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QU-BraTS: MICCAI BraTS 2020 Challenge on Quantifying Uncertainty in Brain Tumor Segmentation - Analysis of Ranking Scores and Benchmarking Results

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Mehta, Raghav Filos, Angelos Baid, Ujjwal Sako, Chiharu McKinley, Richard Rebsamen, Michael Dätwyler, Katrin Meier, Raphael Radojewski, Piotr Murugesan, Gowtham Krishnan Nalawade, Sahil Ganesh, Chandan Wagner, Ben Yu, Fang F. Fei, Baowei Madhuranthakam, Ananth J. Maldjian, Joseph A. Daza, Laura Gómez, Catalina Arbeláez, Pablo Dai, Chengliang Wang, Shuo Reynaud, Hadrien Mo, Yuanhan Angelini, Elsa Guo, Yike Bai, Wenjia Banerjee, Subhashis Pei, Linmin Murat, A.K. Rosas-González, Sarahi Zemmoura, Ilyess Tauber, Clovis Vu, Minh H. Nyholm, Tufve Löfstedt, Tommy Ballestar, Laura Mora Vilaplana, Veronica McHugh, Hugh Talou, Gonzalo Maso Wang, Alan Patel, Jay Chang, Ken Hoebel, Katharina Gidwani, Mishka Arun, Nishanth Gupta, Sharut Aggarwal, Mehak Singh, Praveer Gerstner, Elizabeth R. Kalpathy-Cramer, Jayashree Boutry, Nicolas Huard, Alexis Vidyaratne, Lasitha Rahman, Md Monibor Iftekharuddin, Khan M. Chazalon, Joseph Puybareau, Elodie Tochon, Guillaume Ma, Jun Cabezas, Mariano Llado, Xavier Oliver, Arnau Valencia, Liliana Valverde, Sergi Amian, Mehdi Soltaninejad, Mohammadreza Myronenko, Andriy Hatamizadeh, Ali Feng, Xue Dou, Quan Tustison, Nicholas Meyer, Craig Shah, Nisarg A. Talbar, Sanjay Weber, Marc-André Mahajan, Abhishek Jakab, Andras Wiest, Roland Fathallah-Shaykh, Hassan M. Nazeri, Arash Milchenko, Mikhail Marcus, Daniel Kotrotsou, Aikaterini Colen, Rivka Freymann, John Kirby, Justin Davatzikos, Christos Menze, Bjoern Bakas, Spyridon Gal, Yarin Arbel, Tal McGill University MontrealQC Canada Group University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Radiology Perelman School of Medicine The University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology University of Bern Inselspital Bern University Hospital Bern Switzerland Department of Radiology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center DallasTX United States Department of Bioengineering University of Texas DallasTX United States Advanced Imaging Research Center University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center DallasTX United States Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia Data Science Institute Imperial College London London United Kingdom NIHR Imperial BRC ITMAT Data Science Group Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Brain Sciences Imperial College London London United Kingdom Machine Intelligence Unit Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata India Department of CSE University of Calcutta Kolkata India Department of Information Technology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden Department of Diagnostic Radiology The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center PittsburghPA United States UMR U1253 iBrain Université de Tours Inserm Tours France Department of Radiation Sciences Umeå University Umeå Sweden Department of Computing Science Umeå University Umeå Sweden Signal Theory and Communications Department Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona Tech Barcelona Spain Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand Radiology Department Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand Auckland Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland New Zealand Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Department of Radiology

Deep learning (DL) models have provided state-of-the-art performance in various medical imaging benchmarking challenges, including the Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) challenges. However, the task of focal pathology multi-compartment segmentation (e.g., tumor and lesion sub-regions) is particularly challenging, and potential errors hinder translating DL models into clinical workflows. Quantifying the reliability of DL model predictions in the form of uncertainties could enable clinical review of the most uncertain regions, thereby building trust and paving the way toward clinical translation. Several uncertainty estimation methods have recently been introduced for DL medical image segmentation tasks. Developing scores to evaluate and compare the performance of uncertainty measures will assist the end-user in making more informed decisions. In this study, we explore and evaluate a score developed during the BraTS 2019 and BraTS 2020 task on uncertainty quantification (QU-BraTS) and designed to assess and rank uncertainty estimates for brain tumor multi-compartment segmentation. This score (1) rewards uncertainty estimates that produce high confidence in correct assertions and those that assign low confidence levels at incorrect assertions, and (2) penalizes uncertainty measures that lead to a higher percentage of under-confident correct assertions. We further benchmark the segmentation uncertainties generated by 14 independent participating teams of QU-BraTS 2020, all of which also participated in the main BraTS segmentation task. Overall, our findings confirm the importance and complementary value that uncertainty estimates provide to segmentation algorithms, highlighting the need for uncertainty quantification in medical image analyses. Finally, in favor of transparency and reproducibility, our evaluation code is made publicly available at https://***/RagMeh11/QU-BraTS. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Publisher Correction: Extreme risk induced by communities in interdependent networks

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Communications Physics 2019年第1期2卷 1页

作者： Jiachen Sun Rui Zhang Ling Feng Christopher Monterola Xiao Ma Céline Rozenblat H. Eugene Stanley Boris Podobnik Yanqing Hu School of Electronics and Information Technology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China Institute for Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago USA Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore Singapore Department of Physics National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore Asian Institute of Management Metro Manila Philippines School of Data and Computer Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China Institute of Geography University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Department of Physics Boston University Boston USA Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia Faculty of Information Studies Novo Mesto Slovenia Zagreb School of Economics and Management Zagreb Croatia Luxembourg School of Business Luxembourg Luxembourg

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Optimization of laser-driven quantum beam generation and the applications with artificial intelligence

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Physics of Plasmas 2024年第5期31卷

作者： Kuramitsu, Y. Taguchi, T. Nikaido, F. Minami, T. Hihara, T. Suzuki, S. Oda, K. Kuramoto, K. Yasui, T. Abe, Y. Ibano, K. Takabe, H. Chu, C.M. Wu, K.T. Woon, W.Y. Chen, S.H. Jao, C.S. Chen, Y.C. Liu, Y.L. Morace, A. Yogo, A. Arikawa, Y. Kohri, H. Tokiyasu, A. Kodaira, S. Kusumoto, T. Kanasaki, M. Asai, T. Fukuda, Y. Kondo, K. Kiriyama, H. Hayakawa, T. Tanaka, S.J. Isayama, S. Watamura, N. Suzuki, H. Kumar, H.S. Ohnishi, N. Pikuz, T. Filippov, E. Sakai, K. Yasuhara, R. Nakata, M. Ishikawa, R. Hoshi, T. Mizuta, A. Bolouki, N. Saura, N. Benkadda, S. Koenig, M. Hamaguchi, S. Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Osaka Suita565-0871 Japan Institute of Laser Engineering Osaka University 2-6 Yamadaoka Osaka Suita565-0871 Japan 8-1-7 Umemidai Kyoto Kizugawa619-0215 Japan Department of Physics National Central University No. 300 Jhongda Rd. Taoyuan Jhongli320 Taiwan Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan701 Taiwan National Center for High-Performance Computing National Applied Research Laboratories Tainan City711010 Taiwan Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences National Cheng Kung University Tainan701 Taiwan Research Center for Nuclear Physics Osaka University 10-1 Mihogaoka Osaka Ibaraki567-0047 Japan Research Center for Accelerator and Radioisotope Science Tohoku University 1-2-1 Mikamine Taihaku-ku Miyagi Sendai982-0826 Japan Inage Chiba263-8555 Japan Graduate School of Maritime Sciences Kobe University Kobe658-0022 Japan Department of Physical Sciences Aoyama Gakuin University 5-10-1 Fuchinobe Kanagawa Sagamihara252-5258 Japan Department of Advanced Environmental Science and Engineering Kyushu University 6-1 Kasuga-Kohen Fukuoka Kasuga816-8580 Japan Graduate School of Information Science and Technology Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Suita565-0871 Japan Department of Aerospace Engineering Tohoku University 6-6-01 Aramakiazaaoba Aoba-ku Sendai980-8579 Japan Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives Osaka University 2-1 Yamadaoka Osaka Suita565-0871 Japan Villamayor Salamanca37185 Spain National Institute for Fusion Science 322-6 Oroshicho Gifu Toki509-5292 Japan Faculty of Arts and Sciences Komazawa University 1-23-1 Komazawa Setagaya-ku Tokyo154-8525 Japan Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory RIKEN Saitama Wako351-0198 Japan Department of Plasma Physics and Technology Faculty of Science Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 Brno611 37 Czech Republic Aix-Marseille Université CNRS PIIM UMR 7345 Marseille France LULI CN

We have investigated space and astrophysical phenomena in nonrelativistic laboratory plasmas with long high-power lasers, such as collisionless shocks and magnetic reconnections, and have been exploring relativistic regimes with intense short pulse lasers, such as energetic ion acceleration using large-area suspended graphene. Increasing the intensity and repetition rate of the intense lasers, we have to handle large amounts of data from the experiments as well as the control parameters of laser beamlines. Artificial intelligence (AI) such as machine learning and neural networks may play essential roles in optimizing the laser and target conditions for efficient laser ion acceleration. Implementing AI into the laser system in mind, as the first step, we are introducing machine learning in ion etch pit analyses detected on plastic nuclear track detectors. Convolutional neural networks allow us to analyze big ion etch pit data with high precision and recall. We introduce one of the applications of laser-driven ion beams using AI to reconstruct vector electric and magnetic fields in laser-produced turbulent plasmas in three dimensions. © 2024 Author(s).

关键词： Ions

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Atroposelective Access to 1,3-Oxazepine-Containing Bridged Biaryls via Carbene-Catalyzed Desymmetrization of Imines

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Angewandte Chemie 2022年第1期135卷

作者： Prof. Dr. Xing Yang Liwen Wei Yuelin Wu Prof. Dr. Liejin Zhou Dr. Xinglong Zhang Prof. Dr. Yonggui Robin Chi Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine (Ministry of Educational of China) Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081 P. R. China Department of Chemistry Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua 321004 P. R. China Institute of High Performance Computing Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore 138632 Singapore Division of Chemistry & Mathematical Science School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University Singapore 637371 Singapore Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering Ministry of Education Guizhou University Huaxi District Guiyang 550025 P. R. China

We disclose herein an atroposelective synthesis of novel bridged biaryls containing medium-sized rings via N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysis. The reaction starts with addition of the carbene catalyst to the aminophenol-derived aldimine substrate. Subsequent oxidation and intramolecular desymmetrization lead to the formation of 1,3-oxazepine-containing bridged biaryls in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities. These novel bridged biaryl products can be readily transformed into chiral phosphite ligands. Preliminary density function theory calculations suggest that the origin of enantioselectivity arises from the more favorable frontier molecular orbital interactions in the transition state leading to the major product.

关键词： Atropisomerism Bridged Biaryls N-Heterocyclic Carbenes Organocatalysis Umpolung

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Music, computing, and Health: A Roadmap for the Current and Future Roles of Music Technology for Health Care and Well-Being

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Music and science 2021年 4卷

作者： Agres, Kat R. Schaefer, Rebecca S. Volk, Anja van Hooren, Susan Holzapfel, Andre Dalla Bella, Simone Müller, Meinard de Witte, Martina Herremans, Dorien Ramirez Melendez, Rafael Neerincx, Mark Ruiz, Sebastian Meredith, David Dimitriadis, Theo Magee, Wendy L. Yong Siew Toh Conservatory of Music National University of Singapore Singapore Social and Cognitive Computing Department Institute of High Performance Computing A*STAR Singapore Institute for Psychology Health Medical Neuropsychology Unit Leiden University Leiden Netherlands Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden University Leiden Netherlands Academy of Creative and Performing Arts Leiden University Leiden Netherlands Department of Information and Computing Sciences Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands Faculty of Health care Department of Arts Therapies Zuyd University of Applied Sciences Heerlen Netherlands KenVaK Research Centre for the Arts Therapies and Psychomotricity Heerlen Netherlands Faculty of Psychology Open University of The Netherlands Heerlen Netherlands Division of Media Technology and Interaction Design KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sound Research (BRAMS) Outremont QC Canada Department of Psychology University of Montreal Montreal QC Canada Centre for Research on Brain Language and Music (CRBLM) Montreal QC Canada University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw Warsaw Poland International Audio Laboratories Erlangen Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany HAN University of Applied Sciences Department of Arts Therapies and Psychological Studies Nijmegen Netherlands University of Amsterdam Research Institute of Child Development and Education Amsterdam Netherlands Treatment Centre for People with Mild Intellectual Disabilities and Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders Gennep Netherlands Information Systems Technology and Design Singapore University of Technology and Design Singapore Music and Machine Learning Lab Music Technology Group Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain Faculty of EEMCS Interactive Intelligence Group Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands Centre for Digital Music School of Electronic Engineerin

The fields of music, health, and technology have seen significant interactions in recent years in developing music technology for health care and well-being. In an effort to strengthen the collaboration between the involved disciplines, the workshop “Music, computing, and Health” was held to discuss best practices and state-of-the-art at the intersection of these areas with researchers from music psychology and neuroscience, music therapy, music information retrieval, music technology, medical technology (medtech), and robotics. Following the discussions at the workshop, this article provides an overview of the different methods of the involved disciplines and their potential contributions to developing music technology for health and well-being. Furthermore, the article summarizes the state of the art in music technology that can be applied in various health scenarios and provides a perspective on challenges and opportunities for developing music technology that (1) supports person-centered care and evidence-based treatments, and (2) contributes to developing standardized, large-scale research on music-based interventions in an interdisciplinary manner. The article provides a resource for those seeking to engage in interdisciplinary research using music-based computational methods to develop technology for health care, and aims to inspire future research directions by evaluating the state of the art with respect to the challenges facing each field. © The Author(s) 2021.

关键词： health care interdisciplinarity MedTech music information retrieval (MIR) music neuroscience Music psychology music technology music therapy well-being

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Euclid preparation LXIX. The impact of relativistic redshift-space distortions on two-point clustering statistics from the Euclid wide spectroscopic survey

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Astronomy and Astrophysics 2025年 697卷

作者： Elkhashab, M.Y. Bertacca, D. Porciani, C. Salvalaggio, J. Aghanim, N. Amara, A. Andreon, S. Auricchio, N. Baccigalupi, C. Baldi, M. Bardelli, S. Bodendorf, C. Bonino, D. Branchini, E. Brescia, M. Brinchmann, J. Camera, S. Capobianco, V. Carbone, C. Cardone, V.F. Carretero, J. Casas, R. Casas, S. Castellano, M. Castignani, G. Cavuoti, S. Cimatti, A. Colodro-Conde, C. Congedo, G. Conselice, C.J. Conversi, L. Copin, Y. Courbin, F. Courtois, H.M. Da Silva, A. Degaudenzi, H. Di Giorgio, A.M. Dinis, J. Douspis, M. Dubath, F. Duncan, C.A.J. Dupac, X. Dusini, S. Farina, M. Farrens, S. Ferriol, S. Fosalba, P. Frailis, M. Franceschi, E. Galeotta, S. Gillis, B. Giocoli, C. Gómez-Alvarez, P. Grazian, A. Grupp, F. Guzzo, L. Haugan, S.V.H. Holmes, W. Hormuth, F. Hornstrup, A. Jahnke, K. Jhabvala, M. Joachimi, B. Keihänen, E. Kermiche, S. Kiessling, A. Kilbinger, M. Kitching, T. Kubik, B. Kuijken, K. Kümmel, M. Kunz, M. Kurki-Suonio, H. Ligori, S. Lilje, P.B. Lindholm, V. Lloro, I. Mainetti, G. Maiorano, E. Mansutti, O. Marggraf, O. Markovic, K. Martinet, N. Marulli, F. Massey, R. Medinaceli, E. Mei, S. Mellier, Y. Meneghetti, M. Meylan, G. Moresco, M. Moscardini, L. Niemi, S.-M. Padilla, C. Paltani, S. Pasian, F. Pedersen, K. Pettorino, V. Pires, S. Polenta, G. Poncet, M. Popa, L.A. Pozzetti, L. Raison, F. Rebolo, R. Renzi, A. Rhodes, J. Riccio, G. Romelli, E. Roncarelli, M. Saglia, R. Sakr, Z. Sánchez, A.G. Sapone, D. Schirmer, M. Schneider, P. Schrabback, T. Scodeggio, M. Secroun, A. Sefusatti, E. Seidel, G. Serrano, S. Sirignano, C. Sirri, G. Stanco, L. Steinwagner, J. Surace, C. Tallada-Crespí, P. Taylor, A.N. Tereno, I. Toledo-Moreo, R. Torradeflot, F. Tutusaus, I. Valenziano, L. Vassallo, T. Verdoes Kleijn, G. Veropalumbo, A. Wang, Y. Weller, J. Zamorani, G. Zucca, E. Biviano, A. Boucaud, A. Bozzo, E. Burigana, C. Calabrese, M. Di Ferdinando, D. Escartin Vigo, J.A. Farinelli, R. Finelli, F. Gracia-Carpio, J. Mauri, N. Pezzotta, A. Pöntinen, M. Scottez, V. Tenti, M. Viel, M. Wiesmann, M. Akrami, Y. Allevato, V. Anselmi, S INFN-Padova Via Marzolo 8 Padova 35131 Italy Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei” Università di Padova Via Marzolo 8 Padova 35131 Italy INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova Via dell’Osservatorio 5 Padova 35122 Italy Universität Bonn Argelander-Institut für Astronomie Auf dem Hügel 71 Bonn 53121 Germany Dipartimento di Fisica – Sezione di Astronomia Università di Trieste Via Tiepolo 11 Trieste 34131 Italy INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste Via G. B. Tiepolo 11 Trieste 34143 Italy IFPU Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe Via Beirut 2 Trieste 34151 Italy INFN Sezione di Trieste Via Valerio 2 TS Trieste 34127 Italy Université Paris-Saclay CNRS Institut d’astrophysique spatiale Orsay 91405 France School of Mathematics and Physics University of Surrey Guild-ford Surrey GU2 7XH United Kingdom INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera Via Brera 28 Milano 20122 Italy INAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna Via Piero Gobetti 93/3 Bologna 40129 Italy SISSA International School for Advanced Studies Via Bonomea 265 TS Trieste 34136 Italy Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Università di Bologna Via Gobetti 93/2 Bologna 40129 Italy INFN-Sezione di Bologna Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 Bologna 40127 Italy Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics Giessenbachstr. 1 Garching 85748 Germany INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino Via Osservatorio 20 (TO) Pino Torinese 10025 Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy INFN-Sezione di Genova Via Dodecaneso 33 Genova 16146 Italy Department of Physics “E. Pancini” University Federico II Via Cinthia 6 Napoli 80126 Italy INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte Via Moiariello 16 Napoli 80131 Italy INFN section of Naples Via Cinthia 6 Napoli 80126 Italy Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço Universidade do Porto CAUP Rua das Estrelas Porto PT4150-762 Portugal Diparti

Measurements of galaxy clustering are affected by redshift-space distortions (RSDs). Peculiar velocities, gravitational lensing, and other light-cone projection effects modify the observed redshifts, fluxes, and sky positions of distant light sources. We determined which of these effects leave a detectable imprint on several two-point clustering statistics to be extracted from the Euclid wide spectroscopic survey (EWSS) on large scales. We generated 140 mock galaxy catalogues with the survey geometry and selection function of the EWSS and made use of the LIGER (LIght cones with GEneral Relativity) method to account for a variable number of relativistic RSDs to linear order in the cosmological perturbations. We estimated different two-point clustering statistics from the mocks and used the likelihood-ratio test to calculate the statistical significance with which the EWSS could reject the null hypothesis that certain relativistic projection effects can be neglected in the theoretical models. We find that the combined effects of lensing magnification and convergence imprint characteristic signatures on several clustering observables. Their signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ranges between 2.5 and 6 (depending on the adopted summary statistic) for the highest-redshift galaxies in the EWSS. The corresponding feature due to the peculiar velocity of the Sun is measured with a S/N of order one or two. The multipoles of the power spectrum from the catalogues that include all relativistic effects reject the null hypothesis that RSDs are only generated by the variation in the peculiar velocity along the line of sight with a significance of 2.9 standard deviations. As a by-product of our study, we demonstrate that the mixing-matrix formalism to model finite-volume effects in the multipole moments of the power spectrum can be robustly applied to surveys made of several disconnected patches. Our results indicate that relativistic RSDs, in particular the contribution from weak gravitati

关键词： galaxies: statistics large-scale structure of Universe methods: numerical

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Comment on 'Inherent security of phase coding quantum key distribution systems against detector blinding attacks' (2018 Laser Phys. Lett. 15 095203)

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Laser Physics Letters 2018年第1期16卷

作者： Aleksey Fedorov Ilja Gerhardt Anqi Huang Jonathan Jogenfors Yury Kurochkin Antía Lamas-Linares Jan-Åke Larsson Gerd Leuchs Lars Lydersen Vadim Makarov Johannes Skaar Russian Quantum Center Skolkovo Moscow 143025 Russia QRate Skolkovo Moscow 143025 Russia QApp Skolkovo Moscow 143025 Russia Institute of Physics University of Stuttgart and Institute for Quantum Science and Technology Pfaffenwaldring 57 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstraße 1 D-70569 Stuttgart Germany Institute for Quantum Information & State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing College of Computer National University of Defense Technology Changsha 410073 People's Republic of China Department of Electrical Engineering Linköping University SE-58183 Linköping Sweden Texas Advanced Computing Center The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas United States of America Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and University of Erlangen-Nürnberg D-91058 Erlangen Germany Kringsjåvegen 3E NO-7032 Trondheim Norway National University of Science and Technology MISIS Moscow 119049 Russia Department of Technology Systems University of Oslo Box 70 NO-2027 Kjeller Norway

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Divertor shaping with neutral baffling as a solution to the tokamak power exhaust challenge

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Communications Physics 2025年第1期8卷 1-15页

作者： Kevin Verhaegh James Harrison David Moulton Nicola Lonigro Nick Osborne Peter Ryan Cyd Cowley Stuart Henderson Andrew Thornton Lingyan Xiang S. Aleiferis S. Allan J. Allcock L. Appel W. Arter I. Balboa O. Bardsley R. Bianchetti Morales A. Bleasdale A. Boboc C. Bowman D. Brunetti I. Carvalho F. J. Casson C. D. Challis B. Chapman N. J. Conway Y. Damizia S. Dowson S. Elmore F. Eriksson T. Farley A. R. Field N. Fil M. Fitzgerald M. Fontana R. Futtersack L. Garzotti S. N. Gerasimov Z. Ghani S. Gibson C. Giroud V. Gopakumar C. J. Ham J. Harrison N. C. Hawkes S. Henderson R. Henriques J. C. Hillesheim L. Horvath Z. Huang P. Jacquet I. Jepu D. Keeling H. T. Kim D. B. King V. G. Kiptily K. K. Kirov F. Köchl G. Kocsis L. Kogan D. Kos K. D. Lawson M. Lennholm E. LitherlandSmith P. J. Lomas C. Lowry C. F. Maggi J. Mailloux S. Marsden M. Maslov G. F. Matthews M. L. Mayoral G. McArdle A. G. Meigs S. Menmuir H. Meyer F. Militello J. Mitchell D. Moulton C. Olde H. J. C. Oliver N. Osborne R. Otin V. V. Parail A. Parrott A. Patel B. Patel M. Poradzinski F. G. Rimini C. Roach P. Ryan D. Ryan S. Saarelma S. Scully S. E. Sharapov R. Sharma A. Shaw S. A. Silburn J. Simpson S. Smith C. Srinivasan Z. Stancar C. I. Stuart H. J. Sun G. Szepesi D. Taylor E. Tholerus B. Thomas A. Thornton A. Tookey D. F. Valcarcel M. Valovic K. Verhaegh I. Voitsekhovitch D. Weston A. Widdowson T. Wilson L. Xiang Y. Zayachuk J. R. Harrison M. Aljunid S. Y. Allan L. C. Appel A. Ash J. Ashton O. Bachmann B. Barrett D. Beckett J. Bennett J. Buchanan N. Bulmer A. Carruthers J. Clark M. Coy G. Cunningham T. Da Assuncao P. Davies I. E. Day S. Dixon T. Eagles J. Edmond H. El-Haroun S. D. Elmore I. Fitzgerald S. Gee R. Harrison S. S. Henderson C. Hickling R. Hussain P. Jepson B. Kandan I. Katramados D. King R. King A. Kirk M. Kochan M. Lees G. Liddiard C. Man-Friel F. Mansfield R. Martin R. McAdams K. G. McClements D. McConville C. McKnight P. McKnight A. McShee J. Measures N. Mehay D. Morbey O. Myatra M. Nicassio E. Parr B. Parry B. S. Patel D. Payne M. Price R. Pr United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Culham UK Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands York Plasma Institute University of York York UK University of Liverpool Liverpool UK ITER Organization St-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex France Nat. Inst. for Laser Plasma & Radiation Physics Măgurele Romania EUROfusion PMU Garching Germany Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research DIFFER Eindhoven The Netherlands Swiss Plasma Centre École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN USA Universidad de Sevilla Seville Spain Electromagnetic Engineering & Fusion Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm Sweden UniversitÃ degli Studi della Tuscia DEIM Viterbo Italy Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS PIIM UMR 7345 Marseille France Politecnico di Milano Milan Italy Center for Energy Research UC San Diego La Jolla CA USA V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University Kharkiv Ukraine Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics Garching Germany Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS Prague 8 Czechia Dublin City University Dublin Ireland VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Espoo Finland Consorzio RFX Padova Italy University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA Istituto per la Scienza e la Tecnologia dei Plasmi CNR Padova Italy Graz University of Technology Graz Austria Aalto University Aalto Finland Institute for Plasma Science & Technology CNR Milan Italy Dept. of Applied Physics Ghent University Ghent Belgium ENEA Fusion & Nuclear Safety Dept. C.R. Frascati Frascati (RM) Italy National Technical University of Athens Zografou Greece Dept. of Physics & Astronomy Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden Dept. of Physics Durham University Durham UK Consorzio CREATE Naples Italy Aix-Marseille Univ. CNRS PIIM F-13397 Marseille France IRFM-CEA Centre de Cadarache St-Paul-lez-Durance France Centre for Energy Research Budapest Hungary University of Milano-Bicocca Milan Italy Dept. of Ele

Exhausting power from the hot fusion core to the plasma-facing components is one fusion energy’s biggest challenges. The MAST Upgrade tokamak uniquely integrates strong containment of neutrals within the exhaust area (divertor) with extreme divertor shaping capability. By systematically altering the divertor shape, this study shows the strongest evidence to date to our knowledge that long-legged divertors with a high magnetic field gradient (total flux expansion) deliver key power exhaust benefits without adversely impacting the hot fusion core. These benefits are already achieved with relatively modest geometry adjustments that are more feasible to integrate in reactor designs. Benefits include reduced target heat loads and improved access to, and stability of, a neutral gas buffer that ‘shields’ the target and enhances power exhaust (detachment). Analysis and model comparisons shows these benefits are obtained by combining multiple shaping aspects: long-legged divertors have expanded plasma-neutral interaction volume that drive reductions in particle and power loads, while total flux expansion enhances detachment access and stability. Containing the neutrals in the exhaust area with physical structures further augments these shaping benefits. These results demonstrate strategic variation in the divertor geometry and magnetic topology is a potential solution to one of fusion’s power exhaust challenge.

关键词： Fusion reactor divertors

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An arm length stabilization system for KAGRA and future gravitational-wave detectors

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Akutsu, T. Ando, M. Arai, K. Arai, K. Arai, Y. Araki, S. Araya, A. Aritomi, N. Aso, Y. Bae, S. Bae, Y. Baiotti, L. Bajpai, R. Barton, M.A. Cannon, K. Capocasa, E. Chan, M. Chen, C. Chen, K. Chen, Y. Chu, H. Chu, Y.-K. Doi, K. Eguchi, S. Enomoto, Y. Flaminio, R. Fujii, Y. Fukunaga, M. Fukushima, M. Ge, G. Hagiwara, A. Haino, S. Hasegawa, K. Hayakawa, H. Hayama, K. Himemoto, Y. Hiranuma, Y. Hirata, N. Hirose, E. Hong, Z. Hsieh, B.H. Huang, G.-Z. Huang, P. Huang, Y. Ikenoue, B. Imam, S. Inayoshi, K. Inoue, Y. Ioka, K. Itoh, Y. Izumi, K. Jung, K. Jung, P. Kajita, T. Kamiizumi, M. Kanbara, S. Kanda, N. Kang, G. Kawaguchi, K. Kawai, N. Kawasaki, T. Kim, C. Kim, J.C. Kim, W.S. Kim, Y.-M. Kimura, N. Kita, N. Kitazawa, H. Kojima, Y. Kokeyama, K. Komori, K. Kong, A.K.H. Kotake, K. Kozakai, C. Kozu, R. Kumar, R. Kume, J. Kuo, C. Kuo, H.-S. Kuroyanagi, S. Kusayanagi, K. Kwak, K. Lee, H.K. Lee, H.W. Lee, R. Leonardi, M. Lin, L.C.-C. Lin, C.-Y. Lin, F.-L. Liu, G.C. Luo, L.-W. Marchio, M. Michimura, Y. Mio, N. Miyakawa, O. Miyamoto, A. Miyazaki, Y. Miyo, K. Miyoki, S. Morisaki, S. Moriwaki, Y. Musha, M. Nagano, K. Nagano, S. Nakamura, K. Nakano, H. Nakano, M. Nakashima, R. Narikawa, T. Negishi, R. Ni, W.-T. Nishizawa, A. Obuchi, Y. Ogaki, W. Oh, J.J. Oh, S.H. Ohashi, M. Ohishi, N. Ohkawa, M. Ohmae, N. Okutomi, K. Oohara, K. Ooi, C.P. Oshino, S. Pan, K. Pang, H. Park, J. Peña Arellano, F.E. Pinto, I. Sago, N. Saito, S. Saito, Y. Sakai, K. Sakai, Y. Sakuno, Y. Sato, S. Sato, T. Sawada, T. Sekiguchi, T. Sekiguchi, Y. Shibagaki, S. Shimizu, R. Shimoda, T. Shimode, K. Shinkai, H. Shishido, T. Shoda, A. Somiya, K. Son, E.J. Sotani, H. Sugimoto, R. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, T. Tagoshi, H. Takahashi, H. Takahashi, R. Takamori, A. Takano, S. Takeda, H. Takeda, M. Tanaka, H. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, T. Tanioka, S. San Martin, E.N. Tapia Mitaka City Tokyo181-8588 Japan Japan Department of Physics University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033 Japan University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0033 Japan California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA91125 United States KAGRA Observatory University of Tokyo Kashiwa CityChiba277-8582 Japan Tsukuba CityIbaraki305-0801 Japan Earthquake Research Institute University of Tokyo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo113-0032 Japan Kamioka-cho Hida City Gifu506-1205 Japan Mitaka City Tokyo181-8588 Japan Yuseong-gu Daejeon34141 Korea Republic of National Institute for Mathematical Sciences Daejeon34047 Korea Republic of Department of Earth and Space Science Graduate School of Science Osaka University Toyonaka CityOsaka560-0043 Japan Tsukuba CityIbaraki305-0801 Japan Department of Applied Physics Fukuoka University Jonan Fukuoka CityFukuoka814-0180 Japan Department of Physics Tamkang University Danshui Dist. New Taipei City25137 Taiwan Department of Physics and Institute of Astronomy National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu30013 Taiwan Department of Physics Center for High Energy and High Field Physics National Central University Zhongli District Taoyuan City32001 Taiwan Institute of Physics Academia Sinica Nankang Taipei11529 Taiwan Department of Physics University of Toyama Toyama CityToyama930-8555 Japan Université Savoie Mont Blanc CNRS/IN2P3 AnnecyF-74941 France Department of Astronomy University of Tokyo Mitaka City Tokyo181-8588 Japan Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiaohongshan Wuhan430071 China Tsukuba CityIbaraki305-0801 Japan KAGRA Observatory University of Tokyo Kamioka-cho Hida City Gifu506-1205 Japan College of Industrial Technology Nihon University Narashino CityChiba275-8575 Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology Niigata University Nishi-ku Niigata City Niigata950-2181 Japan Department of Physics National Taiwan Normal University Taipei116 Taiwan University of Tokyo Kashiwa Ci

Modern ground-based gravitational wave (GW) detectors require a complex interferometer configuration with multiple coupled optical cavities. Since achieving the resonances of the arm cavities is the most challenging among the lock acquisition processes, the scheme called arm length stabilization (ALS) had been employed for lock acquisition of the arm cavities. We designed a new type of the ALS, which is compatible with the interferometers having long arms like the next generation GW detectors. The features of the new ALS are that the control configuration is simpler than those of previous ones and that it is not necessary to lay optical fibers for the ALS along the kilometer-long arms of the detector. Along with simulations of its noise performance, an experimental test of the new ALS was performed utilizing a single arm cavity of KAGRA. This paper presents the first results of the test where we demonstrated that lock acquisition of the arm cavity was achieved using the new ALS. We also demonstrated that the root mean square of residual noise was measured to be 8.2 Hz in units of frequency, which is smaller than the linewidth of the arm cavity and thus low enough to lock the full interferometer of KAGRA in a repeatable and reliable manner. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Interferometers

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Search for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars in the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run

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Astrophysical Journal 2025年第2期983卷 99-99页

作者： Abac, A.G. Abbott, R. Abouelfettouh, I. Acernese, F. Ackley, K. Adhicary, S. Adhikari, N. Adhikari, R.X. Adkins, V.K. Agarwal, D. Agathos, M. Aghaei Abchouyeh, M. Aguiar, O.D. Aguilar, I. Aiello, L. Ain, A. Ajith, P. Akutsu, T. Albanesi, S. Alfaidi, R.A. Al-Jodah, A. Alléné, C. Allocca, A. Al-Shammari, S. Altin, P.A. Alvarez-Lopez, S. Amato, A. Amez-Droz, L. Amorosi, A. Amra, C. Ananyeva, A. Anderson, S.B. Anderson, W.G. Andia, M. Ando, M. Andrade, T. Andres, N. Andrés-Carcasona, M. Andrić, T. Anglin, J. Ansoldi, S. Antelis, J.M. Antier, S. Aoumi, M. Appavuravther, E.Z. Appert, S. Apple, S.K. Arai, K. Araya, A. Araya, M.C. Areeda, J.S. Argianas, L. Aritomi, N. Armato, F. Arnaud, N. Arogeti, M. Aronson, S.M. Ashton, G. Aso, Y. Assiduo, M. Assis de Souza Melo, S. Aston, S.M. Astone, P. Attadio, F. Aubin, F. AultONeal, K. Avallone, G. Babak, S. Badaracco, F. Badger, C. Bae, S. Bagnasco, S. Bagui, E. Baier, J.G. Baiotti, L. Bajpai, R. Baka, T. Ball, M. Ballardin, G. Ballmer, S.W. Banagiri, S. Banerjee, B. Bankar, D. Baral, P. Barayoga, J.C. Barish, B.C. Barker, D. Barneo, P. Barone, F. Barr, B. Barsotti, L. Barsuglia, M. Barta, D. Bartoletti, A.M. Barton, M.A. Bartos, I. Basak, S. Basalaev, A. Bassiri, R. Basti, A. Bates, D.E. Bawaj, M. Baxi, P. Bayley, J.C. Baylor, A.C. Baynard, P.A. Bazzan, M. Bedakihale, V.M. Beirnaert, F. Bejger, M. Belardinelli, D. Bell, A.S. Benedetto, V. Benoit, W. Bentley, J.D. Ben Yaala, M. Bera, S. Berbel, M. Bergamin, F. Berger, B.K. Bernuzzi, S. Beroiz, M. Bersanetti, D. Bertolini, A. Betzwieser, J. Beveridge, D. Bevins, N. Bhandare, R. Bhardwaj, U. Bhatt, R. Bhattacharjee, D. Bhaumik, S. Bhowmick, S. Bianchi, A. Bilenko, I.A. Billingsley, G. Binetti, A. Bini, S. Birnholtz, O. Biscoveanu, S. Bisht, A. Bitossi, M. Bizouard, M.-A. Blackburn, J.K. Blagg, L.A. Blair, C.D. Blair, D.G. Bobba, F. Bode, N. Boileau, G. Boldrini, M. Bolingbroke, G.N. Bolliand, A. Bonavena, L.D. Bondarescu, R. Bondu, F. Bonilla, E. Bonilla, M.S. Bonino, A. Bonnand, R. Booker, P. Borchers, A. Boschi, V. Bose, S. Boss Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute) Potsdam D-14476 Germany LIGO Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena 91125 CA United States LIGO Hanford Observatory Richland 99352 WA United States Dipartimento di Farmacia Università di Salerno Fisciano Salerno I-84084 Italy INFN Sezione di Napoli Napoli I-80126 Italy University of Warwick Coventry CV 47AL United Kingdom The Pennsylvania State University University Park 16802 PA United States University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee 53201 WI United States Louisiana State University Baton Rouge 70803 LA United States Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348 Belgium Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics Pune 411007 India Queen Mary University of London London E1 4NS United Kingdom Department of Physics and Astronomy Sejong University 209 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul 143-747 South Korea Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais São José dos Campos São Paulo 12227-010 Brazil Stanford University Stanford 94305 CA United States Università di Roma Tor Vergata Roma I-00133 Italy INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata Roma I-00133 Italy Cardiff University Cardiff CF24 3AA United Kingdom Universiteit Antwerpen Antwerpen 2000 Belgium International Centre for Theoretical Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru 560089 India Gravitational Wave Science Project National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka City Tokyo 181-8588 Japan Advanced Technology Center National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka City Tokyo 181-8588 Japan INFN Sezione di Torino Torino I-10125 Italy Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Jena D-07743 Germany Dipartimento di Fisica Università degli Studi di Torino Torino I-10125 Italy SUPA University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ United Kingdom OzGrav University of Western Australia Crawley 6009 WA

Continuous gravitational waves (CWs) emission from neutron stars carries information about their internal structure and equation of state, and it can provide tests of general relativity. We present a search for CWs from a set of 45 known pulsars in the first part of the fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run, known as O4a. We conducted a targeted search for each pulsar using three independent analysis methods considering single-harmonic and dual-harmonic emission models. We find no evidence of a CW signal in O4a data for both models and set upper limits on the signal amplitude and on the ellipticity, which quantifies the asymmetry in the neutron star mass distribution. For the single-harmonic emission model, 29 targets have the upper limit on the amplitude below the theoretical spin-down limit. The lowest upper limit on the amplitude is 6.4 × 10^-27 for the young energetic pulsar J0537-6910, while the lowest constraint on the ellipticity is 8.8 × 10^-9 for the bright nearby millisecond pulsar J0437-4715. Additionally, for a subset of 16 targets, we performed a narrowband search that is more robust regarding the emission model, with no evidence of a signal. We also found no evidence of nonstandard polarizations as predicted by the Brans-Dicke theory. © 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

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