Abhishek, A. Acciari, V.A. Aguasca-Cabot, A. Agudo, I. Aniello, T. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Arbet Engels, A. Arcaro, C. Asano, K. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Bautista, A. Baxter, J. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bernardini, E. Bernete, J. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Bronzini, E. Burelli, I. Busetto, G. Campoy-Ordaz, A. Carosi, A. Carosi, R. Carretero-Castrillo, M. Castro-Tirado, A.J. Cerasole, D. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cifuentes, A. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D'Amico, G. D'Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. de Menezes, R. Del Popolo, A. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Di Pierro, F. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Emery, G. Escudero, J. Fariña, L. Fattorini, A. Foffano, L. Font, L. Fröse, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giesbrecht Paiva, J.G. Giglietto, N. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Gozzini, S.R. Gradetzke, T. Grau, R. Green, J.G. Günther, P. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Hassan, T. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Imazawa, R. Ishio, K. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Kayanoki, T. Kerszberg, D. Kluge, G.W. Kobayashi, Y. Kouch, P.M. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Láinez, M. Lamastra, A. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Lorini, A. Lyard, E. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Maneva, G. Mang, N. Manganaro, M. Mangano, S. Mannheim, K. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Martínez-Chicharro, M. Mas-Aguilar, A. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molero González, M. Molina, E. Mondal, H.A. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Nakamori, T. Nanci, C. Nava, L. Neustroev, V. Nickel, L. Nievas Rosillo, M. Nigro, C. Nikolić, L. Nishijima, K. Njoh Ekoume, T. The University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Università di Siena INFN Pisa SienaI-53100 Italy Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife La LagunaE-38200 Spain Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain RomeI-00136 Italy Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy Max-Planck-Institut für Physik GarchingD-85748 Germany Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain 22290-180 URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain Departament de Física CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona BellaterraE-08193 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Armenian MAGIC Group A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory Yerevan0036 Armenia Department for Physics and Technology University of Bergen Norway INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Catania Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia University of Catania CataniaI-95123 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Faculty of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-97074 Germany Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany University of Geneva Chemin d'Ecogia 16 VersoixCH-1290 Switzerland Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engin

Context. The supernova remnant (SNR) W44 and its surroundings are a prime target for studying the acceleration of cosmic rays (CRs). Several previous studies established an extended gamma-ray emission that is set apart from the radio shell of W44. This emission is thought to originate from escaped high-energy CRs that interact with a surrounding dense molecular cloud complex. Aims. We present a detailed analysis of Fermi-LAT data with an emphasis on the spatial and spectral properties of W44 and its surroundings. We also report the results of the observations performed with the MAGIC telescopes of the northwestern region of W44. Finally, we present an interpretation model to explain the gamma-ray emission of the SNR and its surroundings. Methods. We first performed a detailed spatial analysis of 12 years of Fermi-LAT data at energies above 1 GeV, in order to exploit the better angular resolution, while we set a threshold of 100 MeV for the spectral analysis. We performed a likelihood analysis of 174 hours of MAGIC data above 130 GeV using the spatial information obtained with Fermi-LAT. Results. The combined spectra of Fermi-LAT and MAGIC, extending from 100 MeV to several TeV, were used to derive constraints on the escape of CRs. Using a time-dependent model to describe the particle acceleration and escape from the SNR, we show that the maximum energy of the accelerated particles has to be 40 GeV. However, our gamma-ray data suggest that a small number of lower-energy particles also needs to escape. We propose a novel model, the broken-shock scenario, to account for this effect and explain the gamma-ray emission. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cosmic rays

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MAGIC observations of the nearby short GRB 160821B 37

MAGIC observations of the nearby short GRB 160821B

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37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Inoue, Susumu Acciari, V.A. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Arbet Engels, A. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bellizzi, L. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bhattacharyya, W. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bökenkamp, H. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Busetto, G. Carosi, R. Ceribella, G. Cerruti, M. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cikota, S. Colak, S.M. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D'Amico, G. D'Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Do Souto Espiñeira, E. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Fallah Ramazani, V. Fattorini, A. Fonseca, M.V. Font, L. Fruck, C. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Green, J.G. Green, D. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hoang, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Jouvin, L. Karjalainen, M. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Maggio, C. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, M. Maneva, G. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Maraschi, L. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molina, E. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Moreno, V. Moretti, E. Nakamori, T. Nava, L. Neustroev, V. Nigro, C. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, K. Nozaki, S. Ohtani, Y. Oka, T. Otero-Santos, J. Paiano, S. Palatiello, M. Paneque, D. Paoletti, R. Paredes, J.M. Pavletić, L. Peñil, P. Persic, M. Pihet, M. Prada Moroni, P.G. Prandini, E. Priyadarshi, C. Puljak, I. Bunkyo University Minami-Ogishima 3337 Koshigaya Japan RIKEN Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Japan Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna TenerifeE-38200 Spain Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy RomeI-00136 Italy ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain The University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Università di Siena INFN Pisa SienaI-53100 Italy ZeuthenD-15738 Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Physik MünchenD-80805 Germany Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Armenian MAGIC Group A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory Yerevan0036 Armenia Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Department of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-97074 Germany Finnish MAGIC Group Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO University of Turku TurkuFI-20014 Finland Departament de Física CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona BellaterraE-08193 Spain Japanese MAGIC Group: Physics Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University Hiroshima739-8526

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), the most luminous explosions in the universe, have at least two types known. One of them, short GRBs, have been thought to originate from binary neutron star (BNS) mergers. The discovery of GW170817 together with a GRB was the first and only direct proof of the hypothesis, and thus the properties of the short GRBs are poorly known yet. Aiming to clarify the underlying physical mechanisms of the short GRBs, we analyzed GRB 160821B, one of the nearest short GRBs known at z=0.162, observed with the MAGIC telescopes. A hint of a gamma-ray signal is found above 0.5 TeV at a significance of >3 sigma during observations from 24 seconds until 4 hours after the burst, as presented in the past. Recently, multi-wavelength data of its afterglow emission revealed a well-sampled kilonova component from a BNS merger, and the importance of GRB 160821B increased concerning GRB-GW studies. Accordingly, we investigated GRB afterglow models again, using the revised multi-wavelength data. We found that the straightforward interpretation with one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model from the external forward shock is in tension with the observed TeV flux, contradicting the suggestion reported previously. In this contribution we discuss the implication from the TeV observation, including alternative scenarios where the TeV emission can be enhanced. We also give a brief outlook of future GeV-TeV observations of short GRBs with imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, which could shed more light on the GRB-BNS merger relation. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

关键词： Gamma rays

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Contact network changes in ordered and disordered disk packings

arXiv

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Tuckman, Philip J. VanderWerf, Kyle Yuan, Ye Zhang, Shiyun Zhang, Jerry Shattuck, Mark D. O’Hern, Corey S. Department of Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science College of Engineering Peking University Beijing100871 China Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Physics Yale University Department of Applied New HavenCT06520 United States Graduate Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States

We investigate the mechanical response of packings of purely repulsive, frictionless disks to quasistatic deformations. The deformations include simple shear strain at constant packing fraction and at constant pressure, "polydispersity" strain (in which we change the particle size distribution) at constant packing fraction and at constant pressure, and isotropic compression. For each deformation, we show that there are two classes of changes in the interparticle contact networks: jump changes and point changes. Jump changes occur when a contact network becomes mechanically unstable, particles "rearrange", and the potential energy (when the strain is applied at constant packing fraction) or enthalpy (when the strain is applied at constant pressure) and all derivatives are discontinuous. During point changes, a single contact is either added to or removed from the contact network. For repulsive linear spring interactions, second- and higher-order derivatives of the potential energy/enthalpy are discontinuous at a point change, while for Hertzian interactions, third- and higher-order derivatives of the potential energy/enthalpy are discontinuous. We illustrate the importance of point changes by studying the transition from a hexagonal crystal to a disordered crystal induced by applying polydispersity strain. During this transition, the system only undergoes point changes, with no jump changes. We emphasize that one must understand point changes, as well as jump changes, to predict the mechanical properties of jammed packings. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Potential energy

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Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk501 during historically low X-ray and gamma-ray activity 37

Multi-messenger characterization of Mrk501 during historical...

引用

37th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2021

作者： Heckmann, L. Paneque, D. Gasparyan, S. Cerruti, M. Sahakyan, N. Arbet-Engels, A. Acciari, V.A. Ansoldi, S. Antonelli, L.A. Arbet Engels, A. Artero, M. Asano, K. Baack, D. Babić, A. Baquero, A. Barres de Almeida, U. Barrio, J.A. Batković, I. Becerra González, J. Bednarek, W. Bellizzi, L. Bernardini, E. Bernardos, M. Berti, A. Besenrieder, J. Bhattacharyya, W. Bigongiari, C. Biland, A. Blanch, O. Bökenkamp, H. Bonnoli, G. Bošnjak, Ž. Busetto, G. Carosi, R. Ceribella, G. Chai, Y. Chilingarian, A. Cikota, S. Colak, S.M. Colombo, E. Contreras, J.L. Cortina, J. Covino, S. D’Amico, G. D’Elia, V. Da Vela, P. Dazzi, F. De Angelis, A. De Lotto, B. Delfino, M. Delgado, J. Delgado Mendez, C. Depaoli, D. Di Pierro, F. Di Venere, L. Do Souto Espiñeira, E. Dominis Prester, D. Donini, A. Dorner, D. Doro, M. Elsaesser, D. Fallah Ramazani, V. Fattorini, A. Fonseca, M.V. Font, L. Fruck, C. Fukami, S. Fukazawa, Y. García López, R.J. Garczarczyk, M. Gasparyan, S. Gaug, M. Giglietto, N. Giordano, F. Gliwny, P. Godinović, N. Green, J.G. Green, D. Hadasch, D. Hahn, A. Heckmann, L. Herrera, J. Hoang, J. Hrupec, D. Hütten, M. Inada, T. Ishio, K. Iwamura, Y. Jiménez Martínez, I. Jormanainen, J. Jouvin, L. Karjalainen, M. Kerszberg, D. Kobayashi, Y. Kubo, H. Kushida, J. Lamastra, A. Lelas, D. Leone, F. Lindfors, E. Linhoff, L. Lombardi, S. Longo, F. López-Coto, R. López-Moya, M. López-Oramas, A. Loporchio, S. Machado de Oliveira Fraga, B. Maggio, C. Majumdar, P. Makariev, M. Mallamaci, M. Maneva, G. Manganaro, M. Mannheim, K. Maraschi, L. Mariotti, M. Martínez, M. Mazin, D. Menchiari, S. Mender, S. Mićanović, S. Miceli, D. Miener, T. Miranda, J.M. Mirzoyan, R. Molina, E. Moralejo, A. Morcuende, D. Moreno, V. Moretti, E. Nakamori, T. Nava, L. Neustroev, V. Nigro, C. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, K. Nozaki, S. Ohtani, Y. Oka, T. Otero-Santos, J. Paiano, S. Palatiello, M. Paneque, D. Paoletti, R. Paredes, J.M. Pavletić, L. Peñil, P. Persic, M. Pihet, M. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik MünchenD-80805 Germany ICRANet-Armenia Marshall Baghramian Avenue 24a Yerevan0019 Armenia Martí i Franquès 1 BarcelonaE08028 Spain ETH Zürich ZürichCH-8093 Switzerland Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna TenerifeE-38200 Spain Università di Udine INFN Trieste UdineI-33100 Italy RomeI-00136 Italy Bellaterra BarcelonaE-08193 Spain The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba277-8582 Japan Technische Universität Dortmund DortmundD-44221 Germany Zagreb10000 Croatia IPARCOS Institute EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid MadridE-28040 Spain URCA RJ Rio de Janeiro22290-180 Brazil Università di Padova INFN PadovaI-35131 Italy University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz90-236 Poland Università di Siena INFN Pisa SienaI-53100 Italy ZeuthenD-15738 Germany INAF Trieste Dept. of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada18008 Spain Università di Pisa INFN Pisa PisaI-56126 Italy Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB BarcelonaE-08028 Spain Armenian MAGIC Group A. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory Yerevan0036 Armenia Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas MadridE-28040 Spain INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Torino Università degli Studi di Torino TorinoI-10125 Italy INFN MAGIC Group INFN Sezione di Bari Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica Università e del Politecnico di Bari BariI-70125 Italy Croatian MAGIC Group University of Rijeka Department of Physics Rijeka51000 Croatia Universität Würzburg WürzburgD-97074 Germany Finnish MAGIC Group Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO University of Turku TurkuFI-20014 Finland Departament de Física CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona BellaterraE-08193 Spain Japanese MAGIC Group:

Blazars, together with other active galactic nuclei, are the most luminous persistent sources in our universe;and therefore a prime candidate for very-high-energy (>0.2 TeV, VHE) gamma-ray observations. For the two MAGIC telescopes, the Mrk501 galaxy is among the brightest observed blazars due to its proximity. We report a multi-wavelength and multi-messenger study of Mrk501 with data from 2017 to 2020, when Mrk501 showed a VHE flux typically below 10% that of the Crab Nebula. During this time, we performed three long observations with NuSTAR, which characterized the hard X-ray emission during three different low-activity flux levels. This Mrk501 dataset provided the unprecedented opportunity to study multi-wavelength variability and correlations with sensitive instruments during historically low X-ray and VHE gamma-ray emission (below 5% of the Crab Nebula flux in the VHE range), which could be considered as the baseline emission of Mrk501. We complemented the broadband spectral energy distributions (SED) of the identified historically low X-ray and VHE gamma-ray flux with data published by IceCube, in order to evaluate the potential existence of a hadronic component that is stable (or slowly variable), and less visible than the leptonic component that may dominate the emission during typical and flaring activity. In this contribution, we will also describe the evolution of the broadband SED comparing different theoretical scenarios. © Copyright owned by the author(s).

关键词： Gamma rays

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