Energy consumption is becoming a growing concern in data centers. Many energy-conservation techniques have been proposed to address this problem. However, an integrated method is still needed to evaluate energy effici...
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Energy consumption is becoming a growing concern in data centers. Many energy-conservation techniques have been proposed to address this problem. However, an integrated method is still needed to evaluate energy efficiency of storage systems and various power conservation techniques. Extensive measurements of different workloads on storage systems are often very time-consuming and require expensive equipments. We have analyzed changing characteristics such as power and performance of stand-alone disks and RAID arrays, and then defined MIND as a black box power model for RAID arrays. MIND is devised to quantitatively measure the power consumption of redundant disk arrays running different workloads in a variety of execution modes. In MIND, we define five modes (idle, standby, and several types of access) and four actions, to precisely characterize power states and changes of RAID arrays. In addition, we develop corresponding metrics for each mode and action, and then integrate the model and a measurement algorithm into a popular trace tool - blktrace. With these features, we are able to run different IO traces on large-scale storage systems with power conservation techniques. Accurate energy consumption and performance statistics are then collected to evaluate energy efficiency of storage system designs and power conservation techniques. Our experiments running both synthetic and real-world workloads on enterprise RAID arrays show that MIND can estimate power consumptions of disk arrays with an error rate less than 2%.
Most solid state drives use DRAM for device's cache, the volatile memory provides the I/O Caching ability, and maintains the drives' mapping table (indicates the correspondence between physical unit and logica...
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Most solid state drives use DRAM for device's cache, the volatile memory provides the I/O Caching ability, and maintains the drives' mapping table (indicates the correspondence between physical unit and logica...
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Most solid state drives use DRAM for device's cache, the volatile memory provides the I/O Caching ability, and maintains the drives' mapping table (indicates the correspondence between physical unit and logical unit). However, when the drives' power shut down unexpected, the volatile DRAM memory may lose the caching data, which did not have time to write to the drives' storage media, so the dirty data generated. This paper proposes an efficient management scheme for low cost Solid State Drives, with low cost ASIC controller chip, only has internal SRAM memory, and no external DRAM. We use a kind of Cache Blocks: when write requests come, write in these areas first, and write in the sequentially physical place, and the limited internal SRAM for the mapping tables maintaining and data transferring. We propose some efficient methods: 1)using flash memory as cache, 2) page mapping for cache blocks regions, block mapping for data blocks regions, 3) binding two planes operation, 4) using the idle internal plane SRAM as data buffer to improve the I/O performance, without DRAM. So we avoid the dirty data when the power loses unexpected. And this scheme is energy-efficient and low cost. We test the scheme on our own SSD test board, with the pool SRAM size, the I/O performances do not decrease two much, and the random write even better about 20%, compare to the SSD with DRAM. The experiment also shows, this scheme cuts about 21% energy than the DRAM architecture. And it may be adapted in consumer electronics area.
Solid-State Disks (SSD) are widely used in government and security departments owing to its faster speed of data access, more durability, more shock and drop, no noise, lower power consumption, lighter weight compared...
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Solid-State Disks (SSD) are widely used in government and security departments owing to its faster speed of data access, more durability, more shock and drop, no noise, lower power consumption, lighter weight compared with Magnetic disk. As a result, the demand of security for storing data has been generated. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is today's keydata encryption standard for protecting data, but the implementation of high-speed AES encryption engine needs to consume a large number of hardware resources. This paper presents a low-cost and inner-round pipelined ECB-256-AES encryption engine. Through sharing the resources between the AES encryption module and the AES decryption module and using the look-up table for the SubBytes and InvSubBytes operations, the logic resources have been largely reduced; by using loop rolling and inner-round pipelined techniques, a high throughput of encryption and decryption operations is achieved. A 1.986Gbits/s throughput and 232.748MHz clock frequency are achieved using 614 slices of the Xilinx xc6slx45-3fgg484. The simulation results show that the AES crypto design is able to meet the read and write speed of SATA 1.0 interface.
Solid-state disks (SSDs) with high I/O performance are increasingly becoming popular. To extend the life time of flash memory, one can apply wear-leveling strategies to manage data blocks. However, wear-leveling strat...
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Solid-state disks (SSDs) with high I/O performance are increasingly becoming popular. To extend the life time of flash memory, one can apply wear-leveling strategies to manage data blocks. However, wear-leveling strategies certainly inevitably degrade write performance. In addition to low write performance, wear-leveling strategies make one block unwritable when one bit of this block is invalid. Although data reconstruction techniques have been widely employed in disk arrays, the reconstruction techniques has not been studied in the context of solid-state disks. In this paper, we present a new fine-grained data-reconstruction algorithm for solid-state disks. The algorithm aims to provide a simple yet efficient wear-leveling strategy that improves both I/O performance and reliability of solid-state disks. Simulation experiments show that all data blocks have very similar in terms of erasure times. The number of extra erasures incurred by our algorithm is very marginal.
Improving energy efficiency of mass storage systems has become an important and pressing research issue in large HPC centers and data centers. New energy conservation techniques in storage systems constantly spring up...
Improving energy efficiency of mass storage systems has become an important and pressing research issue in large HPC centers and data centers. New energy conservation techniques in storage systems constantly spring up; however, there is a lack of systematic and uniform way of accurately evaluating energy-efficient storage systems and objectively comparing a wide range of energy-saving techniques. This research presents a new integrated scheme, called TRACER, for evaluating energy-efficiency of mass storage systems and judging energy-saving techniques. The TRACER scheme consists of a toolkit used to measure energy efficiency of storage systems as well as performance and energy metrics. In addition, TRACER contains a novel and accurate workload-control module to acquire power varying with workload modes and I/O load intensity. The workload generator in TRACER facilitates a block-level trace replay mechanism. The main goal of the workload-control module is to select a certain percentage (e.g., anywhere from 10% to 100%) of trace entries from a real-world I/O trace file uniformly and to replay filtered trace entries to reach any level of I/O load intensity. TRACER is experimentally validated on a general RAID5 enterprise disk array. Our experiments demonstrate that energy-efficient mass storage systems can be accurately evaluated on full scales by TRACER. We applied TRACER to investigate impacts of workload modes and load intensity on energy-efficiency of storage devices. This work shows that TRACER can enable storage system developers to evaluate energy efficiency designs for storage systems.
With the growing scale of storage system, the traditional storage strategies can not match the requirements of storage system. The attribute controlled object storage has brought about new revolution. Moreover, storag...
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RAID has been a key component for constructing enterprise storage system. The target module supports host for the access interface of storage devices. This paper discusses the function of the target module based on a ...
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The Storage Management Initiative Specification (SMI-S) has been proposed for years to standardize the management of storage resources in Storage Area Network (SAN). However, current management architecture mainly foc...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9780769533520
The Storage Management Initiative Specification (SMI-S) has been proposed for years to standardize the management of storage resources in Storage Area Network (SAN). However, current management architecture mainly focuses on local area management. In this paper, we propose a scalable management architecture based on the integration of SMI-S and Chord. Meanwhile, Chord can only deal with exact query, the query of storage resources is significantly more complex. To deal with this problem, we further improve our architecture with a scalable blind search method - recursive partition search (RPS). Experiments show RPS is an effective approach for storage resource range query in the case that the Chord overlay network is not very large.
The storage management initiative specification (SMI-S) has been proposed for years to standardize the management of storage resources in storage area network (SAN). However, current management architecture mainly foc...
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The storage management initiative specification (SMI-S) has been proposed for years to standardize the management of storage resources in storage area network (SAN). However, current management architecture mainly focuses on local area management. In this paper, we propose a scalable management architecture based on the integration of SMI-S and Chord. Meanwhile, Chord can only deal with exact query, the query of storage resources is significantly more complex. To deal with this problem, we further improve our architecture with a scalable blind search method - recursive partition search (RPS). Experiments show RPS is an effective approach for storage resource range query in the case that the Chord overlay network is not very large.
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