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A Comprehensive Survey on Tiny Machine Learning for Human Behavior Analysis

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年

作者： Lamaakal, Ismail Essahraui, Siham Maleh, Yassine Makkaoui, Khalid El Ouahbi, Ibrahim Bouami, Mouncef Filali El-Latif, Ahmed A. Abd Almousa, May Peng, Jialiang Sultan Moulay Slimane University Laboratory LaSTI ENSAK Khouribga Morocco Prince Sultan University EIAS Data Science Lab College of Computer and Information Sciences Center of Excellence in Quantum and Intelligent Computing Riyadh11586 Saudi Arabia Menoufia University Faculty of Science Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Shebin El-Koom32511 Egypt Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University College of Computer and Information Sciences Information Technology Department Riyadh Saudi Arabia Heilongjiang University School of Data Science and Technology Harbin150080 China Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Avenue Singapore639798 Singapore

The integration of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) with Human Behavior Analysis (HBA) represents a significant advancement in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), enabling real-time, efficient, and privacy-preserving analysis on resource-constrained devices. This paper provides the first comprehensive survey exploring this integration, presenting a detailed overview of TinyML, including its definitions, key concepts and advantages. The survey proposes a systematic taxonomy of TinyML applications in HBA, categorizing state-of-the-art implementations based on their use cases and specific methodologies. Furthermore, the challenges and limitations of integrating TinyML in HBA are thoroughly discussed, including technical constraints, data quality issues, and ethical considerations. Finally, future research directions and open issues are outlined, emphasizing the potential advancements and emerging trends in this field. This survey serves as a foundational resource, guiding researchers and practitioners in harnessing the capabilities of TinyML to advance HBA. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Embedded systems

UniEmoX: Cross-modal Semantic-Guided Large-Scale Pretraining for Universal Scene Emotion Perception

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Chen, Chuang Sun, Xiao Liu, Zhi School of Artificial Intelligence Anhui University Hefei230601 China Institute of Artificial Intelligence Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center Hefei230088 China Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Affective Computing and Advanced Intelligent Machines School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei230009 China Department of Computer and Network Engineering The University of Electro-Communications Chofu-shi Tokyo182-8585 Japan

Visual emotion analysis holds significant research value in both computer vision and psychology. However, existing methods for visual emotion analysis suffer from limited generalizability due to the ambiguity of emotion perception and the diversity of data scenarios. To tackle this issue, we introduce UniEmoX, a cross-modal semantic-guided large-scale pretraining framework. Inspired by psychological research emphasizing the inseparability of the emotional exploration process from the interaction between individuals and their environment, UniEmoX integrates scene-centric and person-centric low-level image spatial structural information, aiming to derive more nuanced and discriminative emotional representations. By exploiting the similarity between paired and unpaired image-text samples, UniEmoX distills rich semantic knowledge from the CLIP model to enhance emotional embedding representations more effectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale pretraining framework that integrates psychological theories with contemporary contrastive learning and masked image modeling techniques for emotion analysis across diverse scenarios. Additionally, we develop a visual emotional dataset titled Emo8. Emo8 samples cover a range of domains, including cartoon, natural, realistic, science fiction and advertising cover styles, covering nearly all common emotional scenes. Comprehensive experiments conducted on six benchmark datasets across two downstream tasks validate the effectiveness of UniEmoX. The source code is available at https://***/chincharles/u-emo. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Semantics

Self-supervised 3D Point Cloud Completion via Multi-view Adversarial Learning

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Wu, Lintai Cheng, Xianjing Xu, Yong Zeng, Huanqiang Hou, Junhui Bio-Computing Research Center Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong Shenzhen518055 China The Department of Computer Science City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Guangdong Shenzhen518055 China Department of Computer Science City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Visual Object Detection and Recognition Guangdong Shenzhen518055 China School of Engineering Huaqiao University Quanzhou362021 China School of Information Science and Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen361021 China

In real-world scenarios, scanned point clouds are often incomplete due to occlusion issues. The task of self-supervised point cloud completion involves reconstructing missing regions of these incomplete objects without the supervision of complete ground truth. Current self-supervised methods either rely on multiple views of partial observations for supervision or overlook the intrinsic geometric similarity that can be identified and utilized from the given partial point clouds. In this paper, we propose MAL-SPC, a framework that effectively leverages both region-level and category-specific geometric similarities to complete missing structures. Our MAL-SPC does not require any 3D complete supervision and only necessitates a single partial point cloud for each object. Specifically, we first introduce a Pattern Retrieval Network to retrieve similar position and curvature patterns between the partial input and the predicted shape, then leverage these similarities to densify and refine the reconstructed results. Additionally, we render the reconstructed complete shape into multi-view depth maps and design an adversarial learning module to learn the geometry of the target shape from category-specific single-view depth images. To achieve anisotropic rendering, we design a density-aware radius estimation algorithm to improve the quality of the rendered images. Our MAL-SPC yields the best results compared to current state-of-the-art methods. We will make the source code publicly available at https://***/ltwu6/malspc. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Self-supervised learning

MagLive: Robust Voice Liveness Detection on Smartphones Using Magnetic Pattern Changes

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Sun, Xiping Chen, Jing Wu, Cong He, Kun Xu, Haozhe Feng, Yebo Du, Ruiying Chen, Xianhao Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing Ministry of Education School of Cyber Science and Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan430072 China Rizhao Institute of Information Technology Wuhan University Rizhao276800 China School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Collaborative Innovation Center of Geospatial Technology Wuhan430079 China The Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering HKU Musketeers Foundation Institute of Data Science University of Hong Kong Pok Fu Lam Hong Kong

Voice authentication has been widely used on smartphones. However, it remains vulnerable to spoofing attacks, where the attacker replays recorded voice samples from authentic humans using loudspeakers to bypass the voice authentication system. In this paper, we present MagLive, a robust voice liveness detection scheme designed for smartphones to mitigate such spoofing attacks. MagLive leverages the differences in magnetic pattern changes generated by different speakers (i.e., humans or loudspeakers) when speaking for liveness detection, which are captured by the built-in magnetometer on smartphones. To extract effective and robust magnetic features, MagLive utilizes a TF-CNN-SAF model as the feature extractor, which includes a time-frequency convolutional neural network (TF-CNN) combined with a self-attention-based fusion (SAF) model. Supervised contrastive learning is then employed to achieve user-irrelevance, device-irrelevance, and content-irrelevance. MagLive imposes no additional burden on users and does not rely on active sensing or specialized hardware. We conducted comprehensive experiments with various settings to evaluate the security and robustness of MagLive. Our results demonstrate that MagLive effectively distinguishes between humans and attackers (i.e., loudspeakers), achieving an average balanced accuracy (BAC) of 99.01% and an equal error rate (EER) of 0.77%. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Smartphones

G2Face: high-Fidelity Reversible Face Anonymization via Generative and Geometric Priors

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Yang, Haoxin Xu, Xuemiao Xu, Cheng Zhang, Huaidong Qin, Jing Wang, Yi Heng, Pheng-Ann He, Shengfeng The School of Computer Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China Guangdong Engineering Center for Large Model and GenAI Technology State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science China The Centre for Smart Health The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong The School of Future Technology South China University of Technology Guangzhou China The School of Computer Science and Network Security Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan China The Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong The School of Computing and Information Systems Singapore Management University Singapore

Reversible face anonymization, unlike traditional face pixelization, seeks to replace sensitive identity information in facial images with synthesized alternatives, preserving privacy without sacrificing image clarity. Traditional methods, such as encoder-decoder networks, often result in significant loss of facial details due to their limited learning capacity. Additionally, relying on latent manipulation in pre-trained GANs can lead to changes in ID-irrelevant attributes, adversely affecting data utility due to GAN inversion inaccuracies. This paper introduces G2Face, which leverages both generative and geometric priors to enhance identity manipulation, achieving high-quality reversible face anonymization without compromising data utility. We utilize a 3D face model to extract geometric information from the input face, integrating it with a pre-trained GAN-based decoder. This synergy of generative and geometric priors allows the decoder to produce realistic anonymized faces with consistent geometry. Moreover, multi-scale facial features are extracted from the original face and combined with the decoder using our novel identity-aware feature fusion blocks (IFF). This integration enables precise blending of the generated facial patterns with the original ID-irrelevant features, resulting in accurate identity manipulation. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing state-of-the-art techniques in face anonymization and recovery, while preserving high data utility. Code is available at https://***/Harxis/G2Face. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Anonymity

Exploring the Role of Large Language Models in Cybersecurity: A Systematic Survey

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Tian, Shuang Zhang, Tao Liu, Jiqiang Wang, Jiacheng Wu, Xuangou Zhu, Xiaoqiang Zhang, Ruichen Zhang, Weiting Yuan, Zhenhui Mao, Shiwen Kim, Dong In School of Software Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China School of Cyberspace Science and Technology Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore639798 Singapore School of Computer Science and Technology An hui Province Key Laboratory of Digital Twin Technology in Metallurgical Industry Anhui University of Technology Anhui243002 China College of Computing and Data Science Nanyang Technological University Singapore School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing100044 China School of Engineering University of Warwick CoventryCV4 7AL United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn University AuburnAL36849-5201 United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Information and Communication Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon16419 Korea Republic of

—With the rapid development of technology and the acceleration of digitalisation, the frequency and complexity of cyber security threats are increasing. Traditional cybersecurity approaches, often based on static rules and predefined scenarios, are struggling to adapt to the rapidly evolving nature of modern cyberattacks. There is an urgent need for more adaptive and intelligent defence strategies. The emergence of Large Language Model (LLM) provides an innovative solution to cope with the increasingly severe cyber threats, and its potential in analysing complex attack patterns, predicting threats and assisting real-time response has attracted a lot of attention in the field of cybersecurity, and exploring how to effectively use LLM to defend against cyberattacks has become a hot topic in the current research field. This survey examines the applications of LLM from the perspective of the cyber attack lifecycle, focusing on the three phases of defense reconnaissance, foothold establishment, and lateral movement, and it analyzes the potential of LLMs in Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) tasks. Meanwhile, we investigate how LLM-based security solutions are deployed and applied in different network scenarios. It also summarizes the internal and external risk issues faced by LLM during its application. Finally, this survey also points out the facing risk issues and possible future research directions in this domain. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Cyber attacks

DQPS: An Intelligent Multi-Hop Computation Offloading Scheme for Workflow Applications in Vehicular Edge computing Networks

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IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 2024年

作者： Lin, Bing Chen, Qiaoxin Chen, Xing Jia, Wen-Kang Lu, Yu Xiong, Neal N. Fujian Normal University College of Physics and Energy Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials Fuzhou350117 China Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering Fuzhou350117 China Peking University School of Computer Science 100871 China Xiamen University Department of Informatics and Communication Engineering Xiamen361005 China Fuzhou University College of Computer and Data Science Fuzhou350118 China Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Computing and Intelligent Information Processing Fuzhou350118 China Fujian Normal University College of Photonic and Electronic Engineering Fuzhou350117 China Fujian Normal University Concord University College Fuzhou350117 China Sul Ross State University Department of Computer Mathematical and Physical Sciences AlpineTX79830 United States

Vehicular Edge computing (VEC) is a feasible solution for autonomous driving as it can offload latency-sensitive and computation-intensive tasks from vehicle terminals to roadside units (RSUs) for real-time processing. Due to the high computational resource the workflow applications (i.e., autonomous driving) required, the small vehicle-to-RSUs communication range, and the scarce available resources for each vehicle, it might be difficult to accomplish complex workflow applications through the single-hop offloading paradigm in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) based multi-hop computation offloading scheme for workflow applications to reduce their execution latency in the VEC networks, which considers the data dependency in workflow applications as well as the trust relationship and communication interference among RSUs. Firstly, a preprocessing method is employed to merge the cut-edges in a workflow to reduce the offloading scale of tasks and compress the encoding dimension of offloading solutions. Then, a Deep Q-network algorithm using Phase-optimal State update (DQPS) is proposed to update the offloading policy distribution, in which the deviation of the phase-optimal state from the current state is estimated as the reward of RL to promote the algorithm's convergence to adapt the dynamic VEC networks. Simulation results show that DQPS has the best performance compared to other benchmark schemes. Moreover, the latency of the identical applications can be reduced by 2.5%-25.3% through our offloading scheme with a multi-hop model compared to that with the single-hop paradigm in IoV. © 1975-2011 IEEE.

关键词： Computation offloading

Extended Abstract of Graph4Web: A Relation-Aware Graph Attention Network for Web Service Classification

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Extended Abstract of Graph4Web: A Relation-Aware Graph Atten...

IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER)

作者： Kunsong Zhao Jin Liu Zhou Xu Xiao Liu Lei Xue Zhiwen Xie Yuxuan Zhou Xin Wang School of Computer Science Wuhan University Wuhan China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Dependable Service Computing in Cyber Physical Society (Chongqing University) China School of Big Data and Software Engineering Chongqing University Chongqing China School of Information Technology Deakin University Geelong Australia Department of Computing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong China College of Engineering and Computer Science Syracuse University Syracuse USA

Software reuse, as a means to develop new software products with similar functions by virtue of existing software components, has become a popular way during the software development process. In particular, as the service-oriented architecture became popular, web services turned into an indispensable part in modem software development Web services provide a basic composition with high cohesion and loose coupling to support responses among heterogeneous software components, which is the valuable resources for software reuse. The popular web service repositories, such as Programmable Web, contain a mass of web services for beginners and developers to choose from. Nevertheless, the large number of web services also makes it difficult to select the suitable services. Thus, the key to reuse software components lies in how to find appropriate web services from repositories to meet developers requirements in specific application scenarios.

关键词： Couplings Web services Modems Service-oriented architecture Software reusability

Hybrid Data-Free Knowledge Distillation

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Tang, Jialiang Chen, Shuo Gong, Chen School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology China Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education China Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Security China Center for Advanced Intelligence Project RIKEN Japan Department of Automation Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition Shanghai Jiao Tong University China

Data-free knowledge distillation aims to learn a compact student network from a pre-trained large teacher network without using the original training data of the teacher network. Existing collection-based and generation-based methods train student networks by collecting massive real examples and generating synthetic examples, respectively. However, they inevitably become weak in practical scenarios due to the difficulties in gathering or emulating sufficient real-world data. To solve this problem, we propose a novel method called Hybrid Data-Free Distillation (HiDFD), which leverages only a small amount of collected data as well as generates sufficient examples for training student networks. Our HiDFD comprises two primary modules, i.e., the teacher-guided generation and student distillation. The teacher-guided generation module guides a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) by the teacher network to produce high-quality synthetic examples from very few real-world collected examples. Specifically, we design a feature integration mechanism to prevent the GAN from overfitting and facilitate the reliable representation learning from the teacher network. Meanwhile, we drive a category frequency smoothing technique via the teacher network to balance the generative training of each category. In the student distillation module, we explore a data inflation strategy to properly utilize a blend of real and synthetic data to train the student network via a classifier-sharing-based feature alignment technique. Intensive experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that our HiDFD can achieve state-of-the-art performance using 120 times less collected data than existing methods. Code is available at https://***/tangjialiang97/HiDFD. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Students