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arXiv 2024年

作者： Netto, Vinicius Cacholas, Caio Daems, Dries Ribeiro, Fabiano Davis, Howard Lenz, Daniel Research Centre for Territory Transports and Environment CITTA Faculty of Engineering FEUP University of Porto 4200-465 Portugal Graduate Programme in Architecture and Urbanism Fluminense Federal University PPGAU UFF Brazil Department of Archaeology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Netherlands Department of Physics Federal University of Lavras UFLA Brazil Department of Architecture University of Oregon in Eugene United States Institute of Architecture Urbanism and Design Federal University of Ceará UFC Brazil

Cities emerged independently across different world regions and historical periods, raising fundamental questions: How did the first urban settlements develop? What social and spatial conditions enabled their emergence? Are these processes universal or context-dependent? Moreover, what distinguishes cities from other human settlements? This paper investigates the drivers behind the creation of cities through a hybrid approach that integrates urban theory, the biological concept of morphospace (the space of all possible configurations), and archaeological evidence. It explores the transition from sedentary hunter-gatherer communities to urban societies, highlighting fundamental forces converging to produce increasingly complex divisions of labour as a central driver of urbanization. Morphogenesis is conceptualized as a trajectory through morphospace, governed by structure-seeking selection processes that balance density, permeability, and information as critical dimensions. The study highlights the non-ergodic nature of urban morphogenesis, where configurations are progressively selected based on their fitness to support the diversifying interactions between mutually dependent agents. The morphospace framework effectively distinguishes between theoretical spatial configurations, non-urban and proto-urban settlements, and contemporary cities. This analysis supports the proposition that cities emerge and evolve as solutions balancing density, permeability, and informational organization, enabling them to support increasingly complex societal functions. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Anthropogenic

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Influence of the Hydraulic Retention Time on the Removal of Emerging Contaminants in an Anoxic-Aerobic Algal-Bacterial Photobioreactor Coupled with Anaerobic Digestion

SSRN

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SSRN 2021年

作者： Ruas, Graziele López-Serna, Rebeca Scarcelli, Priscila Guenka Serejo, Mayara Leite Boncz, Marc Árpàd Muñoz, Raúl Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology School of Industrial Engineering Valladolid University Dr. Mergelina s/n Valladolid47011 Spain Institute of Sustainable Processes Dr. Mergelina s/n Valladolid47011 Spain Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul Faculty of Engineering Architecture and Urbanism and Geography Post-graduate Programme of Environmental Technology MS Campo Grande79070-900 Brazil Campus Aquidauana Aquidauana-MS 79200-000 Brazil Campus Jardim Jardim-MS 79240-000 Brazil

This work evaluated, for the first time, the performance of an integral microalgae-based domestic wastewater treatment system composed of an anoxic reactor and an aerobic photobioreactor (HRAP), coupled with an anaerobic digester for converting the produced algal-bacterial biomass into biogas, with regards to the removal of 16 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs): penicillin G, tetracycline, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, trimethoprim, dexamethasone, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, diclofenac, progesterone, carbamazepine, triclosan and propylparaben. The influence of the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the anoxic-aerobic bioreactors (4 and 2.5 days) and in the anaerobic digester (30 and 10 days) on the fate of these CECs was investigated. The most biodegradable contaminants (removal efficiency > 80% regardless of HRT) were tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, trimethoprim, dexamethasone, ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen and propylparaben (degraded predominantly in the anoxic-aerobic bioreactors), and tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, tylosin, trimethoprim and naproxen (degraded predominantly in the anaerobic reactor). The anoxic-aerobic bioreactors provided removal of at least 48% for all CECs tested. The most recalcitrant contaminants in the anaerobic reactor, which were not removed at any of the HRT tested, were enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, progesterone and propylparaben. © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Antibiotics

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Entropy and hierarchical clustering: Characterising the morphology of the urban fabric in different spatial cultures

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Brigatti, Edgardo Netto, V.M. De Sousa Filho, F.N.M. Cacholas, C. Instituto de Física Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149 Cidade Universitária RJ Rio de Janeiro21941-972 Brazil Graduate Programme in Architecture and Urbanism Universidade Federal Fluminense R. Passo da Pátria 156 RJ Niteroi24210-240 Brazil Instituto de Computação Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 274 Cidade Universitária RJ Rio de Janeiro21941-916 Brazil

In this work, we develop a general method for estimating the Shannon entropy of a bidimensional sequence based on the extrapolation of block entropies. We apply this method to analyse the spatial configurations of cities of different cultures and regions of the world. Findings suggest that this approach can identify similarities between cities, generating accurate results for recognising and classifying different urban morphologies. The hierarchical clustering analysis based on this metric also opens up new questions about the possibility that urban form can embody characteristics related to different cultural identities, historical processes and geographical regions. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Geographical regions

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Human comfort analysis and vibration control of steel-concrete composite floors subjected to human rhythmic activities

Human comfort analysis and vibration control of steel-concre...

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14th International Conference on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing, CC 2013

作者： Gaspar, C.M.R. Santos Da Silva, J.G. Varela, W.D. Costa Neves, L.F. Civil Engineering Post-graduate Programme State University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Structural Engineering Department State University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brazil Civil Engineering Department University of Coimbra Portugal

ISBN: (纸本)9781905088577

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamic behaviour of building steel-concrete composite floors when subjected to human rhythmic activities. The investigated structural model was based on a steel-concrete composite floor spanning 10m by 10m, with a total area of 100m2. This system represents a typical interior floor bay of a commercial building for gym purposes, and designed according to the usual ULS and SLS Eurocode provisions. The peak accelerations found in the present numerical analysis indicated that the investigated floor presented problems related to human comfort. Hence, it was detected that this type of structure can reach high vibration levels that can compromise user comfort. In addition, the use of a tuned mass damper system (TMD) was simulated in order to improve the human comfort. © Civil-Comp Press, 2013.

关键词： Vibration control

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