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Enhanced carburization efficiency and effect of AISI 9310 steel via pre-ultrasonic shot peening

Materials Today Communications 2025年 46卷

作者： Mu, Yanan Yi, Yuxuan Wang, Guangchao Yang, Xingguo Zhao, Xinhao Yin, Fei Hubei Longzhong Laboratory Hubei Xiangyang441000 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China School of Automotive Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China AECC Zhongchuan Transmission Machinery Co. Ltd. China

AISI 9310 steel, extensively utilized in aerospace gear manufacturing due to its exceptional mechanical properties, was subjected to ultrasonic shot peening (USP) in this study to establish a gradient nanostructured architecture, thereby investigating its influence on subsequent carburizing heat treatment. Experimental results demonstrated that USP pre-treatment markedly increased both surface microhardness and carbon content post-carburizing. Specifically, carburized samples exhibited a maximum microhardness elevation from 825.9 HV to 865.4 HV, accompanied by a rise in surface carbon content from 10.17 wt% to 14.56 wt% relative to untreated specimens. Tribological assessments via pin-on-disk wear testing revealed a substantial reduction in friction coefficient from 0.60 to 0.13 following USP pre-treatment. Furthermore, wear scar width decreased from 1.74 mm to 0.57 mm, while wear volume declined by 68.09 % (0.47 mm³ to 0.15 mm³). Molecular dynamics simulations elucidated the atomic-scale mechanisms, identifying that vacancy-dislocation complexes and grain boundaries generated during USP pre-treatment act as preferential pathways for carbon diffusion. The enhanced defect density correlated directly with improved carburizing efficacy, aligning with experimental observations of elevated carbon content. This synergistic effect arises from USP-induced gradient nanostructures, which not only amplify vacancy/dislocation densities to accelerate carbon absorption but also expand grain boundary networks, providing auxiliary diffusion channels to expedite the carburizing process. © 2025

关键词： Carburizing

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Maximum Power Point Tracking Using a Multimode Hunter-Prey Optimization Algorithm for Gradually Varying Power in Centralized Thermoelectric Generation System

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Energy technology 2025年第0期

作者： Zhu, Wenchao Li, Peng Yang, Wenlong Xie, Changjun Li, Hao Yang, Yang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan430070 China School of Automation Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China Wuhan Industrial Technology Institute of Artificial Intelligence and New Energy Vehicles Wuhan430119 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China

The unstructured power outputs from thermoelectric generator (TEG) systems have precipitated the advancement of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods toward more intelligent solutions. This article concentrates on centralized TEG systems which work during nonuniform distribution of temperature cases and introduce the hunter-prey optimization algorithm with multimode updating (MMUHPO). Existing MPPT methods based on metaheuristic algorithms pay attention to improving tracking speed, efficiency, oscillation, and call frequency. However, in scenarios marked by gradual changes in power characteristics, the precision of MPPT algorithms can lead to frequent oscillatory searches and elevated computational demands. MMUHPO reduces power loss and simplifies algorithm complexity by improving the original mechanism and introducing termination mechanism and multimode update mechanism. Herein, the proposed algorithm is compared with several widely used MPPT algorithms based on metaheuristic algorithms under five different operating conditions. Remarkably, the MMUHPO algorithm demonstrates a substantial enhancement in energy collection efficiency, with the increase in efficiency reaching up to 109.8%. Finally, real-time data simulation experiments corroborate the exceptional tracking performance of the proposed algorithm. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

关键词： Heuristic algorithms

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An interpretable uncertainty quantification framework for proton exchange membrane fuel cell degradation prediction

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Renewable Energy 2025年 249卷

作者： Guo, Bingxin Zhu, Wenchao Yang, Wenlong Yang, Yang Wei, Peng You, Li Xiong, Liangli Xie, Changjun School of Automation Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan430077 China National Graduate College for Engineers Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430119 China

Accurate prediction of fuel cell degradation characteristics is crucial for its control and health diagnosis. However, existing mainstream data-driven methods often fail to adequately account for uncertainty factors during model training and the transient changes in fuel cell characteristics, resulting in predictions that typically provide only point estimates, lacking both credibility and interpretability. To address this, this paper proposes a framework that integrates multi-head attention mechanisms and Bayesian 1D convolution (Bayes-1DCNN-MSH), aimed at quantifying uncertainty in the predictions of various deep learning models while offering interpretable prediction information. This method uses multi-head attention to capture critical multi-dimensional features impacting fuel cell output voltage and applies Bayesian 1D convolution to quantify uncertainty, offering predictions with probability density distributions and confidence intervals for degradation forecasting. The Bayes-1DCNN-MSH structure, validated across six deep learning models, shows a 100 % improvement rate under diverse conditions, significantly enhancing noise resistance and reliability. Experimental results confirm that the framework effectively captures transient feature changes and explains prediction uncertainty through feature probability distributions. This approach improves the reliability and interpretability of fuel cell prediction models, supporting safer integration into sectors like transportation. © 2025 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Prediction models

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Compatible matching and synergy operation optimization of hydrogen-electric hybrid energy storage system in DC microgrid

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Energy Conversion and Management: X 2025年 26卷

作者： Du, Banghua Peng, Yanyu Li, Yang Xie, Changjun Zhu, Shihao Zhu, Wenchao Yang, Yang You, Li Zhang, Leiqi Zhao, Bo Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China School of Automation Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan430070 China Department of Electrical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg41258 Sweden State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan430070 China State Grid Hubei Electric Power Research Institute Wuhan430077 China State Grid Zhejiang Electric Power Research Institute Hangzhou310014 China

Hydrogen energy storage (HES) systems could balanced source-load mismatches in DC microgrids. By combining HES with electrical energy storage (EES), the start-up delay and rapid degradation of HES under fluctuating inputs can be mitigated, enhancing system adaptability. However, without proper power allocation and operational optimization, system efficiency and the lifespan of HES and EES decrease. Accordingly, this paper proposes a compatible matching and synergy operation optimization for hydrogen-electric hybrid energy storage systems (H-E HESS). Firstly, Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise (CEEMDAN) is developed to decompose power fluctuation signals into frequency components, and the Hilbert transform calculates the energy value to determine high- and low-frequency dividing points. Next, a system power allocation strategy is formulated through the fast response of the EES to compensate for the delay in the start-up of the HES. A multi-objective optimization model is then developed to balance efficiency and lifespan, which is solved by the NSGA-III algorithm. Finally, case studies show that the proposed strategy improves efficiency by 17.95 % and 8.34 %, reduces degradation rates by 1 % and 0.71 %, and shortens system response time in 1 s, compared to Schemes I and II. The strategy's effectiveness is also validated through an experimental platform in a hydrogen-electric coupled DC microgrid demonstration project. © 2025 The Author(s)

关键词： Hydrogen storage

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Influence of cutter diameter on meshing performance in spiral bevel gears

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Journal of Central South University 2016年第1期23卷 102-111页

作者：马志浩韩星会华林熊小双郑方焱 Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology

Playing a critical role in transmitting movement and power, the meshing performance of spiral bevel gears has a significant effect on products' operational performance. To evaluate the meshing performance, the accurate three-dimensional(3D) spiral bevel gear models are established through the Pro/E and MATLAB softwares, and the finite element analysis(FEA) methods are applied to the theoretical investigation of the influence of cutter diameter on meshing performance in spiral bevel gears. The results obtained show that the cutter diameter has a significant influence on spiral bevel gears' meshing performance, such as the contact area, contact pressure, bending stress, torsional stiffness and transmission error.

关键词： spiral bevel gears meshing performance finite element analysis cutter diameter

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Numerical analysis of 3D spot continual induction hardening on curved surface of AISI 1045 steel

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Journal of Central South University 2016年第5期23卷 1152-1162页

作者：高恺汪舟秦训鹏朱生霄 Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components (Wuhan University of Technology)

In order to investigate and predict the material properties of curved surface AISI 1045 steel component during spot continual induction hardening(SCIH),a 3D model for curved surface workpieces which coupled electromagnetic,temperature and phase transformation fields was built by finite element software ANSYS.A small size inductor and magnetizer were used in this model,which can move along the top surface of workpiece *** effect of inductor moving velocity and workpiece radius on temperature field was analyzed and the heating delay phenomenon was found through comparing the simulated *** temperature field results indicate that the heating delay phenomenon is more obvious under high inductor moving velocity *** trend becomes more obvious if the workpiece radius becomes *** predictions of microstructure and micro-hardness distribution were also carried out via this *** predicted results show that the inductor moving velocity is the dominated factor for the distribution of 100% martensite region and phase transformation *** influencing factor of workpiece radius on 100% martensite region and phase transformation region distribution is obvious under relatively high inductor moving velocity but inconspicuous under relatively low inductor moving velocity.

关键词： spot continual induction hardening curved surface heating delay phenomenon

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Towards reducing planar anisotropy in AZ91 magnesium alloy sheets with different loading modes: Experiment and simulation

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Materials Characterization 2025年 225卷

作者： Fang Chai Jianqiang Feng Xinghui Han Zhiyuan Ma Yonggui Wang Xuan Hu Lin Hua Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China Hubei Longzhong Laboratory Xiangyang 441000 China

Uniform forming for high-performance magnesium alloy components puts forwards a requirement on magnesium alloy sheets with low planar anisotropy, and planar anisotropy can be effectively reduced by many severe plastic deformation technologies. In the present study, to clarify the effect of different loading modes on reducing planar anisotropy, initially-extruded AZ91 magnesium alloy sheets were subjected to single degree-of-freedom rolling and entire forging. Experimental investigation and modeling simulation were carried out to compare and analyze the planar anisotropy reduction with different loading modes in AZ91 magnesium alloy sheets. The initially-extruded AZ91 magnesium alloy sheet exhibits obviously different texture components with extra basal texture along initial extrusion direction and different proportion of prismatic and pyramid textures in different directions, and consequently evident planar anisotropy. After subjected to the two technologies, except for a little remaining basal texture along initial extrusion direction, there are only prismatic and pyramid texture in all directions both for the single degree-of-freedom and entire forged AZ91 magnesium alloy sheets. Compared with single degree-of-freedom rolled one, the entirely forged AZ91 magnesium alloy sheet exhibits much more similar proportion of prismatic and pyramid texture in all directions. Except for the strength of the single degree-of-freedom rolled one, both the two technologies can effectively reduce planar anisotropy of strength and plasticity in relative to initially-extruded one. The planar anisotropy reducing is mainly attributed to combined contribution of similar microstructure and texture through experimental observation plus similar strain-effective, stress-effective and metal flow through simulation in different directions. It is expected that this study will provide the optimal loading mode for reducing planar anisotropy in magnesium alloy sheets.

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Influence of Alignment Errors on Contact Pressure during Straight Bevel Gear Meshing Process

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2015年第6期28卷 1089-1099页

作者： HAN Xinghui HUA Lin DENG Song LUO Qiuping Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components School of Automotive EngineeringWuhan University of Technology

Straight bevel gears are widely applied in automotive, aerospace, chemical and many other fields as one of the most common type of gears. Currently, the researches on straight bevel gears have focused on the fields of fatigue, wear, noise and vibration, while little attention is paid to the effect of multiple alignment errors on the gear tooth wear. To study the influence of alignment errors on the gear tooth wear, a simulated model of a straight bevel gear pair is established. Then, the contact pressure on the tooth surface is analyzed under the various alignment errors according to the Archard wear relationship. The main combinations of alignment errors played vital roles on the tooth wear are investigated. The result shows that under the single alignment error, the contact pressure moves to the tooth heel and increases greatly at here when ？P=0.1 or ？G=0.1; when ？E=–0.03, the contact pressure greatly increases at the tooth heel, but it obviously increases at the tooth toe when ？E=0.03; the alignment error ？γ=1 has little effect on the contact pressure on the tooth surface. Moreover, the combination of ？P, ？G, ？E〈0 and ？γ is the most dangerous type among the multiple alignment errors. This research provides valuable guidelines for predicting the tooth wear under various alignment errors.

关键词： straight bevel gear multiple alignment errors contact pressure wear

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Optimization of porous transport layer for overall performance improvement in unitized regenerative fuel cell under clamping pressures

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Renewable Energy 2025年 251卷

作者： Ke Chen Zhongzhuang Xiong Dandi He Zongkai Luo Guofu Zou Wenshang Chen Ben Chen Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology Wuhan 430070 China

The porous transport layer (PTL) in a Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC) is essential for achieving high electrochemical performance and operational stability. It facilitates gas diffusion, regulates water-gas transport, and supports electrochemical reactions. Clamping pressure profoundly influences URFC performance by altering key properties such as porosity, permeability, electrical conductivity, and the contact resistance between the PTL and bipolar plate. Thus, the interplay between clamping pressure and the PTL is critical for optimizing URFC performance. This study focuses on investigating the effects of clamping pressure on URFC performance, uncovering key principles for optimizing PTL structural properties to enhance the overall performance of the URFC. Simulation results based on a two-dimensional finite element model and a three-dimensional two-phase electrochemical model reveal that clamping pressure induces asymmetric mechanical behavior in the PTL on either side of the URFC. As clamping pressure increases, significant changes occur in transport properties, which strongly affect mass transfer processes in the URFC. Furthermore, the study integrates Box-Behnken design, artificial neural networks, and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II method to develop a precise regression model for identifying optimal design solutions. Under the optimized configuration, the URFC's input power density and output power density increased by 4.08 % and 9.47 %, respectively, while the round-trip efficiency improved by 14.13 % compared to conventional configurations.

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Unveiling strength-plasticity synergic mechanism of AZ91 alloy during multi-DOF forming

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Journal of Materials Science & technology 2024年第28期195卷 80-92页

作者： Fang Chai Xinghui Han Zhiyuan Ma Lin Hua Xuan Hu Wuhao Zhuang Fangyan Zheng Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070China Hubei Longzhong Laboratory Xiangyang 441000China

High performance is of great importance to expand the application of magnesium alloys,and the inherent strength-plasticity synergic mechanism during a specific process should be *** this paper,a multi-degrees of freedom(multi-DOF)forming process is conducted on initially extruded AZ91 magnesium alloy at different deformation degrees,including small deformation with deformation amounts of 10%and 20%,medium deformation with deformation amounts of 30%and 40%,and large deformation with deformation amounts of 60%and 70%.Simultaneous enhancement of ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and plasticity is achieved in all these multi-DOF processed alloys in comparison to the initially extruded *** deformation degrees increase,both UTS and elongation of the multi-DOF processed alloy gradually increase in small and medium deformation and then slightly decrease in large deforma-tion,exhibiting a superior strength(401 MPa)and plasticity(16.3%)combination at deformation amount of 40%.The evolution of mechanical properties varying with deformation degrees is closely dependent on microstructure and texture *** microstructures of multi-DOF processed AZ91 alloy are increasingly refined and heterogeneous as deformation degrees gradually increase,which consist of the predominant equiaxed coarse grains(CGs)and a few fine grains(FGs)in small deformation,some CGs(equiaxed or slightly elongated)and some FGs in medium deformation,and some remarkably elongated CGs and the predominant FGs in large *** area fraction of basal texture gradually decreases while that of prismatic texture gradually increases with increasing deformation degrees,finally resulting in a complete disappearance of basal texture at a deformation amount of 70%.Thus,the strength-plasticity synergic mechanism related to increasingly obvious heterogeneous structure,gradually refined microstructure,and gradually decreased basal texture contribute to the constantly simultaneous improvement of UTS

关键词： AZ91 magnesium alloy Multi-degrees of freedom forming Strength-plasticity synergic mechanism Microstructure Texture

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