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Effectiveness Assessment and Improvement for Vulnerable Road User Head Protection Testing and Evaluation Program Based on Real-world Accident Reconstructions

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Zhongguo Gonglu Xuebao/China Journal of Highway and Transport 2025年第3期38卷 177-187页

作者： Wang, Fang Liu, Zhang-Chi Hu, Lin Zou, Wei Shi, Liang-Liang Liu, Yu Zhou, Zhou School of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering Changsha University of Science & Technology Hunan Changsha410114 China Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Safety Design and Reliability Technology for Engineering Vehicle Hunan Changsha410114 China China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd. Chongqing401122 China Division of Neuronic Engineering KTH Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm14152 Sweden

Vulnerable road users (VRUs) face high risks of injury and death from traffic accidents. The current VRU head protection program relies on a single head impact velocity and injury assessment criteria that fail to account for brain tissue strain. This limitation affects the effectiveness of simulating real-world impacts and the accuracy of head injury risk assessments. In this study, the VRU head impact boundary conditions were extracted based on the reconstruction of 40 real-world pedestrian VRU head impacts. Using the Total Human Model for safety (THUMS) head finite element model and headform impactor, this study explored the effects of real head impact boundary conditions on head kinematics and injury under procedural test scenarios and compared these conditions with test procedure scenarios. The results indicate that the peak linear acceleration in the current test procedure scenarios is higher;however, the peak rotational velocity is significantly lower than that observed in real-world accidents. Different impact locations have significant effects on the head kinematics and injury response parameters, particularly in stiffer areas, such as the windshield edges and lower right corner, where the injury risk under regulatory conditions is higher than that in real accident cases. In contrast, the opposite is true in other windshield areas. This study suggests that future programs or virtual assessments should diversify the head impact boundaries and injury assessment criteria to consider the differences in impact locations and the effects of head rotation on brain tissue injuries. For most windshields (non-edge areas), increasing the linear velocity enhances head rotation, and rotational injury assessment criteria should therefore be introduced. For future virtual assessments, injury criteria based on brain tissue strain should be used to assess VRU head injury risk in real accidents more comprehensively and accurately. © 2025 Chang'an University. All rights reserve

关键词： Windshields

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Co-activation for enhanced K-ion storage in battery anodes

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National Science Review 2023年第7期10卷 183-195页

作者： Yanhong Feng Yawei Lv Hongwei Fu Mihir Parekh Apparao M.Rao He Wang Xiaolin Tai Xianhui Yi Yue Lin Jiang Zhou Bingan Lu School of Physics and Electronics Hunan University Department of Physics and Astronomy Clemson Nanomaterials Institute Clemson University Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China School of Materials Science and Engineering Central South University State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body Hunan University

The relative natural abundance of potassium and potentially high energy density has established potassium-ion batteries as a promising technology for future large-scale global energy ***,the anodes' low capacity and high dis charge platform lead to low energy density,which impedes their rapid ***,we present a possible co-activation mechanism between bismuth（Bi） and tin（Sn）that enhances K-ion storage in battery *** co-activated Bi-Sn anode delivered a high capacity of634 mAh g-1,with a discharge plateau as low as 0.35 V,and operated continuously for 500 cycles at a current density of 50 mA g-1,with a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.2%.This possible co-activation strategy for high potassium storage may be extended to other Na/Zn/Ca/Mg/Al ion battery technologies,thus providing insights into how to improve their energy storage ability.

关键词： potassium ion batteries anode co-activation high reversible capacity

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Quantitative measurement and application of droplets on physical surfaces based on LIF technology

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Transportation safety and Environment 2024年第2期6卷 104-113页

作者： Fan Wu Shuaixiong Zhou Qingmin Cui Renze Xu Hengkui Li Chao Yu Key Labor atory of Traffic Safety on Track of Ministry of Education School of Traffic&Transportation EngineeringCentr al South Univ ersityChangsha 410075HunanChina Joint International Research Laboratory of Key Technologies for Rail Traffic Safety School of Traffic&Transportation EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha 410075HunanChina School of software Henan University of EngineeringZhengzhou 451191HenanChina National&Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Safety Technology for Rail Vehicle School of Traffic&Transportation EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangsha 410075HunanChina

Contaminated surfaces play a significant role in the transmission of respiratory infectious *** address this issue,we pre-sented a novel quantitative detection method for droplets on physical surfaces,based on the laser-induced fluorescence *** proposed detection method was demonstrated in a realistic high-speed train compartment scenario by simulating the process of droplet release during passengers’breathing and *** experimental results showed that this method could offer high precision(10-1 mg/m^(2))for detecting minute substance concentrations,and its ease of operation makes it suitable for complex en-gineering *** results also revealed that under the combined effects of the indoor airflow and breathing airflow,the range of droplets released by breathing activity exceeded two rows in front of and behind the release ***,we observed that a large number of droplets settled on the seat surfaces on both sides of the same row as the releaser,with over 36%of these droplets concentrated on the backrest area of the *** the respiratory jet velocity increased,the location with the most sed-iment droplets(accounting for 8%of the total sedimentation)occurred on the seat directly in front of the releaser,and approximately 48% of the droplets were found on the back of this *** proposed method overcomes the shortcomings of existing experimental methods in quantitatively capturing the motion characteristics of droplets in complex flow fields.

关键词： quantitative measurement sediment droplets physical surfaces fluorescence measurement high-speed train compart-ment

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Mechanistic investigation of highly bendable magnesium alloy sheet fabricated by short-process manufacturing

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第10期12卷 4289-4310页

作者： Shiwei Xu Peijie Xiao Xiaofan Wu John Holmes Frédéric Mompiou Zhenyu Xiao Chen Jin Tianjiao Li Kuaishe Wang Zhuoran Zeng College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Suzhou Research Institute of Hunan University Suzhou 215131China College of Engineering Computing and CyberneticAustralian National UniversityACT 2601Australia CEMES-CNRS Universitéde Toulouse29 rue J.MarvigToulouse 31055France Qinghai Salt Lake Teli Magnesium Co. Ltd.Xining 810000China International Joint Laboratory for Light Alloys(Ministry of Education) College of Materials Science and EngineeringChongqing UniversityChongqing 400044China School of Metallurgical Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture&TechnologyXi’an 710055China College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China

In this study,a commercial magnesium alloy AZ31(Mg-3Al-1Zn-0.3Mn)sheet through a short manufacturing process was found to be ductile and highly formable in *** possessing a strong basal texture,the short-processed sheet without any annealing can be bent at a small radius,only 0.2 times its thickness in the 90°bending ***,it could withstand direct deformation by repeated *** in-situ microstructural characterization reveals that extension twin bands with strain localization appear in the bending *** subsequent flattening,these twin bands underwent detwinning,reducing local strain concentrations and enabling further bending *** outstanding bend formability originated from the significant-type dislocation loops slipping on the prismatic crystal planes within dynamic-recrystallized *** grains underwent a uniform refinement to several microns in the short manufacturing process and exhibited low residual *** active prismatic dislocation slip within refined grains was due to its much lower relative activation stress to basal slip(CRSSprism/CRSSbasal of only∼1.6)owing to the effective grain boundary ***,the prismatic dislocation activity was further enhanced when bypassing Al-Mn nano-particles during motion,leaving debris and loops that facilitated easy multiplication.

关键词： Magnesium Deformation Texture In-situ characterization Dislocation slip.

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Weakening behavior of waterproof performance in joints of shield tunnels under adjacent constructions

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil engineering 2023年第6期17卷 884-900页

作者： Huai-Na WU Lei LIU Yuan LIU Ren-Peng CHEN Hai-Lin WANG Shi-Qiang RUAN Meng FAN Research Center of Underground Space Advanced Technology Hunan UniversityChangsha410082China Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency of the Ministry of Education Hunan UniversityChangsha410082China Department of Civil Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha410082China Hunan Provincial Communications Planning Survey&Design Institute Co.Ltd.Changsha410082China

Groundwater leakage in shield tunnels poses a threat to the safety and durability of tunnel structures. Disturbance of adjacent constructions during the operation of shield tunnels frequently occurs in China, leading to deformation of tunnel lining and leakage in joints. Understanding the impact of adjacent constructions on the waterproofing performance of the lining is critical for the protection of shield tunnels. In this study, the weakening behavior of waterproof performance was investigated in the joints of shield tunnels under transverse deformation induced by adjacent construction. First, the relationship between the joint opening and transverse deformation under three typical adjacent constructions (upper loading, upper excavation, and side excavation) was investigated via elaborate numerical simulations. Subsequently, the evolution of the waterproof performance of a common gasket with a joint opening was examined by establishing a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian model of joint seepage, and a formula describing the relationship between waterproof performance and joint opening was proposed. Finally, the weakening law of waterproofing performance was investigated based on the results of the aforementioned studies. It was determined that the joints with the greatest decline in waterproof performance were located at the tunnel shoulder in the upper loading case, tunnel crown in the upper excavation case, and tunnel shoulder in the side excavation case. When the waterproof performance of these joints decreased to 50% and 30%, the transverse deformations were 60 and 90 mm under upper loading, 90 and 140 mm under upper excavation, and 45 and 70 mm under side excavation, respectively. The results provide a straightforward reference for setting a controlled deformation standard considering the waterproof performance.

关键词： shield tunnel waterproof performance horizontal transverse deformation joint opening weakenning behavior

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A novel cobalt-free oxide dispersion strengthened medium-entropy alloy with outstanding mechanical properties and irradiation resistance

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Journal of Materials Science & technology 2023年第21期152卷 190-200页

作者： Ao Fu Bin Liu Bo Liu Yuankui Cao Jian Wang Tao Liao Jia Li Qihong Fang Peter K.Liaw Yong Liu State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education Institute of Nuclear Science and TechnologySichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China State Key Lab of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Department of Materials Science and Engineering The University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996USA

A novel cobalt-free oxide dispersion strengthened(ODS)equiatomic FeCrNi medium entropy alloy(MEA)was successfully fabricated through mechanical alloying and hot extrusion(HE).The ODS FeCrNi MEA is composed of a single face-centered cubic(FCC)matrix,in which highly dispersed oxide nanoparticles,including Y_(2)Ti_(2)O_(7),Y_(2)TiO_(5) and Y_(2)O_(3),are uniformly *** with the FeCrNi MEA,the ODS FeCrNi MEA exhibits the improved yield strength(1120 MPa)and ultimate tensile strength(1274 MPa)with adequate ductility retention(12.1%).Theoretical analysis of the strengthening mechanism indicates that the high strength is mainly attributed to the grain-boundary strengthening caused by fine grains and the precipitation strengthening resulted from the oxide ***,the matrix that easily activates mechanical twinning during the deformation process is the main reason to ensure moderate *** addition,the introduction of high-density oxide nanoparticles can disperse the defect distri-bution and suppress the defect growth and irradiation-induced segregation,leading to the excellent irra-diation *** findings provide innovative guidance for the development of high-performance structural materials for future nuclear energy applications with balanced strength and ductility.

关键词： Medium-entropy alloys Irradiation Oxide nanoparticles Strength Deformation mechanism

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Highly Dispersive Co@N-C Catalyst as Freestanding Bifunctional Cathode for Flexible and Rechargeable Zinc–air Batteries

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2022年第2期5卷 543-554页

作者： Yu Ma Ding Chen Weijun Li Yapeng Zheng Lin Wang Gang Shao Qiao Liu Weiyou Yang College of Materials Science and Engineering Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body College of Mechanical and Vehicle EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha 410082China Institute of Materials Ningbo University of TechnologyNingbo 315211China School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001China

The design of efficient cathode with great cycle performance,high flexibility,and low cost is essential for the commercialization of zinc–air battery(ZAB).Herein,we report the exploration of freestanding bifunctional cathode with rationally designed structures,namely,tiny Co nanoparticles embedded in Ndoped carbon nanofiber aerogels,which have desired features including uniform Co dispersity,balanced distribution of N-C species,hierarchically porous structure with increased fraction of meso-to micropores,and moderate amounts of ***,the as-fabricated cathodes exhibit positive half-wave potential of 0.82 V for oxygen reduction and small overpotential of 350 mV at 10 mA cm^(−2) for oxygen evolution,respectively,which deliver smaller reversible oxygen electrode index(0.76 V)than the commercial Pt/C+RuO_(2)(0.80 V)and most Co-based electrocatalysts ever ***,the as-constructed liquid rechargeable ZAB behaves high peak power density(160 mW cm^(−2)),large specific capacity(759.7 mAh g^(−1) at 10 mA cm^(−2),tested after 120 h of OCV tests),and robust stability over 277 ***,the as-assembled quasi-solid-state ZAB using such freestanding cathode represents excellent mechanical flexibility and outstanding cycle performance,regardless of being serviced under extremely bending conditions from 0°to 180°,underscoring their promising applications as durable bifunctional cathode for portable metalair batteries.

关键词： bifunctional cathode carbon nanofiber aerogels Co nanoparticles freestanding cathode zinc-air batteries

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Comparison of Responses Between Human Body Model and Anthropomorphic Test Device Model in Reclined Postures

Comparison of Responses Between Human Body Model and Anthrop...

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2024 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI 2024

作者： Fei, Jing Liu, Yu Wang, Peifeng Yang, XiaoTing Li, Zhen Zhang, Lingwei Wang, Qiang Wan, Xinming China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd. Chongqing China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Hunan University Changsha China

The advanced autonomous driving system enables more flexible seating arrangements. While a reclined seat can enhance comfort during the ride, it may also significantly affect kinematic response of the occupants. Currently, there are two common virtual tools for studying occupant injury: Human Body Models and Anthropomorphic Test Device Models. The differences in the internal structural responses of these two groups under reclined postures are not well understood. This study focuses on analyzing the kinematic and mechanical response of occupants' pelvis and lumbar spine under rigid seat with zero gravity characteristics. Four seat conditions were designed, altering angle of seat-back, seat pan, and leg rest. Simulations were conducted using THUMS v6.1 and THOR-AV model for highly reclined angle research, subjecting them to a 47 km/h frontal crash pulse on a sled. The study found that as the recline angle increases, the forward movement of the pelvis increased, which led to increased interaction forces between the pelvis and lap belt, and increased compression forces on the lumbar spine. In addition, raising the seat pan could help reduce the forces on the pelvis and lumbar spine. THOR-AV and THUMS align well in pelvic forward motion but show clear differences in pelvic rotation. There were also some differences in the degree of Z-direction movement of the head and torso. In particular, THUMS exhibits lumbar extension moments at high reclined angles, necessitating further research on the load-bearing and injury mechanisms of the occupants' lumbar spine in high reclined postures. © 2024 International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. All rights reserved.

关键词： Kinematics

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Parametric Study on SUV-e-Bike Collision for safety Test & Evaluation Regulations

Parametric Study on SUV-e-Bike Collision for Safety Test & E...

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China SAE Congress, 2021

作者： Liu, Yu Wan, Xinming Xu, Wei Shi, Liangliang Bai, Zhonghao State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body Hunan University Changsha410082 China State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology Chongqing401122 China China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co. Ltd. Chongqing401122 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789811938412

To explore the kinematics and injury response of the rider’s head after the collision with the vehicle, and to determine the test and evaluation boundary for its protection. An accident involving an e-bike was reconstructed based on an automatic operation framework, then the reliability of the reconstruction model was verified from comparisons of rider’s kinematics, the rest position of three participants, and injury with accident information. Furthermore, a total of 1296 parametric cases were performed by the automatic operation framework, which was based on the validated model with a full factorial experimental design according to the collision boundary such as velocity, position, and angle from accidents. Finally, a data set with 1005 valid cases were used to discuss the distribution patterns of the head’s kinematics and injury response when colliding with the vehicle such as initial impacting time, linear and angular velocity, WAD, and also for head injury criteria (HIC15). The results show that WAD is positively correlated with the size of the rider and vehicle speed. All head contact points on the vehicle are located before WAD2100, and WAD1100–1600 should be considered significant for riders’ protection. 92% of the head impacting linear velocity are lower than 50 km/ h,78% is less than 40 km/h. Head collision angle of 50–70° accounts for 62%, and the average angle of 5th,50th,95th are 57°, 61°, 62° respectively. Head subsystem impactor, within test area of WAD1000–2100 and with impacting velocity of 40 km/h and angle of 65° in current pedestrian protection regulation, seems to be applicable to the boundary of test and evaluation for SUV to e-bike riders. 82% of cases with head initial collision time are less than 140ms, and head injuries of e-bike riders mainly come from ground collisions. As a preliminary exploration, distribution patterns of rider’s kinematics and injury response in this article will provide data and theoretical support for formulation and

关键词： Kinematics

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Cross-section distortion and springback characteristics of double-cavity aluminum profile in force controlled stretch-bending

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Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2024年第8期34卷 2476-2490页

作者： Zhi-wen LIU Zi-xuan DONG Cong-chang XU Jie YI Luo-xing LI School of Mechanical Engineering University of South ChinaHengyang 421001China State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle Hunan UniversityChangsha 410082China

3D elastic-plastic FE model for simulating the force controlled stretch-bending process of double-cavity aluminum profile was established using hybrid explicit−implicit solvent *** the computational accuracy and efficiency,the optimal choices of numerical parameters and algorithms in FE modelling were *** formation mechanisms of cross-section distortion and springback were *** effects of pre-stretching,post-stretching,friction,and the addition of internal fillers on forming quality were *** results show that the stress state of profile in stretch-bending is uniaxial with only a circumferential *** stress distribution along the length direction of profile is non-uniform and the maximum tensile stress is located at a certain distance away from the center of *** aluminum profile is gradually attached to bending die,the distribution characteristic of cross-section distortion along the length direction of profile changes from V-shape to *** unloading the forming tools,cross-section distortion decreases obviously due to the stress relaxation,with a maximum distortion difference of 13%before and after *** pre-stretching and post-stretching forces increase,cross-section distortion increases gradually,while springback first decreases and then remains *** increasing friction between bending die and profile,cross-section distortion slightly decreases,while springback ***-section distortion decreases by 83%with adding PVC fillers into the cavities of profile,while springback increases by 192.2%.

关键词： hollow aluminum profile force controlled stretch-bending numerical parameters springback analysis approach cross-section distortion springback process parameters

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