Background: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder with its primary insult on the skeletal muscle. Severe muscle wasting, chronic inflammation and fibrosis characterize dystrophic muscle. ...
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Background: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder with its primary insult on the skeletal muscle. Severe muscle wasting, chronic inflammation and fibrosis characterize dystrophic muscle. Here we identify dysregulated pathways in DMD utilizing a co-expression network approach as described in Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Specifically, we utilize WGCNA's "preservation" statistics to identify gene modules that exhibit a weak conservation of network topology within healthy and dystrophic networks. Preservation statistics rank modules based on their topological metrics such as node density, connectivity and separability between networks. Methods: Raw data for DMD was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE6011) and suitably preprocessed. Co-expression networks for each condition (healthy and dystrophic) were generated using the WGCNA library in R. Preservation of healthy network edges was evaluated with respect to dystrophic muscle and vice versa using WGCNA. Highly exclusive gene pairs for each of the low preserved modules within both networks were also determined using a specificity measure. Results: A total of 11 and 10 co-expressed modules were identified in the networks generated from 13 healthy and 23 dystrophic samples respectively. 5 out of the 11, and 4 out of the 10 modules were identified as exhibiting none-to-weak preservation. Functional enrichment analysis identified that these weakly preserved modules were highly relevant to the condition under study. For instance, weakly preserved dystrophic module D2 exhibited the highest fraction of genes exclusive to DMD. The highly specific gene pairs identified within these modules were enriched for genes activated in response to wounding and affect the extracellular matrix including several markers such as SPP1, MMP9 and ITGB2. Conclusion: The proposed approach allowed us to identify clusters of genes that are non-randomly associated with the disease. Furthe
The rates at which endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vessel walls should consume oxygen during blood transport along the length of a microvascular network are highly controversial. We examined the arteriovenous d...
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The rates at which endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vessel walls should consume oxygen during blood transport along the length of a microvascular network are highly controversial. We examined the arteriovenous distribution of oxygen consumption by a microvesselwallexposed to circumferentialwallstress and fluid shear stress. A model of retinal microcirculation in which a network that branched dichotomously at every bifurcation depended on both a flow conservation law and a modified Murray's law with a diameter exponent of 2.85 was used. Oxygen consumption was calculated from the integration of the number of branches multiplied by the consumption rates of the endothelial and smooth muscle cells per branch unit. The oxygen consumption by all of the microvessel walls was only about 1.9% of the totaloxygen consumption throughout the microvascular network, including the surrounding tissues. This result suggests that the oxygen that had diffused across the microvessel walls was mainly consumed by the surrounding tissues. Also, based on the circumferential and shear stresses, the microvascular flow and pressure control system is presumably designed to optimize the vessel tone of the arteriolar network so that the microcirculation can accommodate material exchange.
The aim of the present study was to perform a detailed morphological analysis of an injectable platelet rich fibrin after combination with two different particulate hydroxyapatite-based granules, a porous zirconia blo...
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The aim of the present study was to perform a detailed morphological analysis of an injectable platelet rich fibrin after combination with two different particulate hydroxyapatite-based granules, a porous zirconia block, and laser-textured zirconia or titanium surfaces. Blood samples were harvested from three participants to prepare the flowable injectable PRF in contact or not with particulate hydroxyapatite (Hap), bone mineral granules (DBBM), porous zirconia blocks, laser-textured titanium or zirconia surfaces. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the fibrin network density, fibrin fibers’ diameter, blood cells, and the interaction of PRF with the biomaterials. Histomorphometry of the flowable PRF was also performed using the hematoxylin–eosin staining protocol. Specimens were independently evaluated by two blinded and well-trained researchers in histomorphometry and microscopy. Particulate Hap and DBBM shown different morphological aspects by SEM analyses since DBBM revealed macro- and micro-scale pores while Hap revealed a dense structure. Hydroxyapatite and DBBM granules were entirely embedded by the fibrin-network in the presence of leukocytes and blood platelets. The zirconia porous structured was filled with PRF and its components. Also, the laser-structured zirconia or implant surfaces were entirely coated with the PRF fibrin network embedding leukocytes and blood platelets. Laser-textured titanium surfaces revealed macro- and micro-scale irregularities that increase the surface area and retention of the injectable PRF. Histomorphometric analyses revealed complementary details on the distribution of lymphocytes, red blood cells, and fibrin associated with platelet aggregation. The flowing and viscosity of an injectable platelet rich fibrin provided an agglomeration of synthetic or xenogeneic particulate bone substitutes and the coating of porous zirconia and textured implant surfaces as inspected by scanning electron microsc
Gold nanobowls (AuNBs) of ~5 nm in diameter grown on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were successfully synthesized via galvanic replacement of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A 3-fold Raman signal enhancement of MW...
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Gold nanobowls (AuNBs) of ~5 nm in diameter grown on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were successfully synthesized via galvanic replacement of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). A 3-fold Raman signal enhancement of MWCNT was observed when Au replacement with Ag approached to completion. Moreover, AuNBs can be readily released from CNT surface via sonication with 1-octanethiol (OT). Our current method demonstrates a novel technique on producing smallest dimension of AuNBs so far simply achieved in wet chemical process.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the disinfection effect of Near-UV LED light, which is pulsed using PWM control, on Staphylococcus aureus. To evaluate the disinfection effect of Near-UV LED light, three ty...
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We introduce a wireless system for lensless imaging devices. By reconstructing the low-resolution image acquired by dividing the image into sub-pixel arrays, a high-resolution still image was acquired on a low-transfe...
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This research addresses the impact of the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) solutions on the performance of a residential building with the area of 2247 m2 at different regions of Coastal Anatolia. Three cities ...
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Past air sampling detection (ASD) systems had no definitive positioning; most allocation of sampling points was based on experience. This research discovered that sampling points inside the electrical rooms were signi...
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Past air sampling detection (ASD) systems had no definitive positioning; most allocation of sampling points was based on experience. This research discovered that sampling points inside the electrical rooms were significantly affected by the ambient airflow, causing the detection system to have difficulties in fire detection. Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) was used to simulate very early smoke detection apparatus (VESDA) effectiveness within the protection area of an electrical room. Results showed that ASD sampling points in electrical rooms should be placed above high-voltage transformers and capacitors, while rearranging the high risk machines together to avoid long detection pipelines, which increases the transportation time of the gas, thus hindering early detection by the ASD system. Field tests using a smoke detector tester yielded transportation times of 33 s, which was in very good agreement with the simulated results of 35 s by ASPIRE, showing the accuracy of using software to simulate transportation times. Therefore, this research combined FDS with the transportation times of different pipeline designs to conduct performance assessment of VESDA. After appropriate rearrangement of machines, VESDA detection times dropped from 106.0–171.0 s during the original setup to 21.0–31.7 s, assuring the facility to have more time for emergency response. However, it was noticed that FDS software did not have the estimation tool for VESDA transportation times; therefore software such as ASPIRE should be used to calculate the gas transportation times inside the detection pipelines, and then compiled with FDS results to avoid underestimation of actuation times.
Airy light sheets combined with the deconvolution approach can provide multiple benefits, including large field of view (FOV), thin optical sectioning, and high axial resolution. The efficient design of an Airy light-...
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mRNA polyadenylation is an essential mechanism in human genes and is direct linked to the termination of transcription. Alternative polyadenylation changes the length of the mature mRNA's 3′UTR. Since 3′UTRs hav...
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