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Measurements of All-Particle Energy Spectrum and Mean Logarithmic Mass of Cosmic Rays from 0.3 to 30 PeV with LHAASO-KM2A

引用

Physical Review Letters 2024年第13期132卷 131002-131002页

作者： Zhen Cao F. Aharonian Axikegu Y. X. Bai Y. W. Bao D. Bastieri X. J. Bi Y. J. Bi W. Bian A. V. Bukevich Q. Cao W. Y. Cao Zhe Cao J. Chang J. F. Chang A. M. Chen E. S. Chen H. X. Chen Liang Chen Lin Chen Long Chen M. J. Chen M. L. Chen Q. H. Chen S. Chen S. H. Chen S. Z. Chen T. L. Chen Y. Chen N. Cheng Y. D. Cheng M. Y. Cui S. W. Cui X. H. Cui Y. D. Cui B. Z. Dai H. L. Dai Z. G. Dai Danzengluobu X. Q. Dong K. K. Duan J. H. Fan Y. Z. Fan J. Fang J. H. Fang K. Fang C. F. Feng H. Feng L. Feng S. H. Feng X. T. Feng Y. Feng Y. L. Feng S. Gabici B. Gao C. D. Gao Q. Gao W. Gao W. K. Gao M. M. Ge L. S. Geng G. Giacinti G. H. Gong Q. B. Gou M. H. Gu F. L. Guo X. L. Guo Y. Q. Guo Y. Y. Guo Y. A. Han M. Hasan H. H. He H. N. He J. Y. He Y. He Y. K. Hor B. W. Hou C. Hou X. Hou H. B. Hu Q. Hu S. C. Hu D. H. Huang T. Q. Huang W. J. Huang X. T. Huang X. Y. Huang Y. Huang X. L. Ji H. Y. Jia K. Jia K. Jiang X. W. Jiang Z. J. Jiang M. Jin M. M. Kang I. Karpikov D. Kuleshov K. Kurinov B. B. Li C. M. Li Cheng Li Cong Li D. Li F. Li H. B. Li H. C. Li Jian Li Jie Li K. Li S. D. Li W. L. Li X. R. Li Xin Li Y. Z. Li Zhe Li Zhuo Li E. W. Liang Y. F. Liang S. J. Lin B. Liu C. Liu D. Liu D. B. Liu H. Liu H. D. Liu J. Liu J. L. Liu M. Y. Liu R. Y. Liu S. M. Liu W. Liu Y. Liu Y. N. Liu Q. Luo Y. Luo H. K. Lv B. Q. Ma L. L. Ma X. H. Ma J. R. Mao Z. Min W. Mitthumsiri H. J. Mu Y. C. Nan A. Neronov L. J. Ou P. Pattarakijwanich Z. Y. Pei J. C. Qi M. Y. Qi B. Q. Qiao J. J. Qin A. Raza D. Ruffolo A. Sáiz M. Saeed D. Semikoz L. Shao O. Shchegolev X. D. Sheng F. W. Shu H. C. Song Yu. V. Stenkin V. Stepanov Y. Su D. X. Sun Q. N. Sun X. N. Sun Z. B. Sun J. Takata P. H. T. Tam Q. W. Tang R. Tang Z. B. Tang W. W. Tian C. Wang C. B. Wang G. W. Wang H. G. Wang H. H. Wang J. C. Wang Kai Wang L. P. Wang L. Y. Wang P. H. Wang R. Wang W. Wang X. G. Wang X. Y. Wang Y. Wang Y. D. Wang Y. J. Wang Z. H. Wang Z. X. Wang Zhen Wang Zheng Wang D. M. Wei J. J. Wei Y. J. Wei T. Wen C. Y. Wu H. R. Wu Q. W. Wu S. Wu X. F. Wu Y. S. Wu S. Q. Xi J. Xia G. M. Xiang D. X. Xiao Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics and Experimental Physics Division and Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing China Tianfu Cosmic Ray Research Center 610000 Chengdu Sichuan China Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 31 Fitzwilliam Place 2 Dublin Ireland Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics P.O. Box 103980 69029 Heidelberg Germany School of Physical Science and Technology and School of Information Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University 610031 Chengdu Sichuan China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University 210023 Nanjing Jiangsu China Center for Astrophysics Guangzhou University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong China Tsung-Dao Lee Institute and School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 200240 Shanghai China Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences 117312 Moscow Russia Hebei Normal University 050024 Shijiazhuang Hebei China University of Science and Technology of China 230026 Hefei Anhui China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy and Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 210023 Nanjing Jiangsu China Research Center for Astronomical Computing Zhejiang Laboratory 311121 Hangzhou Zhejiang China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 200030 Shanghai China School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University 650091 Kunming Yunnan China Key Laboratory of Cosmic Rays (Tibet University) Ministry of Education 850000 Lhasa Tibet China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China School of Physics and Astronomy (Zhuhai) and School of Physics (Guangzhou) and Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology (Zhuhai) Sun Yat-sen

We present the measurements of all-particle energy spectrum and mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays in the energy range of 0.3–30 PeV using data collected from LHAASO-KM2A between September 2021 and December 2022, which is based on a nearly composition-independent energy reconstruction method, achieving unprecedented accuracy. Our analysis reveals the position of the knee at 3.67±0.05±0.15 PeV. Below the knee, the spectral index is found to be −2.7413±0.0004±0.0050, while above the knee, it is −3.128±0.005±0.027, with the sharpness of the transition measured with a statistical error of 2%. The mean logarithmic mass of cosmic rays is almost heavier than helium in the whole measured energy range. It decreases from 1.7 at 0.3 PeV to 1.3 at 3 PeV, representing a 24% decline following a power law with an index of −0.1200±0.0003±0.0341. This is equivalent to an increase in abundance of light components. Above the knee, the mean logarithmic mass exhibits a power law trend towards heavier components, which is reversal to the behavior observed in the all-particle energy spectrum. Additionally, the knee position and the change in power-law index are approximately the same. These findings suggest that the knee observed in the all-particle spectrum corresponds to the knee of the light component, rather than the medium-heavy components.

关键词： Cosmic ray composition & spectra

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The influence of stochastic forcing on strong solutions to the Incompressible Slice Model in 2D bounded domain

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Zhang, Lei Shi, Yu Hu, Chaozhu Wang, Weifeng Liu, Bin SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS HUBEI KEY LABORATORY OF ENGINEERING MODELING AND SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY HUBEI WUHAN430074 China SCHOOL OF SCIENCE WUHAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY HUBEI WUHAN 430070 China SCHOOL OF SCIENCE HUBEI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY HUBEI WUHAN 430068 China SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS SOUTH-CENTRAL UNIVERSITY FOR NATIONALITIES WUHAN430074 China

The Cotter-Holm Slice Model (CHSM) was introduced to study the behavior of whether and specifically the formulation of atmospheric fronts, whose prediction is fundamental in meteorology. Considered herein is the influence of stochastic forcing on the Incompressible Slice Model (ISM) in a smooth 2D bounded domain, which can be derived by adapting the Lagrangian function in Hamilton’s principle for CHSM to the Euler-Boussinesq Eady incompressible case. First, we establish the existence and uniqueness of local pathwise solution (probability strong solution) to the ISM perturbed by nonlinear multiplicative stochastic forcing in Banach spaces Wk, p(D) with k > 1 + 1/ p and p ≥ 2. The solution is obtained by introducing suitable cut-off operators applied to the W1,∞-norm of the velocity and temperature fields, using the stochastic compactness method and the Yamada-Watanabe type argument based on the Gyöngy-Krylov characterization of convergence in probability. Then, when the ISM is perturbed by linear multiplicative stochastic forcing and the potential temperature does not vary linearly on the y-direction, we prove that the associated Cauchy problem admits a unique global-in-time pathwise solution with high probability, provided that the initial data is sufficiently small or the diffusion parameter is large enough. The results partially answer the problems left open in Alonso-Orán et al. (Physica D 392:99–118, 2019, pp. 117). Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Banach spaces

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GLOBAL-IN-TIME SOLVABILITY AND BLOW-UP FOR A NON-ISOSPECTRAL TWO-COMPONENT CUBIC CAMASSA-HOLM SYSTEM IN A CRITICAL BESOV SPACE

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2020年

作者： Zhang, Lei Qiao, Zhijun SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS HUBEI KEY LABORATORY OF ENGINEERING MODELING AND SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WUHANHUBEI430074 China SCHOOL OF MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS RIO GRANDE VALLEY EDINBURGTX78539 United States

In this paper, we prove the global Hadamard well-posedness of strong solutions to anon-isospectral two-component cubic Camassa-Holm system in the critical Besov space B22,1(T). 1 Our results shows that in comparison with the well-known work for classic Camassa-Holm-type equations, the existence of global solution only relies on the L1-integrability of the variable coefficients α(t) and γ(t), but nothing to do with the shape or smoothness of the initial data. The key ingredient of the proof hinges on the careful analysis of the mutual effect among two component forms, the uniform bound of approximate solutions, and several crucial estimates of cubic nonlinearities in low-regularity Besov spaces via the Littlewood-Paley decomposition theory. A reduced case in our results yields the global existence of solutions in a Besov space for two kinds of well-known isospectral peakon system with weakly dissipative terms. Moreover, we derive two kinds of precise blow-up criteria for a strong solution in both critical and non-critical Besov spaces, as well as providing specific characterization for the lower bound of the blow-up time, which implies the global existence with additional conditions on the time-dependent parameters α(t) an γ(t). Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Banach spaces

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Measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum around the knee region with LHAASO 38

Measurement of the cosmic ray proton spectrum around the kne...

引用

38th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2023

作者： Zhiyong, You Shoushan, Zhang Liqiao, Yin Lingling, Ma Zhen, Cao Yudong, Wang Cao, Zhen Aharonian, F. An, Q. Axikegu Bai, L.X. Bai, Y.X. Bai, L.X. Bai, Y.X. Bao, Y.W. Bastieri, D. Bi, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Cai, H. Cai, J.T. Cao, Zhe Chang, J. Chang, J.F. Chen, B.M. Chen, E.S. Chen, J. Chen, Liang Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, X.L. Chen, Y. Cheng, N. Cheng, Y.D. Cui, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. D’Ettorre Piazzoli, B. Dai, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Danzengluobu della Volpe, D. Dong, X.J. Duan, K.K. Fan, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fan, Z.X. Fang, J. Fang, K. Feng, C.F. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, Y.L. Gao, B. Gao, C.D. Gao, L.Q. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Ge, M.M. Geng, L.S. Gong, G.H. Gou, Q.B. Gu, M.H. Guo, F.L. Guo, J.G. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Han, Y.A. He, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.C. He, S.L. He, X.B. He, Y. Heller, M. Hor, Y.K. Hou, C. Hu, H.B. Hu, S. Hu, S.C. Hu, X.J. Huang, D.H. Huang, Q.L. Huang, W.H. Huang, X.T. Huang, X.Y. Huang, Z.C. Ji, F. Ji, X.L. Jia, H.Y. Jiang, K. Jiang, Z.J. Jin, C. Ke, T. Kuleshov, D. Levochkin, K. Li, B.B. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, H.Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li, W.L. Li, X.R. Li, Xin Li, Xin Li, Y. Li, Y.Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Liang, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Lin, S.J. Liu, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, J.S. Liu, J.Y. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.N. Liu, Z.X. Long, W.J. Lu, R. Lv, H.K. Ma, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Mao, J.R. Masood, A. Min, Z. Mitthumsiri, W. Montaruli, T. Nan, Y.C. Pang, B.Y. Pattarakijwanich, P. Pei, Z.Y. Qi, M.Y. Qi, Y.Q. Qiao, B.Q. Qin, J.J. Ruffolo, D. Rulev, V. Sáiz, A. Shao, L. Shchegolev, O. Sheng, X.D. Shi, J.Y. Song, H.C. Stenkin, Yu.V. Stepanov, V. Su, Y. Sun, Q.N. The Institute of High Energy Physics The Chinese Academy of Sciences YuQuan Road.19B shijingshan district Beijing China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Department YuQuan Road.19A shijingshan district Beijing100049 China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu China Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophyics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 31 Fitzwilliam Place Dublin 2 Ireland Max-Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics P.O. Box 103980 Heidelberg69029 Germany State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics China University of Science and Technology of China Anhui Hefei230026 China School of Physical Science and Technology School of Information Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Chengdu610031 China College of Physics Sichuan University Sichuan Chengdu610065 China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing210023 China Center for Astrophysics Guangzhou University Guangdong Guangzhou510006 China School of Physics and Technology Wuhan University Hubei Wuhan430072 China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Jiangsu Nanjing210023 China Hebei Normal University Hebei Shijiazhuang050024 China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200030 China Ministry of Education Tibet Lhasa850000 China National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai519000 China Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Università di Napoli ‘Federico II" Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo via Cinthia Napoli80126 Italy School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Yunnan Kunming650091 China Departement de Physique Nucleair

One of the main scientific aims of LHAASO is to measure the energy spectra of cosmic rays for individual mass compositions. LHAASO is made up of three detector arrays, which are WFCTA, KM2A, and WCDA. The three detector arrays can achieve hybrid observation, so several extensive air shower observables that are sensitive to mass compositions can be measured simultaneously. ROOT-TMVA package is used to combine these component-sensitive parameters for selecting proton events. The selected proton events have a purity of over 90%. In this paper, we have selected simulated events with shower cores located in the KM2A array to investigate the feasibility of the analysis method for studying the proton energy spectrum. We have also studied the associated systematic uncertainties, including those introduced by the composition models, proton selection, energy reconstruction method, and hadronic interaction models. © Copyright owned by the author(s) under the terms of the Creative Commons.

关键词： Cosmic rays

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The non-cutoff Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system with weak angular singularity

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science China Mathematics 2018年第1期61卷 111-136页

作者： Yingzhe Fan Yuanjie Lei Shuangqian Liu Huijiang Zhao School of Mathematics and Statistics Wuhan University School of Mathematics and Statistics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing Huazhong University of Science and Technology Department of Mathematics Jinan University Computational Science Hubei Key Laboratory Wuhan University

We establish the global existence of small-amplitude solutions near a global Maxwellian to the Cauchy problem of the Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system for non-cutoff soft potentials with weak angular singularity. This extends the work of Duan et al.(2013), in which the case of strong angular singularity is considered, to the case of weak angular singularity.

关键词： non-cutoff Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system global solutions near Maxwellians weak angular singularity time-velocity weighted energy method

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CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS FOR MINIMUM ACTION METHODS COUPLED WITH A FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Hong, Jialin Jin, Diancong Sheng, Derui Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Mathematical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China School of Mathematics and Statistics Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China Department of Applied Mathematics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong

The minimum action method (MAM) is an effective approach to numerically solving minimums and minimizers of Freidlin–Wentzell (F-W) action functionals, which is used to study the most probable transition path and probability of the occurrence of transitions for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with small noise. In this paper, we focus on MAMs based on a finite difference method, and present the convergence analysis of minimums and minimizers of the discrete F-W action functional. The main result shows that the convergence orders of the minimum of the discrete F-W action functional in the cases of multiplicative noises and additive noises are 1/2 and 1, respectively. Our main result also reveals the convergence of the stochastic θ-method for SDEs with small noise in terms of large deviations. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Finite difference method

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Contrastive Learning for Robust Android Malware Familial Classification

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Wu, Yueming Dou, Shihan Zou, Deqing Yang, Wei Qiang, Weizhong Jin, Hai National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Services Computing Technology and System Lab Hubei Engineering Research Center on Big Data Security School of Cyber Science and Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing School of Computer Science Fudan University Shanghai200433 China University of Texas at Dallas Dallas United States National Engineering Research Center for Big Data Technology and System Services Computing Technology and System Lab Cluster and Grid Computing Lab School of Computer Science and Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan430074 China

Due to its open-source nature, Android operating system has been the main target of attackers to exploit. Malware creators always perform different code obfuscations on their apps to hide malicious activities. Features extracted from these obfuscated samples through program analysis contain many useless and disguised features, which leads to many false negatives. To address the issue, in this paper, we demonstrate that obfuscation-resilient malware family analysis can be achieved through contrastive learning. The key insight behind our analysis is that contrastive learning can be used to reduce the difference introduced by obfuscation while amplifying the difference between malware and other types of malware. Based on the proposed analysis, we design a system that can achieve robust and interpretable classification of Android malware. To achieve robust classification, we perform contrastive learning on malware samples to learn an encoder that can automatically extract robust features from malware samples. To achieve interpretable classification, we transform the function call graph of a sample into an image by centrality analysis. Then the corresponding heatmaps can be obtained by visualization techniques. These heatmaps can help users understand why the malware is classified as this family. We implement IFDroid and perform extensive evaluations on two datasets. Experimental results show that IFDroid is superior to state-of-the-art Android malware familial classification systems. Moreover, IFDroid is capable of maintaining a 98.4% F1 on classifying 69,421 obfuscated malware samples. © 2021, CC0.

关键词： Android (operating system)

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Mean square stability of stochastic theta method for stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Li, Min Hu, Yaozhong Huang, Chengming Wang, Xiong School of Mathematics and Physics Center for Mathematical Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Canada School of Mathematics and Statistics Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modelling and Scientific Computing Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

In this paper, we study the mean square stability of the solution and its stochastic theta scheme for the following stochastic differential equations drive by fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H ∈ (1/2,1): dX(t) = f(t,X(t))dt+g(t,X(t))dBH(t). Firstly, we consider the special case when f(t,X) = −λκtκ-1X and g(t,X) = µX. The solution is explicit and is mean square stable when κ ≥ 2H. It is proved that if the parameter 2H ≤ κ ≤ 3/2 and √3/2·e/√3/2·e+1 (≈ 0.77) ≤ θ ≤ 1 or κ > 3/2 and 1/2 MSC Codes 65C30, 65L20, 60G22, 60H10, 33C15 Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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Data quality control system and long-term performance monitor of LHAASO-KM2A

引用

Astroparticle Physics 2025年 164卷

作者： Cao, Zhen Aharonian, F. Axikegu Bai, Y.X. Bao, Y.W. Bastieri, D. Bi, X.J. Bi, Y.J. Bian, W. Bukevich, A.V. Cao, Q. Cao, W.Y. Cao, Zhe Chang, J. Chang, J.F. Chen, A.M. Chen, E.S. Chen, H.X. Chen, Liang Chen, Lin Chen, Long Chen, M.J. Chen, M.L. Chen, Q.H. Chen, S. Chen, S.H. Chen, S.Z. Chen, T.L. Chen, Y. Cheng, N. Cheng, Y.D. Cui, M.Y. Cui, S.W. Cui, X.H. Cui, Y.D. Dai, B.Z. Dai, H.L. Dai, Z.G. Danzengluobu Dong, X.Q. Duan, K.K. Fan, J.H. Fan, Y.Z. Fang, J. Fang, J.H. Fang, K. Feng, C.F. Feng, H. Feng, L. Feng, S.H. Feng, X.T. Feng, Y. Feng, Y.L. Gabici, S. Gao, B. Gao, C.D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, W.K. Ge, M.M. Geng, L.S. Giacinti, G. Gong, G.H. Gou, Q.B. Gu, M.H. Guo, F.L. Guo, X.L. Guo, Y.Q. Guo, Y.Y. Han, Y.A. Hasan, M. He, H.H. He, H.N. He, J.Y. He, Y. Hor, Y.K. Hou, B.W. Hou, C. Hou, X. Hu, H.B. Hu, Q. Hu, S.C. Huang, D.H. Huang, T.Q. Huang, W.J. Huang, X.T. Huang, X.Y. Huang, Y. Ji, X.L. Jia, H.Y. Jia, K. Jiang, K. Jiang, X.W. Jiang, Z.J. Jin, M. Kang, M.M. Karpikov, I. Kuleshov, D. Kurinov, K. Li, B.B. Li, C.M. Li, Cheng Li, Cong Li, D. Li, F. Li, H.B. Li, H.C. Li, Jian Li, Jie Li, K. Li, S.D. Li, W.L. Li, X.R. Li, Xin Li, Y.Z. Li, Zhe Li, Zhuo Liang, E.W. Liang, Y.F. Lin, S.J. Liu, B. Liu, C. Liu, D. Liu, D.B. Liu, H. Liu, H.D. Liu, J. Liu, J.L. Liu, M.Y. Liu, R.Y. Liu, S.M. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Liu, Y.N. Luo, Q. Luo, Y. Lv, H.K. Ma, B.Q. Ma, L.L. Ma, X.H. Mao, J.R. Min, Z. Mitthumsiri, W. Mu, H.J. Nan, Y.C. Neronov, A. Ou, L.J. Pattarakijwanich, P. Pei, Z.Y. Qi, J.C. Qi, M.Y. Qiao, B.Q. Qin, J.J. Raza, A. Ruffolo, D. Sáiz, A. Saeed, M. Semikoz, D. Shao, L. Shchegolev, O. Sheng, X.D. Shu, F.W. Song, H.C. Stenkin, Yu.V. Stepanov, V. Su, Y. Sun, D.X. Sun, Q.N. Sun, X.N. Sun, Z.B. Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics & Experimental Physics Division & Computing Center Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049 China TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center Sichuan Chengdu China Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies 31 Fitzwilliam Place 2 Dublin Ireland Max–Planck-Institut for Nuclear Physics P.O. Box 103980 Heidelberg69029 Germany School of Physical Science and Technology & School of Information Science and Technology Southwest Jiaotong University Sichuan Chengdu610031 China School of Astronomy and Space Science Nanjing University Jiangsu Nanjing210023 China Center for Astrophysics Guangzhou University Guangdong Guangzhou510006 China Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow117312 Russia Hebei Normal University Hebei Shijiazhuang050024 China University of Science and Technology of China Anhui Hefei230026 China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics China Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy & Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Jiangsu Nanjing210023 China Research Center for Astronomical Computing Zhejiang Laboratory Zhejiang Hangzhou311121 China Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai200030 China School of Physics and Astronomy Yunnan University Yunnan Kunming650091 China Ministry of Education Tibet Lhasa850000 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100101 China Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai519000 China Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Guangzhou510275 China Sun Yat-sen University Guangdong Zhuhai519000 Chi

The KM2A is the largest sub-array of the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). It consists of 5216 electromagnetic particle detectors (EDs) and 1188 muon detectors (MDs). The data recorded by the EDs and MDs are used to reconstruct primary information of cosmic-ray and gamma-ray showers. To ensure the reliability of the LHAASO-KM2A data, a three-level quality control system has been established. It is used to monitor the status of detector units, stability of reconstructed parameters and the performance of the array based on observations of the Crab Nebula and Moon shadow. This paper will introduce the control system and its application on the LHAASO-KM2A data collected from August 2021 to July 2023. During this period, the pointing and angular resolution of the array were stable. From the observations of the Moon shadow and Crab Nebula, the results achieved using the two methods are consistent with each other. For example, according to the observation of the Crab Nebula with KM2A at energies from 25 TeV to 100 TeV, the time averaged pointing errors are estimated to be −0.003°±0.005° and 0.001°±0.006° in the R.A. and Dec directions, respectively. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Cosmology

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Cole-Hopf Transformation Based Lattice Boltzmann Model for One-dimensional Burgers' Equation

引用

Communications in Theoretical Physics 2018年第3期69卷 329-335页

作者： Xiao-Tong Qi Bao-Chang Shi Zhen-Hua Chai School of Mathematics and Statistics Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Modeling and Scientific Computing Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430074China

In this paper,we present a Cole-Hopf transformation based lattice Boltzmann(LB)model for solving one-dimensional Burgers'equation,and compared to available LB models,the effect of nonlinear convection term can be *** Chapman-Enskog analysis,it can be found that the converted diffusion equation based on the Cole-Hopf transformation can be recovered correctly from present LB *** numerical tests are also performed to validate the present LB model,and the numerical results show that,similar to previous LB models,the present model also has a second-order convergence rate in space,but it is more accurate than the previous ones.

关键词： Burgers'equation Cole-Hopf transformation lattice Boltzmann model

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