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The Biodiversity of Flora and Fauna in the Re-vegetation Area in The Post-Mining Area of Pongkor

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2020年第1期501卷

作者： A Kusumoarto A Gunawan Machfud A Hikmat Doctoral Student Program Natural Resource and Environmental Management Science School of Post-Graduate IPB University Jl. Raya Pajajaran Bogor Indonesia 16143 Lecturer in Architecture Study Program Faculty of Technic and Computer Science Indraprasta PGRI University Jl. Raya Nangka No. 58C RT.5/RW.5 Tanjung Barat Kecamatan Jagakarsa Kota Jakarta Selatan Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 12530 Lecturer in Landscape Architecture Department IPB University Jl. Raya Darmaga Bogor Indonesia 16680 Lecturer in AgroIndustrial Technology Department IPB University Jl.Raya Darmaga Bogor Indonesia 16680 Lecturer in Conservation of Forest and Ecotourism Department IPB University Jl. Raya Darmaga Bogor Indonesia 16680

The Pongkor post-mining area is designated as one of the ecotourism areas in Bogor. This area has biodiversity of flora and fauna. This study aims to: (1) analysis the importance value index (IVI) of flora types; (2) analysis species richness index, species diversity index, and relative species abundance index; (3) analysis the beauty, the uniqueness and the rarity of the flora and fauna types. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. Based on the identification results, 185 species of flora are distributed in this region. During the rainy season, 15 species of herpetofauna were identified, 32 types of aves, and 4 types of mammals, while in the dry season 19 species of herpetofauna were identified, 23 types of aves, and 2 types of mammals. Based on the results of the analysis conducted on these flora and fauna, there are flora species that have high IVI values and some beautiful and unique flora species that are in the category of endangered species. Besides that, there are also fauna species which have a value of species richness index, species diversity index, and relative species abundance index, as well as some beautiful, unique, and fauna species that are in the category of endangered species.

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Leaf nutrients, not specific leaf area, are consistent indicators of elevated nutrient inputs (Mar, 10.1038/s41559-018-0790-1, 2019)

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NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION 2020年第6期4卷 886-891页

作者： Firn, Jennifer McGree, James M. Harvey, Eric Flores-Moreno, Habacuc Schuetz, Martin Buckley, Yvonne M. Borer, Elizabeth T. Seabloom, Eric W. La Pierre, Kimberly J. MacDougall, Andrew M. Prober, Suzanne M. Stevens, Carly J. Sullivan, Lauren L. Porter, Erica Ladouceur, Emma Allen, Charlotte Moromizato, Karine H. Morgan, John W. Harpole, W. Stanley Hautier, Yann Eisenhauer, Nico Wright, Justin P. Adler, Peter B. Arnillas, Carlos Alberto Bakker, Jonathan D. Biederman, Lori Broadbent, Arthur A. D. Brown, Cynthia S. Bugalho, Miguel N. Caldeira, Maria C. Cleland, Elsa E. Ebeling, Anne Fay, Philip A. Hagenah, Nicole Kleinhesselink, Andrew R. Mitchell, Rachel Moore, Joslin L. Nogueira, Carla Peri, Pablo Luis Roscher, Christiane Smith, Melinda D. Wragg, Peter D. Risch, Anita C. Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Australia Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal Montréal Canada Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul USA Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research Birmensdorf Switzerland School of Natural Sciences Zoology Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Edgewater USA Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Canada CSIRO Land and Water Floreat Australia Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany Department of Physiological Diversity Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany Department of Ecology Environment and Evolution La Trobe University Melbourne Australia Institute of Biology Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany Ecology and Biodiversity Group Department of Biology Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany Department of Biology Duke University Durham USA Department of Wildland Resources/Ecology Center Utah State University Logan USA Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto Canada School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle USA Department of Ecology Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames USA School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Michael Smith Building The University of Manchester Manchester UK Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins USA Centre for Applied Ecology (CEABN-InBIO) School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal Forest Research Centre School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal Division of Biological Sciences University of California San Dieg

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain the CO2 fertilization of global plant biomass (vol 21, pg 561, 2020)

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NATURE CLIMATE CHANGE 2020年第7期10卷 696-697页

作者： Terrer, Cesar Jackson, Robert B. Prentice, I. Colin Keenan, Trevor F. Kaiser, Christina Vicca, Sara Fisher, Joshua B. Reich, Peter B. Stocker, Benjamin D. Hungate, Bruce A. Penuelas, Josep McCallum, Ian Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. Cernusak, Lucas A. Talhelm, Alan F. Van Sundert, Kevin Piao, Shilong Newton, Paul C. D. Hovenden, Mark J. Blumenthal, Dana M. Liu, Yi Y. Mueller, Christoph Winter, Klaus Field, Christopher B. Viechtbauer, Wolfgang Van Lissa, Caspar J. Hoosbeek, Marcel R. Watanabe, Makoto Koike, Takayoshi Leshyk, Victor O. Polley, H. Wayne Franklin, Oskar Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Stanford USA Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain Ecosystems Services and Management Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy Stanford University Stanford USA AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Silwood Park Campus Ascot UK Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University North Ryde Australia Department of Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management UC Berkeley Berkeley USA Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley USA Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Vienna Austria Evolution and Ecology Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems) Biology Department University of Antwerp Wilrijk Belgium Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena USA Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles USA Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul USA Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith Australia CREAF Cerdanyola del Vallès Spain Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff USA Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff USA CSIC Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-UAB Bellaterra Spain Environmental Biology Department Institute of Environmental Sciences Leiden University Leiden the Netherlands College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Cairns

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

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Application of Message Security Application Using Vigenere Cipher Algorithm Utilizing One Time Pad (OTP) Algorithm as a Key Generator

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2019年第1期1363卷

作者： A M H Pardede Lorena Perbina Br Sitepu Muhammad Zarlis Tulus Akbar Iskandar S Sriadhi Rosida Tiurma Manurung Nurintan Asyiah Siregar Ayu Esteka Sari Sri Yunawati M Mursyidah M Mursalin Nuning Kurniasih Citra Kurniawan Edy Winarno STMIK Kaputama Binjai Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Computer Science Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Mathematics Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan Indonesia Graduate Program in Scientific Psychology Universitas Kristen Maranatha Indonesia Department of Management STIE Labuhanbatu Sumatera Utara Indonesia Department of Management STIE Sakti Alam Kerinci Jambi Indonesia Program Study of Accounting Pasir Pengaraian University Riau Indonesia Departement of Information Technology and Computer Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe Aceh Indonesia Department of Mathematics Education Universitas Malikussaleh Aceh Indonesia Faculty of Communication Sciences Library and Information Science Program Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung Indonesia Department of Electrical Engineering Sekolah Tinggi Teknik Malang Indonesia Faculty of Information Technology Universitas Stikubank Semarang Indonesia

Cryptography is the science and art of maintaining the security of messages when messages are sent from one place to another. One of the ways securing the form of text message information is by the encryption process using the Vigenere Cipher algorithm and utilizing the One Time Pad (OTP) algorithm as a key generator, where the message will be random when it is opened. The message encryption process used the vigenere cipher algorithm while OTP is used to secure the key with the same formula. After this research has been done, an application was designed to secure text messages by converting the text message into a random message so that the message was unreadable due to a secret message that could not be known by others. The results achieved can secure an encrypted message that cannot be reopened and if those messages were reopened, they must be decrypted.

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Overview of KAGRA : Data transfer and management

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Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 2023年第10期2023卷

作者： Akutsu, T Ando, M Arai, K Arai, Y Araki, S Araya, A Aritomi, N Asada, H Aso, Y Bae, S Bae, Y Baiotti, L Bajpai, R Barton, M A Cannon, K Cao, Z Capocasa, E Chan, M Chen, C Chen, K Chen, Y Chiang, C-Y Chu, H Chu, Y-K Eguchi, S Enomoto, Y Flaminio, R Fujii, Y Fujikawa, Y Fukunaga, M Fukushima, M Gao, D Ge, G Ha, S Hagiwara, A Haino, S Han, W-B Hasegawa, K Hattori, K Hayakawa, H Hayama, K Himemoto, Y Hiranuma, Y Hirata, N Hirose, E Hong, Z Hsieh, B Huang, G-Z Huang, H-Y Huang, P Huang, Y-C Huang, Y Hui, D C Y Ide, S Ikenoue, B Imam, S Inayoshi, K Inoue, Y Ioka, K Ito, K Itoh, Y Izumi, K Jeon, C Jin, H-B Jung, K Jung, P Kaihotsu, K Kajita, T Kakizaki, M Kamiizumi, M Kanda, N Kang, G Kawaguchi, K Kawai, N Kawasaki, T Kim, C Kim, J Kim, J C Kim, W S Kim, Y-M Kimura, N Kita, N Kitazawa, H Kobayashi, Y Kojima, Y Kokeyama, K Komori, K Kong, A K H Kotake, K Kozakai, C Kozu, R Kumar, R Kume, J Kuo, C Kuo, H-S Kuromiya, Y Kuroyanagi, S Kusayanagi, K Kwak, K Lee, H K Lee, H W Lee, R Leonardi, M Li, K L Lin, L C-C Lin, C-Y Lin, F-K Lin, F-L Lin, H L Liu, G C Luo, L-W Majorana, E Marchio, M Michimura, Y Mio, N Miyakawa, O Miyamoto, A Miyazaki, Y Miyo, K Miyoki, S Mori, Y Morisaki, S Moriwaki, Y Nagano, K Nagano, S Nakamura, K Nakano, H Nakano, M Nakashima, R Nakayama, Y Narikawa, T Naticchioni, L Negishi, R Quynh, L Nguyen Ni, W-T Nishizawa, A Nozaki, S Obuchi, Y Ogaki, W Oh, J J Oh, K Oh, S H Ohashi, M Ohashi, T Ohishi, N Ohkawa, M Ohta, H Okutani, Y Okutomi, K Oohara, K Ooi, C Oshino, S Otabe, S Pan, K Pang, H Parisi, A Park, J Arellano, F E Peña Pinto, I Sago, N Saito, S Saito, Y Sakai, K Sakai, Y Sakuno, Y Sasaki, Y Sato, S Sato, T Sawada, T Sekiguchi, T Sekiguchi, Y Shao, L Shibagaki, S Shimizu, R Shimoda, T Shimode, K Shinkai, H Shishido, T Shoda, A Somiya, K Son, E J Sotani, H Sugimoto, R Suresh, J Suzuki, T Tagoshi, H Takahashi, H Takahashi, R Takamori, A Takano, S Takeda, H Takeda, M Tanaka, H Tanaka, K Tanaka, T Tanioka, S Martin, E N Tapia San Telada, S Tomaru, T Tomigami, Y Tomura, T Travasso, F Trozzo, L Tsang, T Ts Gravitational Wave Science Project National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka City Tokyo 181-8588 Japan Advanced Technology Center National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka City Tokyo 181-8588 Japan Department of Physics The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan Research Center for the Early Universe (RESCEU) The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) KAGRA Observatory The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha Kashiwa City Chiba 277-8582 Japan Accelerator Laboratory High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) 1-1 Oho Tsukuba City Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan Earthquake Research Institute The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0032 Japan Department of Mathematics and Physics Hirosaki University 3 Bunkyo-cho Hirosaki City Aomori 036-8561 Japan Kamioka Branch National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) 238 Higashi-Mozumi Kamioka-cho Hida City Gifu 506-1205 Japan The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka City Tokyo 181-8588 Japan Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) 245 Daehak-ro Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea National Institute for Mathematical Sciences 70 Yuseong-daero 1689 Beon-gil Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34047 Korea International College Osaka University 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho Toyonaka City Osaka 560-0043 Japan School of High Energy Accelerator Science The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) 1-1 Oho Tsukuba City Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University No. 19 Xinjiekou Street Beijing 100875 China Department of Applied Physics Fukuoka University 8-19-1 Nanakuma Jonan Fukuoka City Fukuoka 814-0180 Japan Department of Physics Tamkang University No. 151 Yingzhuan Rd. Danshui Dist. New Taipei City 25137 Taiwan Department of Physics and Institute of Astronomy Nation

KAGRA is a newly built gravitational wave observatory, a laser interferometer with a 3 km arm length, located in Kamioka, Gifu prefecture, Japan. In this article, we describe the KAGRA data management system, i.e., recording of data, transfer from the KAGRA experiment site to computing resources, as well as data distribution to tier sites, including international sites in Taiwan and Korea. The amount of KAGRA data exceeded 1.0 PiB and increased by about 1.5 TB per day during operation in 2020. Our system has succeeded in data management, and has achieved performance that can withstand observations after 2023, that is, a transfer rate of 20 MB s-1or more and file storage of sufficient capacity for petabyte class. We also discuss the sharing of data between the global gravitational-wave detector network with other experiments, namely LIGO and Virgo. The latency, which consists of calculation of calibrated strain data and transfer time within the global network, is very important from the view of multi-messenger astronomy using gravitational waves. Real-time calbrated data delivered from the KAGRA detector site and other detectors to our computing system arrive with about 4–15 seconds of latency. These latencies are sufficiently short compared to the time taken for gravitational wave event search computations. We also established a high-latency exchange of offline calibrated data that was aggregated with a better accuracy compared with real-time data.

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Cover Feature: Near‐Infrared Bioluminescence Imaging with a through‐Bond Energy Transfer Cassette (ChemBioChem 15/2019)

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ChemBioChem 2019年第15期20卷 1870-1870页

作者： Masahiro Abe Dr. Ryo Nishihara Yuma Ikeda Dr. Takahiro Nakajima Prof. Dr. Moritoshi Sato Dr. Naoko Iwasawa Prof. Dr. Shigeru Nishiyama Prof. Dr. Ramasamy Paulmurugan Prof. Dr. Daniel Citterio Dr. Sung Bae Kim Prof. Dr. Koji Suzuki Department of Applied Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan These authors contributed equally to this work. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tokyo 3-8-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8902 Japan Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford Bio-X Program Stanford University School of Medicine 3155 Porter Dr. Palo Alto CA 94304 USA National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology 16-1 Onogawa Tsukuba 305–8569 Japan

The cover feature picture shows the unique substrate we synthesized that reacts with a bioluminescence reporter (Renilla luciferase) and emits near infrared (NIR) light by binding within the active site of the luciferase. The substrate consists of coelenterazine (CTZ) and Cy5, whose linkage allows characteristic through‐bond energy transfer (TBET) between the two components. The substrate has biocompatibility in biological imaging contexts. This is the first example of achieving NIR‐TBET spectra through a dye‐conjugated CTZ. More information can be found in the communication by S. B. Kim, K. Suzuki, et al. on page 1919 in Issue 15, 2019 (DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900149)

关键词： bioluminescence dyes/pigments energy transfer fluorescence imaging agents

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Land priority determination for paddy field extensification in Subang Regency - Indonesia

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019年第1期335卷

作者： P B K Santoso Widiatmaka S Sabiham Machfud I W Rusastra Natural Resources and Environment Management Program Graduate School Bogor Agricultural University Campus IPB Baranangsiang Bogor 16144 Indonesia Department of Soil Science and Land Resources Faculty of Agriculture Bogor Agricultural University Campus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology Faculty of Agricultural Technology Bogor Agricultural University Campus IPB Darmaga Bogor 16680 Indonesia Center for Socioeconomic and Agricultural Policy Cimanggu Research Campus Tentara Pelajar Street Kav 3 Bogor 16111 Indonesia

Extensification efforts in agriculture to increase paddy production can be done through the selection of land for the development of paddy fields from available land. Every inch of land has different characteristics, which can be used for the selection of land suitable for a use, including for paddy fields. This study aims to delineate available land and set priorities for the development of paddy fields in Subang Regency. The main methodology used is a multicriteria-based land evaluation. The land attribute is weighted using the AHP technique from the assessment of 8 experts. Land availability was obtained from a combination of Weighted Linear Combination method and Geographic Information System. The results of the study found suitable land for paddy field extensification. Prioritization results showed that 76,115 hectares of land had high priority, 7,165 hectares had moderate priority, 55,280 hectares had low priority, and an area of 19,561 hectares is land that is not recommended for use. The land available for extensification of paddy fields from suitable land is 9,885 hectares with a composition of 73.24% (7,240 hectares) high priority, 21.20% (2,096 hectares) moderate priority, 3.36% (530 hectares) low priority, and 0.19% (19 hectares) are not recommended for paddy field extensification.

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Analysis of supply chain risk mitigation integrated with fuzzy logic, house of risk and AHP (Case study at CV. Multiguna)

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2019年第1期2097卷

作者： Ari Andriyas Puji Agus Mansur Imam Djati Widodo 1Post Graduate Program Industrial Management Department Faculty of Industrial Technology Islamic University of Indonesia Jalan Kaliurang KM 145 Umbulmartani Ngemplak Krawitan Umbulmartani Ngemplak Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55584 Indonesia 2Industrial Engineering Department Faculty of Industrial Technology Islamic University of Indonesia Jalan Kaliurang KM 145 Umbulmartani Ngemplak Krawitan Umbulmartani Ngemplak Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55584 Indonesia

Risks are potential to be incurred in the supply chain *** risk management is indispensable for handling therisk. The research was carried out in the CV. Multiguna in Krikilan, Sariharjo, ngaglik, Sleman, Yogyakarta, 55581. In the process of the supply chain at CV. Multiguna had chances onset of ***, it is necessary to identify risks and design mitigation. This research was conducted using fuzzy logic approach, house of risk and AHP. House of risk model consists of two phases. The first phase covers risk identification and risk agents. The calculation of the value of aggregate risk on ARP priority is done by using fuzzy logic approach to measure the severity and occurrence. From the interviews and discussions that resulted in supply chain activity at CV. Multiguna, there are 18 events and 16 identified agent risks and relevant risks. Pareto diagram of the results obtained 5 selected risk agents with ratio of 60:40 in order to focus on risk mitigation actions. After conducting discussions and interviews, it was obtained 10 preventive actions as the input value for house of risk phase 2. The mapping from House of risk phase 2 resulted10 mitigation options, according to the value of ETD (effectiveness to difficulty). Then, the 10 mitigation options are reprocessed using the AHP. AHP is used to determine priorities based on preference of policy’s makers with some criteria. From AHP processing, it was obtained the consistency value as 0.09 and this value was considered valid for CR <0.1. Alternative complement negotiation for supporting the infrastructure was elected as the first priority with a value of 0.160, mitigation alternative treatments was followed by the regular machine maintenance with a value of 0.143 and eight other alternatives are ordered from large to small.

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Inference of pressure ulcer stage and texture on an image training set

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Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis 2016年第3期26卷 558-564页

作者： Guadagnin, R.V. Santana, L.A. Neves, R.S. MSc Program on Information Technology and Knowledge Management Catholic University of Brasília Brasília DF Brazil MSc Program on Sciences for Health at School of Health Sciences Brasília DF Brazil Head of Scientific Starting Program–PIBIC Health Sciences Graduate School Brasília DF Brazil

Health assistance depends essentially on effective information providing for professionals. Presently visual information plays an outstanding role concerning patients’ status without necessity of invading procedures. The diagnosis related to stage and texture in pressure ulcers (PU) is considered as a classification procedure, based on the image colors. As a training set this study captured 18 PU images from nine persons. RGB mean values were adopted as features to characterize the images. Classification used an ID3 similar algorithm. It achieved 83.3% accuracy concerning color and stage, as well as 88.9% concerning color and texture. So the technique was effective for automatic determination of PU stage and PU texture based on its color. © 2016, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd.

关键词： Color

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An effect of tsunami to hotel occupancy: A case of Phuket, Thailand

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019年第1期273卷

作者： J Tang N Leelawat A Suppasri F Imamura School of Management Technoogy Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University 131 Moo 5 Tiwanont Road Bangkadi Pathum Thani 12000 Thailand Department of Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand Disaster and Risk Management Information Systems Research Group Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand Risk and Disaster Management Program Graduate School Chulalongkorn University Phayathai Road Pathumwan Bangkok 10330 Thailand International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University 468-1 Aramaki-Aza Aoba Aoba-ku Sendai 980-0845 Japan

As a popular city for global tourists, more than one third of the Phuket GPP depends on the hotel and restaurant sector. The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami caused a serious physical damage to hotels and a high cancellation of bookings in the post disaster period, which, in turn, led to most THB 3 billion drop of the hotel and restaurant sector income in 2005 in Phuket. In addition, many tourism facilities in Phuket suffered bankruptcy or a slump, because they started their business again immediately after the reconstruction phase, while tourists did not really come back. This paper is an initiative study of our research project to evaluate the effects of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on Hotel Occupancy, with a focus on the speed for the physical reconstruction and tourism market recovery. We collected the physical reconstruction period and the hotel occupancy recovery data of six hotels that located in the Patong Beach of Phuket from 2003 to 2017. Through calculation, the average of damage rate (i.e., unavailability of the rooms in this study) is 55.89%, with an average speed for the physical reconstruction to rebuild the rooms about 6.07% of the overall rooms per month. The quotient of these two values indicates that the reconstruction period is around 9.2 months. However, the average period for reconstruction and tourism recovery is about 20 months. There is an about 11 months' delay between that hotel and resorts have finished the reconstruction and the tourists start to visit Phuket as usual. Therefore, the local government, local tourist authority, and hotel entrepreneurs can consider these findings in order to prepare the recovery plan for tourism industry in the future tsunami.

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