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Diversity, density, and Importance Value Index of mangroves in the Segara Anakan lagoon and its surrounding area, Cilacap Regency, Indonesia

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2021年第1期744卷

作者： Ismail Sulistiono S Hariyadi H Madduppa Study Program of Marine and Coastal Management Graduate School IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University) Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia Marine and Fisheries Polytechnic of Sorong Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Sorong 98411 Indonesia Department of Aquatic Resources Management Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University) Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia Department of Marine Science and Technology Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University) Jl. Agatis Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia

Coastal mangrove forest habitats in the Segara Anakan Lagoon have become an important area for estuarine fisheries which should be preserved for sustainability. This study aims to analyze diversity, density, and the importance value index of the mangrove in the area. The method used was a plot and path (combination method). To conduct this study, the nine purposely sampled stations ranged from the western Segara Anakan Lagoon to the eastern mangrove area adjacent to the Donan River. The nine station was grouped into 3 (three areas) namely; Mangrove Eastern Area (river influence), Mangrove Middle Area, Mangrove Western Area (seawater influence. The results show the average mangrove density overall stations were dominated by seedlings with 39881 individuals/ha with fraction 75%, followed by saplings with 12311 individuals/ha (23%), and tree category with 711 individuals/ha (1%). Because of the average mangrove density of tree category less than 1000 trees/ha so, the mangrove forest in the Segara Anakan Lagoon and its surrounding area was categorized to be damaged. Meanwhile, the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was at 221 for R. apiculata and at 220 for Sonneratia caseolaris for all stations.

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Comprehensive High Impedance Fault Model for Real-Time Environment

Comprehensive High Impedance Fault Model for Real-Time Envir...

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Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics Society

作者： Aldair Wontroba Adriano Peres de Morais Jean Pereira Rossini Mairon Gallas Ghendy Cardoso João Paulo Abreu Vieira Marcelo Costa Santos Patrick Escalante Farias Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria RS Brazil Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil Electrical Engineering Graduate Program Federal university of Pará Belém PA Brazil Distribution System Operation Management CELPA –Electric Distribution Utility of Pará Belém PA Brazil Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Sul IFRS Farroupilha Brazil

This paper presents a comprehensive high impedance fault model for real-time environment. This model offers different types of ground surface and high impedance faults. Experimental results show that it is suitable for relays and algorithms commissioning in closed loop environment. The model is incorporated into OPAL-RT simulator and implemented in Hypersim software. Finally, the performance of the model is validated under a real case of high impedance fault by comparison with real-time simulation.

关键词： Circuit faults Real-time systems Fault currents Impedance Resistance Power cables Surface impedance

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I see sick people: Beliefs about sensory detection of infectious disease are largely consistent across cultures

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Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2025年 128卷 737-750页

作者： Ackerman, Joshua M. Samore, Theodore Fessler, Daniel M.T. Kupfer, Tom R. Choi, Soyeon Merrell, Wilson N. Aarøe, Lene Aavik, Toivo Acabado, Stephen Akello, Grace Alfian, Ilham N. Al-Shawaf, Laith Alvarez, Marinés M. Ammann, Jeanine Arikan, Gizem Asha, Saiyeda A. Astobiza, Anibal M. Baeza-Ugarte, Carmen G. Barclay, Pat Barlow, Fiona Kate Bizarro, Lisiane Bressan, Paola Castellanos-Chacón, Andres Choy, Bryan K.C. Chusairi, Achmad Contreras-Garduño, Jorge Chávez Cosamalón, Brenda L. Costa-Neves, Bernardo De, Mallika de Lima, Tiago J.S. de Zoysa, Piyanjali Dryžaitė, Ieva Elbæk, Christian T. Fedor, Peter Fernández, Ana M. Fernandez-Morales, Regina Fülöp, Márta Gamsakhurdia, Vladimer Lado Garcia-Gómez, Leonor Garcia-Marques, Leonel Garduño-Franco, Jimena Pilar Grazioso, María del Habacht, Fanny Hasan, Youssef Haugestad, Camila P. Haugestad, Christian A.P. Havlíček, Jan Hernandez, Earl J. Hoang, Vu M. Hong, Minsung Hromatko, Ivana Iliško, Dzintra Imada, Hirotaka Jakšić, Ivana Jarmakowski, Tomasz Hjördísar Jónsdóttir, Harpa L. Kajokaite, Kotrina Kaňková, Šárka Kervyn, Nicolas Kim, Jinseok P. Kunst, Jonas R. Laakasuo, Michael Leongómez, Juan David Li, Norman P. Lu, Junsong Lynch, Nathan Maegli, María A. Manley, Harry Marcu, Gabriela McAfee, Thea Mitkidis, Panagiotis Molnár, Nándor B. Morvinski, Coby Muhamad, Haslina Nejat, Pegah Huy, Hoang Nguyen Oliveira, Angelica N. Olsson, Mats J. Onyishi, Charity N. Onyishi, Ike E. Orozco, Reegan Otterbring, Tobias Ottersen, Ida S. Pacheco-López, Gustavo Panagiotopoulou, Penny Paniagua, Walter Parvin, Roksana Pavlović, Zoran Prokop, Pavol Raffman, Emma Rizwan, Muhammad Rojas, Sheila Różycka-Tran, Joanna Sánchez, Oscar R. Selim, Heyla Sevi, Barış Shani, Yaniv Shastry, Madhulika S. Stieger, Stefan Suh, Eunkook M. Sumari, Melati Takemura, Kosuke Tognetti, Arnaud Trombetta, Roberta Z.R. Tybur, Joshua M. Ucak, Eylul B. Uchida, Yukiko Valentova, Jaroslava V. Viciana, Hugo Visine, Amandine Wang, Jin Wang, XT Yahiiaiev, Illia I. Zein, Rizqy A. Žeželj, Iris Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Religion Programme University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand Department of Anthropology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Center for Behavior Evolution & Culture University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Bedari Kindness Institute University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA United States Department of Psychology Nottingham Trent University England Nottingham United Kingdom Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI United States Center for the Experimental-Philosophical Study of Discrimination Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Department of Political Science Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia Department of Mental Health Faculty of Medicine Gulu University Gulu Uganda Department of Psychology Universitas Airlangga East Java Indonesia Department of Psychology University of Colorado Colorado Springs Colorado Springs CO United States Department of Psychology Universidad del Valle Guatemala Guatemala City Guatemala Agroscope Research group Economic Modelling and Policy Analysis Ettenhausen Switzerland Department of Political Science Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland Department of Psychology International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Philosophy University of Granada Granada Spain Department of Psychology University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada School of Psychology University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia Graduate Program in Psychology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Sul RS Porto Alegre Brazil Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy Faculty of Psychology Universidad El Bosque Bogotá Colombia Ministry of Defence Singapore Sustainability and Education Policy Network Saskatoon SK Canada Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores unid

Identifying cues to contagious disease is critical for effectively tracking and defending against interpersonal infection threats. People hold lay beliefs about the types of sensory information most relevant for identifying whether others are sick with transmissible illnesses. Are these beliefs universal, or do they vary along cultural and ecological dimensions? Participants in 58 countries (N = 19,217) judged how effective, and how likely they were to use, cues involving each of the five major sensory modalities in an imagined social interaction during a flu outbreak. Belief patterns were strongly consistent across countries (sight > audition > touch > smell > taste), suggesting a largely universal conceptualization of the role of sensory information for interpersonal respiratory disease detection. Results also support a safe senses hypothesis, with perceivers reporting that they would use senses that function at a distance—and thus reduce pathogen transmission risk—more than would be expected given participants’ beliefs as to the efficacy of these senses for disease detection. Where societal variation did emerge, it was captured by a cohesive set of socio-ecological factors, including human development, latitude, pathogen prevalence, and population density. Together, these findings reveal a shared lens through which contagious respiratory disease is assessed, one that prioritizes minimizing risk to perceivers, and may offer leverage for designing interventions to improve public health. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.

关键词： Behavioral immune system Culture Iterpersonal perception Pathogen threat Sensation Threat detection

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Key strategies of sustainable and energy-saving development for green universities

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019年第1期291卷

作者： Yi-Xin Cai Sheng-Jung Ou Hsuan-Hung Chen Chien-Chen Chiu Graduate Student program in Landscape and Urban design Department of Landscape and Urban Design Chaoyang University of Technology Taiwan Department of Landscape and Urban Design Chaoyang University of Technology Taiwan Graduate Student program in Theme park management and analysis Department of Architecture Chaoyang University of Technology Taiwan Adjunct Lecturer of General Education Center Chaoyang University of Technology Taiwan

Sustainable environment development has become a global and popular issue. In Taiwan, regardless of public authorities or private organizations, departments often promote green buildings, green campus and other practices according based upon different sustainable plans. In 2007, the Ministry of Education promoted the green universities and formally launched the Green University Development program. Subsequently, in 2009, 13 schools jointly signed 'The Tallories Declaration' to promote the sustainable work of the Green University. Up to 2018, eight universities have entered the ranks of the world's largest green universities. For finding better sustainable development strategies to improve the Green university evaluation and environmental benefits, this study analyzes the current situation of the Green University in Taiwan and presents a trend analysis of the development of Green University assessment indicators in Chaoyang University of technology (CYUT) over the years. Finally, through the analysis, the study proposes the concrete strategies for achieving green university's requirement, and proposes the key strategies of further achieving sustainable energy saving of green campus for Chaoyang University of technology.

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Electromagnetic Optimization Based on Gaussian Crow Search Approach

Electromagnetic Optimization Based on Gaussian Crow Search A...

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2018 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, SPEEDAM 2018

作者： Dos Santos Coelho, Leandro Klein, Carlos Eduardo Mariani, Viviana Cocco Do Nascimento, Carlos Augusto Richter Askarzadeh, Alireza PUCPR Industrial and Systems Eng. Graduate Program PPGEPS Federal University of Parana UFPR Department of Electrical Engineering DEE/PPGEE Pontifical Catholic University of Parana Curitiba PR Brazil PUCPR Mechanical Engineering Graduate Program PPGEM Curitiba Pontifical Catholic University of Parana PR Brazil Department of Energy Management and Optimization Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences Graduate University of Advanced Technology Kerman Iran

ISBN: (纸本)9781538649411

Metaheuristic algorithms have provided efficient tools to designers by which it became possible to determine the optimum solutions of optimization problems encountered in several fields such as engineering, finance and computation. Generally metaheuristics are based on metaphors that are taken from nature or some other processes. Recently, an optimization metaheuristic paradigm based on the social behavior of the crows, called crow search algorithm (CSA), has been proposed. The idea of CSA is motivated from the storing process of the excess food in hiding places then restoring it in the necessary time. The CSA has many favorable characteristics, such as ease of implementation, the need to adjust only a few parameters, a favorable balance between search diversification and intensification, and fast convergence and high sensitivity. However, to enhance the performance of the standard CSA approach, this paper proposes to tune the control parameters using population diversity information and normal (Gaussian) probability distribution function. Loney's solenoid benchmark and circular antenna array design problems are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the conventional CSA and the proposed variant. Simulation results and comparisons with the CSA demonstrated that the performance of the proposed MCSA approach is promising in electromagnetics optimization. © 2018 IEEE.

关键词： Optimization

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Prioritizing rural roads projects in north-eastern Thailand by analytical hierarchy process (AHP)

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Lowland technology International 2018年第2期20卷 197-204页

作者： Cheonklang, P. Phummiphan, I. Horpibulsuk, S. Hoy, M. Graduate Program in Construction and Infrastructure Management Suranaree University of Technology Muang District Nakhon Ratchasima30000 Thailand Department of Rural Roads Ministry of Transport Thailand Center of Excellence in Innovation for Sustainable Infrastructure Development School of Civil Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Thailand School of Civil Engineering Suranaree University of Technology Thailand

This paper presents the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in rural roads prioritization. The paper exhibits the concept and process of the plan for rural road development and application of multiple criteria decision analysis using AHP for prioritizing rural roads on a rational basis. Rural road network was grouped on strategic issues and strategies of Department of Rural Roads. There are three main factors to be used as an indicator to assess the importance of routes of each type of road: Transport and Traffic engineering, Accessibility and Other. The result of criteria weights was determined by Expert Choice software according to the AHP model. The results of weight factor analysis can be divided into 2 groups: The Transportation and Traffic Engineering dominant road (Logistics, Traffic Reduction and Country's Border Road) and the Accessibility dominant road (Tourism and Rural Area Accessibility Road). This study will be able to prioritize rural roads and allocate limited budget for development in the future. The master plan obtained from AHP application shows that this plan is consistent, and links with the country strategic plan under the Department of Rural Roads year 2017-2026, which is a longterm plan (10 years), and the Strategic Plan Framework Development of Rural Roads year 2017 - 2020, which is a medium-term plan (4 years). The main goal of the Rural Roads Development Plan in the area is to develop a rural road network to connect the Development of National Infrastructure and the Northeast Development Plan perfectly. © 2018 International Association of Lowland technology. All rights reserved.

关键词： Analytic hierarchy process

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Designing the Application of Security Text Messages into Audio Files Using Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithms Using the End of File (EOF) Method 1

Designing the Application of Security Text Messages into Aud...

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1st Workshop on Environmental Science, Society, and technology, WESTECH 2018

作者： Pardede, A.M.H. Pramana, Anggi Zarlis, Muhammad Iskandar, Akbar Manurung, Rosida Tiurma Sriadhi, S. Kurniawan, Citra Hasibuan, Abdurrozzaq Siregar, Nurintan Asyiah Sari, Ayu Esteka Mulyaningsih, Indrya Iskandar Alam, Teguh Hidayat Ibrahim Listyorini, Tri Winarno, Edy Tulus STMIK Kaputama Binjai Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Computer Science Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Informatics STMIK AKBA Makassar Indonesia Graduate Program in Scientific Psychology Universitas Kristen Maranatha Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Malang Indonesia Faculty of Engineering Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Management STIE Labuhanbatu Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Management STIE Sakti Alam Kerinci Jambi Indonesia Department of Indonesian Language Teaching Institut Agama Islam Negeri Syekh Nurjati Cirebon Indonesia Department of Informatics Engineering Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong Sorong Indonesia Department of English Education Universitas Muhammadiyah Sorong Sorong Indonesia Department of Informatics Universitas Muria Kudus Indonesia Faculty of Information Technology Universitas Stikubank Semarang Indonesia Department of Mathematics Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia

There are several ways to deal with security issues of confidential data sent via the internet, including using cryptographic techniques and steganography. Steganography is the science and art of concealing information / messages in a media in such a way that its existence is not detected by other parties who are not entitled to the information. Instead, cryptography disguises the meaning of a message, but does not hide that there is a message because the file looks suspicious. The Steganography technique used here was End Of File (EOF). The EOF technique described how to add data or files at the end of the image file. For this technique, the size of data or files that will be hidden could be larger than the size of the image file. The hidden data will be inserted at the end of the file so that it will not affect the image. This steganography application is also equipped with a cryptographic function Data Encryption Standard (DES) at the time of insertion of data that functions as a generator code and encrypts data, so that the security of a data in the file is more protected and protected from those who are not entitled to know the data. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Steganography

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Digitalized curriculum distribution of Indonesian education

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2020年第1期1469卷

作者： H Noviandari H Haryanto Education Management Graduate Program Yogyakarta State University Jl. Colombo No.1 Karang Malang Catur Tunggal Depok Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia Department of Curriculum and Learning Technology Yogyakarta State University Jl. Colombo No.1 Karang Malang Catur Tunggal Depok Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia

2013 curriculum is a simplified curriculum, using thematic integrative learning approaches, and in it contains about strengthening character education for students. This research aims to describe the management of 2013 curriculum in elementary school which includes the plan of the implementation and evaluation. This is a qualitative research by using case study approach. The subject of this research is the principal, the vice principal, curriculum, teachers, and students. The data of the research is collected by doing interview, observation, and document study. The data analysis is done descriptively. The result of this research shows that the management of 2013 curriculum in elementary school can be seen from three aspects. They are planning, implementation, and evaluation. The planning of 2013 curriculum is based on the policy that has been established by the government and the curriculum evaluation implementation from the previous period. The implementation of 2013 curriculum uses integrative thematic learning with scientific approach and is applied gradually. The evaluation of the curriculum is done in order to see the ability of achieving the goal and the feasibleness of 2013 curriculum by considering the analysis of student's score and evaluation meeting in every end of the semester.

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A Web-based Active Learning Conceptual Framework for Innovative Business Plan Creation : Developing New Tools for Entrepreneurship Education

A Web-based Active Learning Conceptual Framework for Innovat...

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International Computer Science and Engineering Conference (ICSEC)

作者： Saravanee Phuengpunum Krerk Piromsopa Noawanit Songkram Technopreneurship and Innovation Management Program Graduate School Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand Department of Educational Technology and Communications Faculty of Education Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

ISBN: (纸本)9781538681657;9781538681640

This research aims to develop a framework for writing a business plan that support innovation for undergraduate students. The scope of this research is circumscribed to undergraduate students in Thailand. In respect of internet technology advancement and the popularity of internet access of teenagers, the researcher employs e-learning instruction media, which is considered a keystone to reduce educational inequalities. The study particularly introduces an established Nanoka's knowledge creation concept, which consists of Socialisation, Externalisation, Combination and Internalisation. In earlier times, this concept has been verified to create the domain of innovation in business organisation. Remarkably, it has been employed in the process of teaching innovative business plans and creativity management. This process specifically incorporates active learning, which turns the passive role of merely listening to active learners. The framework offers three principal contributions: first, to develop a new educational platform that implements active learning into E-Learning styles; second, to develop of an uncommon conceptual framework that adheres to theory reflecting good practices for innovation creation; third, taking this concept into practice, to help the universities build upon core strengths and students' innovation skills. It is the confluence of all contributions that make for a full-fledged entrepreneurial university.

关键词： Technological innovation Education Senior citizens Tools Production Market research

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EMPRESS. X. Spatially resolved mass-metallicity relation in extremely metal-poor galaxies: Evidence of episodic star-formation fueled by a metal-poor gas infall

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Nakajima, Kimihiko Ouchi, Masami Isobe, Yuki Xu, Yi Ozaki, Shinobu Nagao, Tohru Inoue, Akio K. Rauch, Michael Kusakabe, Haruka Onodera, Masato Nishigaki, Moka Ono, Yoshiaki Sugahara, Yuma Hattori, Takashi Hirai, Yutaka Hashimoto, Takuya Kim, Ji Hoon Moriya, Takashi J. Yanagisawa, Hiroto Aoyama, Shohei Fujimoto, Seiji Fukushima, Hajime Fukushima, Keita Harikane, Yuichi Hatano, Shun Hayashi, Kohei Ishigaki, Tsuyoshi Kawasaki, Masahiro Kojima, Takashi Komiyama, Yutaka Koyama, Shuhei Koyama, Yusei Lee, Chien-Hsiu Matsumoto, Akinori Mawatari, Ken Motohara, Kentaro Murai, Kai Nagamine, Kentaro Nakane, Minami Saito, Tomoki Sasaki, Rin Shibuya, Takatoshi Suzuki, Akihiro Takeuchi, Tsutomu T. Umeda, Hiroya Umemura, Masayuki Watanabe, Kuria Yabe, Kiyoto Yajima, Hidenobu Zhang, Yechi National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha Chiba Kashiwa277-8582 Japan Osawa 2-21-1 Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan University of Tokyo Chiba Kashiwa277-8583 Japan Kavli Institute for Cosmology University of Cambridge Madingley Road CambridgeCB3 0HA United Kingdom Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge 19 JJ Thomson Avenue CambridgeCB3 0HE United Kingdom Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo169-8555 Japan Department of Physics Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Department of Astronomy Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan Research Center for Space and Cosmic Evolution Ehime University Bunkyo-cho 2-5 Ehime Matsuyama790-8577 Japan Department of Physics School of Advanced Science and Engineering Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University 3-4-1 Okubo Shinjuku Tokyo169-8555 Japan Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science 813 Santa Barbara St. PasadenaCA91101 United States Observatoire de Genève Université de Genève 51 Chemin de Pégase Versoix1290 Switzerland 650 North Aohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Notre Dame 225 Nieuwland Science Hall Notre DameIN46556 United States Astronomical Institute Tohoku University 6-3 Aoba Aramaki Aoba-ku Miyagi Sendai980-8578 Japan Division of Physics Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8571 Japan Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Tsukuba305-8571 Japan Astronomy Program Department of Physics and Astronomy Seoul National University 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu Seoul08826 Korea Republic of SNU Astronomy Research Cent

Using the Subaru/FOCAS IFU capability, we examine the spatially resolved relationships between gas-phase metallicity, stellar mass, and star-formation rate surface densities (Σ★ and ΣSFR, respectively) in extremely metal-poor galaxies (EMPGs) in the local universe. Our analysis includes 24 EMPGs, comprising 9,177 spaxels, which span a unique parameter space of local metallicity (12 + log(O/H) 6.9 to 7.9) and stellar mass surface density (Σ★ ∼ 105 to 107 Mo kpc−2), extending beyond the range of existing large integral-field spectroscopic surveys. Through spatially resolved emission line diagnostics based on the [N ii] BPT-diagram, we verify the absence of evolved active galactic nuclei in these EMPGs. Our findings reveal that, while the resolved mass-metallicity relation exhibits significant scatter in the low-mass regime, this scatter is closely correlated with local star-formation surface density. Specifically, metallicity decreases as ΣSFR increases for a given Σ★. Notably, half of the EMPGs show a distinct metal-poor horizontal branch on the resolved mass-metallicity relation. This feature typically appears at the peak clump with the highest Σ★ and ΣSFR and is surrounded by a relatively metal-enriched ambient region. These findings support a scenario in which metal-poor gas infall fuels episodic star formation in EMPGs, consistent with the kinematic properties observed in these systems. In addition, we identify four EMPGs with exceptionally low central metallicities (12 + log(O/H) 7.2), which display only a metal-poor clump without a surrounding metal-rich region. This suggests that such ultra-low metallicity EMPGs, at less than a few percent of the solar metallicity, may serve as valuable analogs for galaxies in the early stages of galaxy evolution. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spectroscopic analysis

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