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Estimating anisotropy parameter by shear wave splitting of crosswell seismic data: a case study on inter-bedded sand-shale layers

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2017年第1期62卷

作者： T Suroso H Laksono W Triyoso A Priyono Graduated Program of Geophysical Engineering Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132 Indonesia Pertamina Upstream Technology Center Medan Merdeka Timur 6 Jakarta 10110 Indonesia Elnusa Geosains Indonesia TB Simatupang Kav 1B Jakarta 12560 Indonesia

This paper describes a method to determine anisotropy parameter by shear wave splitting of crosswell seismic data. The purpose of this work is to present a section of anisotropy to be used in detecting hydrocarbon. Splitted S-waves were detected by picking the traveltimes of S-fast and S-slow on SH and SV components, respectively. Polarization method was done on the 3-C crosswell data using hodogram analysis, so that from these three components we can observe P-, SH- and SV-waves. Tomography of SH- and SV-wave of crosswell seismic were run to produce SH and SV tomograms. Due to the azimuth randomness of the 3-C receivers, an azimuth and inclination correction were implemented on the data, and some preconditioning were applied to enhance the quality of the firstbreaks including deconvolution, bandpass filtering and fx-decon. The traveltimes were picked on SH and SV components, furthermore to be inversed using traveltime tomography algorithm. In this work, a case study was carried out to the seismic data collected on inter-bedded sand-shale layers. The results of this work are SH- and SV-wave tomograms and the anisotropy section. We conclude that this method is effectively presenting an anisotropy section to be used for reservoir recognition.

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HYDROCARBON VAPOR DIFFUSION IN INTACT CORE SLEEVES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1993年第1期13卷 139-150页

作者： OSTENDORF, DW MOYER, EE XIE, YF RAJAN, RV David W. Ostendorf (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Ostendorf is a Registered Professional Engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Ground Water Association. Ellen E. Moyer (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a doctoral candidate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst with an M.S. degree in environmental engineering from that institution. Her research interests include subsurface investigation soil venting bioremediation and analytical modeling of subsurface contamination. She has six years of professional experience managing hazardous waste site investigation and cleanup projects and is a member of the National Ground Water Association and the American Society of Civil Engineers. Yuefeng Xie (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003) is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. His research interests include environmental analyses drinking water treatment and the chemical characterization and removal of disinfection by-products. A graduate with a Ph.D. and an M.S. in environmental engineering and a B.S. in chemistry and chemical engineeering from Tsinghua University Beijing China Xie is a member of the American Water Works Association and the Water Poll

The diffusion of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP) and 2,2,5-trimethylhexane (TMH) vapors out of residually contaminated sandy soil from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) field research site at Traverse City, Michigan, was measured and modeled. The headspace of an intact core sleeve sample was swept with nitrogen gas to simulate the diffusive release of hydrocarbon vapors from residual aviation gasoline in and immediately above the capillary fringe to a soil-venting air flow in the unsaturated zone. The resulting steady-state profile was modeled using existing diffusivity and air porosity estimates in a balance of diffusive flux and a first order source term. The source strength, which was calibrated with the observed flux of 2,2,4-TMP leaving the sleeve, varied with the residual gasoline remaining in the core, but was independent of the headspace sweep flow rate. This finding suggested that lower soil-venting air flow rates were in principle as effective as higher air flow rates in venting LNAPL vapors from contaminated soils. The saturated vapor concentration ratio of 2,2,4-TMP to 2,2,5-TMH decreased from 6.6 to 3.5 over the duration of the experiments in an expression of distillation effects. The vertical profile model was tested against sample port data in four separate experiments for both species, yielding mean errors ranging from 0 to -24 percent in magnitude.

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MONITORING WELL COMPLETION EVALUATION WITH BOREHOLE geophysical DENSITY LOGGING

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第1期11卷 103-111页

作者： YEARSLEY, EN CROWDER, RE IRONS, LA Elliot N. Yearsley is a geological engineer and log analyst for Colog Inc. (Borehole Geophysical Services 1019 Eighth St. Golden CO 80401). He received his B.Sc. in geological engineering from the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) in 1981 later returning to CSM to earn a M.Sc. in engineering mechanics in 1989. Between degrees Yearsley was employed as a geological engineer for Tenneco Oil Co. where he pioneered the use of measurement while drilling (MWD) formation evaluation. He is currently working on new borehole geophysical techniques applied to geotechnical and hydrogeological investigations including monitoring well completion evaluation and full waveform acoustic analysis applied to permeability determinations. Robert E. Crowder is president of Colog Inc. (Borehole Geophysical Services 1019 Eighth St. Golden CO 80401) and has 12 years of diversified experience in borehole geophysical applications including environmental geotechnical and mineral investigations. Prior to forming Colog he was operations manager for Colorado Well Logging for eight years. He has taught numerous courses for client groups in borehole geophysical logging and log interpretation both domestic and international. He received his degree in engineering geophysics from Colorado School of Mines in 1978. Larry A. Irons is a senior associate geophysicist at Ebasco Environmental Services (143 Union Blvd. Ste. 1010 Lakewood CO 80228). He graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1977 with a B.Sc. in geology. During 1977–79 he conducted research for the Antarctic Research Program of the University of Nebraska earning an M.Sc. in geology with a mathematics minor. During 1979–86 Irons worked as an exploration geophysicist for several major oil companies. He is currently conducting remedial investigations of hazardous waste sites using borehole magnetic gravity electromagnetic and seismic geophysical methods.

Grout continuity and the location of the bentonite seal and sand pack in PVC-cased monitoring wells can be evaluated with cased-hole geophysical density logs. This method relies upon density contrasts among various completion conditions and annular materials. Notably, the lack of annular material behind pipe (i.e., void space) creates a low-density zone that is readily detected by borehole density measurements. Acoustic cement bond logging has typically been applied to the evaluation of cement in the annular space of completed oil and gas production wells, and in some cases to ground water monitoring wells. These logs, however, can only be obtained in the fluid-filled portion of the borehole, and their interpretation is severely hindered by the presence of the micro-annulus between casing and cement. The influence of the micro-annulus on cement bond logs can be mitigated in steel-cased wells by pressurizing the wellbore during acquisition of the log, but this procedure is not feasible in PVC-cased monitoring wells. The micro-annulus does not affect cased-hole density logs or their interpretation. Empirical measurements made in the laboratory with density probes provide information on their depths of investigation and response to specific completion conditions. These empirical data, and general knowledge of the density of annular completion materials (sand, bentonite, cement), are used to support interpretations of cased-hole density logs acquired in the field. Three field examples demonstrate the applicability of geophysical density logs to the evaluation of PVC-cased monitoring well completions.

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FIELD SAMPLING OF RESIDUAL AVIATION GASOLINE IN SANDY SOIL

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第2期11卷 107-120页

作者： OSTENDORF, DW LEACH, LE HINLEIN, ES XIE, YF David W. Ostendorf is an associate professor in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include unconfined aquifer contamination hazardous waste site remediation and analytical modeling of problems in environmental fluid mechanics. Dr. Ostendorf is a registered professional engineer in Massachusetts and a member of the American Geophysical Union American Society of Civil Engineers Soil Science Society of America Water Pollution Control Federation and Association of Environmental Engineering Professors as well as the National Water Well Association. Lowell E. Leach is an environmental engineer with the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (RS Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory U.S. EPA P.O. Box 1198 Ada OK74820). Leach received his B.S. ingeological engineering at the University of Oklahoma in 1959 and has been a registered professional engineer in Oklahoma since 1966. With 29 years of experience in field applications of geological engineering he is responsible for developing methodology for sampling ground water and subsurface materials for the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory. Erich S. Hinlein is a research assistant in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Massachusetts (Civil Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003). His research interests include ground water pollution hazardous waste site investigation and transport processes in unconfined aquifers. Hinlein graduated with a B.S. in electrical and computer engineering from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst in May 1985 and entered the Environmental Engineering Master's Degree Program in January 1989. Yuefeng Xie is a postdoctoral research associate in the Environmental Engineering Program of the Civil Engine

Two complementary field sampling methods for the determination of residual aviation gasoline content in the contaminated capillary fringe of a fine, uniform, sandy soil were investigated. The first method featured field extrusion of core barrels into pint-size Mason jars, while the second consisted of laboratory partitioning of intact stainless steel core sleeves. The barrel extrusion procedure involved jar headspace sampling in a nitrogen-filled glove box, which delineated the 0.7m thick residually contaminated interval for subsequent core sleeve withdrawal from adjacent boreholes. Soil samples removed from the Mason jars (in the field) and sleeve segments (in the laboratory) were subjected to methylene chloride extraction and gas chromatographic analysis to compare their aviation gasoline content. The barrel extrusion sampling method yielded a vertical profile with 0.10m resolution over an essentially continuous 5.0m interval from the ground surface to the water table. The sleeve segment alternative yielded a more resolved 0.03m vertical profile over a shorter 0.8m interval through the capillary fringe. The two methods delivered precise estimates of the vertically integrated mass of aviation gasoline at a given horizontal location, and a consistent view of the vertical profile as well. In the latter regard, a 0.2m thick lens of maximum contamination was found in the center of the capillary fringe, where moisture filled all voids smaller than the mean pore size. The maximum peak was resolved by the core sleeve data, but was partially obscured by the barrel extrusion observations, so that replicate barrels or a half-pint Mason jar size should be considered for data supporting vertical transport analyses in the absence of sleeve partitions.

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