作者：
Robin LampertDavid HamiltonElliot SolowayYale University
Department of Computer Science Cognition and Programming Project P. O. Box 2158 Yale Station New Haven CT 06520 IBM
Systems Integration Division 3700 Bay Area Blvd. Houston TX 77058 U.S.A.
In an effort to learn more about how testers test code, we observed several testers while they designed tests to check a change which had been made to code. Using a case study methodology, we gathered empirical data f...
In an effort to learn more about how testers test code, we observed several testers while they designed tests to check a change which had been made to code. Using a case study methodology, we gathered empirical data from the ‘real world’—professional testers, and actual software products. We found that testers do share some common work patterns. These patterns can be seen in their information gathering, their use of heuristics and their construction of mental models. This work is extremely knowledge intensive, experience appears to have a useful effect. In this paper we will discuss how we collected and analysed our data. Then we will present some of our observations about how the testers gathered information, used heuristics, formed mental models and were affected by their previous experience in the course of designing their test scenarios. Based on these observations we comment on training and tools for testers.
A major limitation of the transmission-line matrix (TLM) method used to solve Maxwell's equations is the long computation time required. The TLM scattering calculations involved can, however, be viewed as parallel...
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A major limitation of the transmission-line matrix (TLM) method used to solve Maxwell's equations is the long computation time required. The TLM scattering calculations involved can, however, be viewed as parallel in nature. This paper describes an effort to reduce computational time by using an SIMD, DAP multiprocessor computer employed to solve a two-dimensional TLM electromagnetic field formulation. A parallel algorithm based on the TLM scattering algorithm is designed and implemented using FORTRAN-PLUS Enhanced on an AMT DAP 510 machine. Here the connectivity of the DAP is exploited to simulate the intrinsic scattering behaviour on which the TLM algorithm relies. The results show that parallel processing on an SIMD machine such as the DAP is advantageous, especially for higher-order mesh sizes.
作者：
KING, JFBARTON, DEJ. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston
Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston
Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr
A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several know...
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A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.
This paper reports the results of an empirical analysis of the knowledge engineering behavior of six persons with extensive experience in artificial intelligence (AI). The six persons were given the task of designing ...
In this paper, we investigate whether or not most novice programming bugs arise because students have misconceptions about the semantics of particular language constructs. Three high frequency bugs are examined in det...
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A significant portion of tutorial interactions revolve around the bugs a student makes. When a tutor performs an intervention to help a student fix a programming bug, the problem of deciding which intervention to perf...
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Concepts and ideas are presented that should characterize an advanced Ada programming support environment. These concepts include: 1. conceptual simplicity, 2. tight coupling of tools, and 3. effective support of host...
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Concepts and ideas are presented that should characterize an advanced Ada programming support environment. These concepts include: 1. conceptual simplicity, 2. tight coupling of tools, and 3. effective support of host-target software development. Several important principles - including template-assisted Ada editing, command completion employing Ada as a command language, and combining the advantages of interpretation and compilation - have been demonstrated in the Arcturus system. Of particular concern is the expansion of Arcturus to support the analysis, testing, and debugging of real-time tasking programs. A strategy is proposed for applying the individual standalone techniques developed to facilitate those activities in an integrated manner, making them even more valuable as they are mutually reinforcing and complementary in vital ways. The strategy provides a disciplined approach to the problem of analyzing errors disclosed during real-time target machine testing.
In this paper we propose one explanation of why some novice programs are buggier than others. Central to our explanation is the notion of merged goals/plans in which multiple goals are achieved in a single integrated ...
ISBN:
(纸本)9780897911498
In this paper we propose one explanation of why some novice programs are buggier than others. Central to our explanation is the notion of merged goals/plans in which multiple goals are achieved in a single integrated plan. Our arguments are based on our theory of the knowledge — plans and goals — used by a novice in creating a program, and an analysis of actual buggy novice programs.
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