Microdrop technology provides cell separation based on quantitative determination of cell function (e.g., growth, lack of growth, drug susceptibility, secretion of proteins, specific enzyme activity, production of sma...
Microdrop technology provides cell separation based on quantitative determination of cell function (e.g., growth, lack of growth, drug susceptibility, secretion of proteins, specific enzyme activity, production of small metabolites) and/or of cell composition (e.g., surface markers, internal proteins, nucleic acid sequences). Three basic steps are involved: (i) forming microdrops from a cell suspension, which provide manipulable microenvironments for tests on individual cells and microcolonies;(ii) carrying out assays within many microdrops simultaneously;and (iii) isolating microdrops of interest using physical methods such as pipetting (manual) and FACS (automated). Microdrop technology is based on liquid and gel microdrops (e.g., 10 to 300 μm in diameter) and uses fluorescence measurements to rapidly analyze the amount of specific or generic material in each microdrop. Liquid microdrops (LMDs) are aqueous microdrops surrounded by a nonaqueous fluid and can be regarded as microminiaturized microtiter wells, because water-soluble cell products are retained in the LMDs containing the originating cell. Gel microdrops (GMDs) are aqueous microdrops containing a biocompatible matrix and can be used while surrounded either by a nonaqueous fluid ("closed" GMDs) or by an aqueous medium ("open" GMDs). In the latter case, the manipulations needed for individual cell protein secretion immunoassays and growth assays can be readily performed. In the case of clonal growth leading to microcolony formation, GMDs serve as microminaturized petri dishes, because cell progeny are retained next to each other. In fact, for most applications GMDs are preferred because of their greater robustness and flexibility. Important attributes are: (i) GMDs are physically manipulable and can be handled much like cells (e.g., suspended, pipetted, centrifuged), and (ii) GMDs rapidly exchange molecules with the external medium by diffusion, which allows rapid changes in the exposure of individual cell
We describe a method of using flow cytometry for determining the distribution of electroporation effects within a statistically significant cell population. Here we illustrate basic aspects of the method by investigat...
The thermal limitations inherent with the use of invasive thermistor probes in the measurement of thermal properties of biomaterials have been investigated. An electronic temperature controller has been developed whic...
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We describe a system of three artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained to detect ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) in the AHA database. Two ANNs were trained for each record, using a learning set containing five norma...
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A theory of equilibrium states of a biomembrane with particles in its channels that takes into account "bilateral" channel-particle interactions has been developed within a thermodynamic scheme. The aim of t...
A theory of equilibrium states of a biomembrane with particles in its channels that takes into account "bilateral" channel-particle interactions has been developed within a thermodynamic scheme. The aim of the proposed theory is to explain the existence of the multiple steady states which have long been observed experimentally. The existence of such states is postulated in the majority of the current theories which kinetically describe transitions between such states. The governing equations have been derived from basic physics under the requirement that the conformation of the channel changes to minimize the system's free energy which includes the elastic conformation energy together with the electrostatic interaction between the (hydrated) ion and the channel. It has been shown that in certain regions of a control parameter such minimization can give rise to bifurcation of the equilibrium state, i.e. to the coexistence of at least two equilibrium states. The value of the control parameter can be changed by an external action (gating), which can be either mechanical, or electrical, or even thermal.
The MADIT-II study (Moss et al., N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-883) demonstrated that implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) reduced mortality from 19.8% to 14.2% during 20 months of follow-up in patients with...
The MADIT-II study (Moss et al., N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-883) demonstrated that implantation of a cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) reduced mortality from 19.8% to 14.2% during 20 months of follow-up in patients with prior myocardial infarction and left ventricular ejection fraction
The efficacy of molecularly targeted therapies may be limited by co-occurring mutations within a tumor. Conversely, these alterations may confer collateral vulnerabilities that can be therapeutically leveraged. KRAS-m...
Increased protein synthesis is necessary for the transition of cells from quiescence to proliferation. It is shown in this paper that the induction of expression of the translation initiation factor eIF-4E in normal c...
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Increased protein synthesis is necessary for the transition of cells from quiescence to proliferation. It is shown in this paper that the induction of expression of the translation initiation factor eIF-4E in normal cells requires serum growth factors, while this requirement is abrogated in tumor cells analyzed in this study. Further, the expression of eIF-4E and eIF-2 alpha is increased in c-myc, v-src, and v-abl-transformed cells. It is demonstrated that an increase in c-myc function leads to elevated expression of eIF-4E and eIF-2 alpha, increases in net protein synthesis and cell proliferation. It mag be suggested that constitutive activation of translational machinery may be one common mechanism by which various oncogenes exert their transforming function.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent chronic illness with many different options for treatment management. Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) offer physiological data that clinicians can access when making treatment de...
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