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Study on the influence of lead ions on soil fissure development and intelligent prediction model under dry–wet cycle conditions

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Environmental Earth Sciences 2025年第9期84卷 1-25页

作者： Li, Jiaming Tang, Beichang Zhang, Yan Chen, Hongbin Wang, Yan Guangxi Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Guilin University of Technology Guilin541004 China Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials and Construction Industrialization Guilin University of Technology Guilin541004 China Shenzhen Investigation and Research Institute Co Ltd Shenzhen518000 China

This study investigates the fissure development law of soil contaminated with varying degrees of lead ions under the influence of dry–wet cycles. The effects of different lead ion concentrations on the development of fissures in silty clay, red clay, and expansive soil were systematically investigated through dry–wet cycle tests, and parameters such as fissure area and fractal dimension were precisely quantified and analyzed using image processing techniques. The study’s results indicate that the presence of lead ions significantly promotes the development of fissure areas in three soils. Based on this, four fractal dimension prediction models, namely, bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and regression by relevance vector machine (RVM), are constructed, among which the RVM model exhibits optimal performance. To further improve the prediction accuracy, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) are introduced to optimize the model parameters, and it is found that the SSA- RVM model performs the best, and its mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) metrics are reduced by 3.55%, 6.98%, and 16.79% compared with that of the RVM model, respectively. This study supports the optimization of ecological remediation techniques for contaminated soils and the risk assessment of heavy metal-contaminated sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Fractal dimension

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Fracture behavior of sandstone with partial filling flaw under mixed-mode loading: Three-point bending tests and discrete element method

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and geotechnical engineering 2025年第1期17卷 291-308页

作者： Dongdong Ma Yu Wu Xiao Ma Xunjian Hu Wenbao Dong Decheng Li Lingyu Li State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou221116China State Key Laboratory of Structural Health and Safety of Bridges Wuhan430034China Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China

The fracture behavior of natural fracture in the geological reservoir subjected to filling property,affects the crack initiation and propagation under stress *** filling flaws were intermediate between open fractures and filled fractures,the fracture response may be worth *** this work,the effect of the filling property of sandstone with partial filling flaws on the fracture behavior was systematically investigated based on three-point bending tests and the numerical approach of discrete element method(DEM).In the laboratory,semi-circular three-point bending tests were carried out with partial filling flaws of various filling *** on this,numerical simulations were used to further investigate the effect of the filling ratio and the inclination of the partial filling flaw on the mechanical and fracture responses,and the effect of the partial filling flaw under mixed-mode loading on the fracture mechanism was elucidated coupled with acoustic emission(AE)*** obtained results showed that the increase in filling strength and filling ratio of partial filling flaw led to an increase in peak strength,with a decreasing trend in peak strength with the inclination of partial filling *** terms of crack propagation pattern,the increasing filling strength of the partial filling flaw induced the transformation of the fracture mechanism toward deflection,with a tortuosity path,while the filling ratio and inclination of partial filling flaw led to fracture mechanism change from deflection to penetration and attraction,accompanied with a larger AE event source in ***,the b-value based on the Gutenberg-Richter equation fluctuated between 5 and 4 at low filling ratio and inclination and remained around 5 at high filling ratio and inclination of partial filling *** results may provide an application prospective for reservoir stimulation using the natural fracture system.

关键词： Partial filling flaw Mixed-mode loading Semi-circular three-point bending Acoustic emission(AE) b-value

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A surrogate model for estimating rock stress by a hollow inclusion strain cell in a three-layer medium

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2025年第3期35卷 363-381页

作者： Changkun Qin Wusheng Zhao Weizhong Chen Peiyao Xie Shuai Zhou State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Accurate acquisition of the rock stress is crucial for various rock engineering *** hollow inclusion (HI) technique is widely used for measuring in-situ rock *** technique calculates the stress tensor by measuring strain using an HI strain ***,existing analytical solutions for stress calculation based on an HI strain cell in a double-layer medium are not applicable when an HI strain cell is used in a three-layer medium,leading to erroneous stress *** address this issue,this paper presents a method for calculating stress tensors in a three-layer medium using numerical simulations,specifically by obtaining a constitutive matrix that relates strain measurements to stress tensors in a three-layer ***,using Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) and orthogonal experimental design strategies,764 groups of numerical models encompassing various stress measurement scenarios have been established and calculated using FLAC^(3D)***,a surrogate model based on artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to predict constitutive matrices,achieving a goodness of fit (R^(2)) of 0.999 and a mean squared error (MSE) of 1.254.A software program has been developed from this surrogate model for ease of use in practical engineering *** method’s accuracy was verified through numerical simulations,analytical solution and laboratory experiment,demonstrating its effectiveness in calculating stress in a three-layer *** surrogate model was applied to calculate mining-induced stress in the roadway roof rock of a coal mine,a typical case for stress measurement in a three-layer *** in stress calculations arising from the use of existing analytical solutions were *** study also highlights the significant errors associated with using double-layer analytical solutions in a three-layer medium,which could lead to inappropriate engineering design.

关键词： Stress measurement Over-coring stress relief method Three-layer medium Surrogate model Numerical simulation

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Morphological damage and strength deterioration of red sandstone under freeze-thaw cycles

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and geotechnical engineering 2025年第2期17卷 671-687页

作者： Jincheng Wang Deshan Cui Qiong Chen Juxiang Chen Mingjie Dai Faculty of Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074China State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China

Insight into the growth of internal microstructure and surface morphology is critical for understanding the robustness of red sandstone artifacts in frigid *** freeze–thaw(F-T)cycles can exacerbate the surface deterioration of water-bearing sandstone,a series of investigation on fresh and weathered water-bearing sandstone samples with different F-T cycle numbers(i.e.0–100)is performed in this study,including three-dimensional(3D)laser scanning,scanning electron microscope(SEM)and computed tomography(CT)scanning tests,thermal property tests,Brazilian tests,and multi-field numerical *** results demonstrate that with increasing F-T cycles,the surface fractal dimension and specific surface area of red sandstone samples increase,and the pore size distribution inside rocks shifts from ultrananopores(10–100 nm)to micro-pores(0.1–100μm)and ultramicropores(100μm+).Spatially,the pores generated by the F-T cycles are more prominent near the surfaces of rock *** simulation indicates that the uneven pore distribution leads to surface *** 100 F-T cycles,the intergranular(IG)cement of the samples cracks,and the IG fractures are widened;eventually,due to the structural integrity weakening,the tensile strength is drastically reduced by over *** thermal properties of the water-saturated sandstone can be improved during the F-T cycles,and a strong coefficient of determination of 0.98 exists between the fractal dimensions of sandstone surface and the tensile *** assessing the mechanical properties of stone artifacts under F-T cycles,the morphological damage of red sandstone should first be investigated when in situ sampling is inappropriate.

关键词： Freezing-thawing cycles Red sandstone Pore structure Surface fractal dimension Computed tomography(CT)reconstruction

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A model LayerDFN for characterizing the inherent anisotropic rocks with large-scale and dense joints

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and geotechnical engineering 2025年第3期17卷 1569-1584页

作者： Gang Han Shuling Huang Chuanqing Zhang Xiuli Ding Yuting Zhang Yang Gao Jun He Key Laboratory of Geotechnical Mechanics and Engineering of the Ministry of Water Resources Changjiang River Scientific Research InstituteWuhan430010China State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing101408China

Large-scale and heavily jointed rocks have inherent planes of anisotropy and secondary structural planes,such as dominant joint sets and random fractures,which result in significant differences in their failure mechanism and deformation behavior compared to other rock *** address this issue,inherent anisotropic rocks with large-scale and dense joints are considered to be composed of the rock matrix,inherent planes of anisotropy,and secondary structural *** a new implicit continuum model called LayerDFN is developed based on the crack tensor and damage tensor theories to characterize the mechanical properties of inherent anisotropic ***,the LayerDFN model is implemented in the FLAC3D software,and a series of numerical results for typical example problems is compared with those obtained from the 3DEC,the analytical solutions,similar classical models,laboratory uniaxial compression tests,and field rigid bearing plate *** results demonstrate that the LayerDFN model can effectively capture the anisotropic mechanical properties of inherent anisotropic rocks,and can quantitatively characterize the damaging effect of the secondary structural ***,the numerical method based on the LayerDFN model provides a comprehensive and reliable approach for describing and analyzing the behavior of inherent anisotropic rocks,which will provide valuable insights for engineering design and decision-making processes.

关键词： Inherent anisotropic rocks Secondary structural planes Constitutive model Crack tensor Damage tensor

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Block-flexure toppling failure of rock slopes using an equivalent deformation compatibility method

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and geotechnical engineering 2025年第2期17卷 845-858页

作者： Yun Zheng Runqing Wang Congxin Chen Wei Zhang State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

Block-flexure toppling constitutes the predominant form of toppling failure in rock *** it has been extensively studied,the current theoretical models are often oversimplified by treating rock layers as rigid bodies that diverge from actual *** proposed Equivalent Deformation Compatibility Method(EDCM)offers a fresh approach to assess the stability of rock slopes prone to block-flexure *** posits that blocky rock layers,with their inability to withstand significant bending and role in merely transferring forces,can be modeled as intact layers with a reduced *** method simplifies the complex issue of analyzing discrete and continuous rock layers to the study of layered soft and hard rock,establishing deformation compatibility equations *** of the EDCM was achieved through numerical models,physical model testing,and application to an actual *** factor of safety(FS)for slopes corresponds with the results from both models and the actual slope,demonstrating the method's applicability for evaluating susceptibility to block-flexure *** applying the EDCM,it is advised to set the elastic modulus reduction coefficient for blocky layers at a value below 0.1.

关键词： Block-flexure toppling Deformation compatibility Theoretical method Numerical model Rock slope

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ALSTNet:Autoencoder fused long-and short-term time-series network for the prediction of tunnel structure

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Deep Underground Science and engineering 2025年第1期4卷 72-82页

作者： Bowen Du Haohan Liang Yuhang Wang Junchen Ye Xuyan Tan Weizhong Chen State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment Beihang UniversityBeijingChina State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhanChina

It is crucial to predict future mechanical behaviors for the prevention of structural *** for underground construction,the structural mechanical behaviors are affected by multiple internal and external factors due to the complex *** that the existing models fail to take into account all the factors and accurate prediction of the multiple time series simultaneously is difficult using these models,this study proposed an improved prediction model through the autoencoder fused long-and short-term time-series network driven by the mass number of monitoring ***,the proposed model was formalized on multiple time series of strain monitoring ***,the discussion analysis with a classical baseline and an ablation experiment was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the prediction *** the results indicate,the proposed model shows obvious superiority in predicting the future mechanical behaviors of *** a case study,the presented model was applied to the Nanjing Dinghuaimen tunnel to predict the stain variation on a different time scale in the future.

关键词： autoencoder deep learning structural health monitoring time-series prediction

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Microstructure evolution in anisotropic tight sandstones under hydrostatic loading and unloading processes

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and geotechnical engineering 2025年第3期17卷 1528-1538页

作者： Xiaying Li Haimeng Shen Qi Li State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan430071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China

Preexisting cracks inside tight sandstones are one of the most important properties for controlling the mechanical and seepage *** the cyclic loading process,the rock generally exhibits obvious memorability and irreversible plastic deformation,even in the linear elastic *** assessment of the evolution of preexisting cracks under hydrostatic pressure loading and unloading processes is helpful in understanding the mechanism of plastic *** this study,ultrasonic measurements were conducted on two tight sandstone specimens with different bedding orientations subjected to hydrostatic loading and unloading *** P-wave velocity was characterized by a similar response with the volumetric strain to the hydrostatic pressure and showed different strain sensitivities at different loading and unloading stages.A numerical model based on the discrete element method(DEM)was proposed to quantitatively clarify the evolution of the crack distribution under different hydrostatic *** numerical model was verified by comparing the evolution of the measured P-wave velocities on two anisotropic *** irreversible plastic deformation that occurred during the hydrostatic unloading stage was mainly due to the permanent closure of plastic-controlled *** closure and reopening of cracks with a small aspect ratio account for the major microstructure evolution during the hydrostatic loading and unloading *** evolution of microcracks is highly dependent on the stress *** anisotropy of the crack distribution plays an important role in the magnitude and strain sensitivity of the P-wave velocity under stress *** study can provide insight into the microstructure evolution during cyclic loading and unloading processes.

关键词： Plastic deformation P-wave velocity Discrete element method(DEM) Cyclic loading and unloading Crack evolution

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Fatigue properties and constitutive model of Jintan salt rock subjected to complex cyclic loading

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2025年第1期35卷 121-133页

作者： Qingchuan He Jianfeng Liu Fei Wu Cunbao Li Jie Chen Renbo Gao Chunfeng Ye Shijie Zhu State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control Chongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065China State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation and Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering College of Civil and Transportation EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China

Salt cavern energy storage technology contributes to energy reserves and renewable energy *** study focuses on salt cavern gas storage in Jintan to assess the long-term stability of its surrounding rock under frequent *** fatigue test results indicate that stress holding significantly reduces fatigue life,with the magnitude of stress level outweighing the duration of holding time in determining peak *** a machine learning approach,the impact of various factors on fatigue life and peak strain was quantified,revealing that higher stress limits and stress holding adversely impact the fatigue index,whereas lower stress limits and rate exhibit a positive effect.A novel fatigue-creep composite damage constitutive model is constructed,which is able to consider stress magnitude,rate,and stress *** model,validated through multi-path tests,accurately captures the elasto-viscous behavior of salt rock during loading,unloading,and stress *** analysis further reveals the time-and stress-dependent behavior of model parameters,clarifying that strain changes stem not only from stress variations but are also influenced by alterations in elasto-viscous *** study provides a new method for the mechanical assessment of salt cavern gas storage surrounding rocks.

关键词： Salt cavern gas storage Cyclic loading Fatigue characteristics Constitutive model

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A modified state parameter for identifying flow liquefaction in aeolian sand

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Geotechnique Letters 2025年第2期15卷 1-9页

作者： Xu, Wendong Li, Xuefeng Zeng, Sheng Tang, Zhenghui Lü, Xilin Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Geotechnical Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering Ningxia University Yinchuan China Department of Civil Engineering University of British Columbia VancouverBC Canada Guangxi Communications Design Group Co. Ltd Guangxi Nanning530029 China

Static liquefaction is when sandy soils lose shear strength and deform rapidly under undrained shearing. This phenomenon has three undrained responses: flow, limited flow, and nonflow (not liquefied). Among them, flow is the most dangerous, marked by complete strength loss and significant deformation. Thus, recognizing flow liquefaction is crucial in interpreting liquefaction behaviors. Aeolian sand which has low fine content, non-cohesion, and poor size distribution, was found to be highly liquefiable, and so was used to explore the liquefaction characteristics via undrained triaxial tests with different initial stresses and void ratios. The experimental results showed an obvious effect of stress on the flow behavior of liquefaction in aeolian sand. A modified state parameter corrected by critical mean effective stress and void ratio was introduced to consider the stress effect. It was proved to identify the flow behavior on aeolian sand successfully, based on the value of the modified state parameter. A state-dependent hardening plasticity model, incorporating the modified state parameter, was introduced. This model effectively simulates undrained triaxial tests on aeolian sand, accurately capturing all behavior types: flow, limited flow, and nonflow responses. © 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited: All rights reserved.

关键词： Soil liquefaction

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