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SSrN 2023年

作者： Lucchese, Paul IEA Hydrogen TCP France New Energy R&D programme French Public Research Institute France

In this session, attendees will learn why innovation and international collaboration are two key pillars of global hydrogen development, which are the different pieces of the puzzle (main international initiatives working on hydrogen), and how they collaborate. Paul Lucchese, Chair of the iea Hydrogen Technology Collaboration programme (an international initiative that promotes joint research and innovation since 1977), will present the vision and mission of the TCP, the topics they are currently working on and other main activities. All this will be framed within the iea’s NetZero scenario, the results of the last Global Hydrogen review, and the priority actions set by the Breakthrough Agenda. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Hydrogen

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CCS under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2024年 134卷

作者： Cook, Gregory Zakkour, Paul Neades, Samantha dixon, Tim Carbon Counts Harrow Cottage Palgrave IP22 1AG Norfolk England Carbon Counts Feuerbachstr 38 D-60325 Frankfurt Germany IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Pure Off Cheltenham GL52 6SH England

Article 6 of the Paris Agreement establishes the foundation for international carbon markets by allowing Parties to cooperate to achieve their nationally determined contributions (NdCs). The Paris Agreement also embeds the concept of 'net zero' by calling for a balance between anthropogenic emissions of ghgs and removals of ghgs by sinks to be reached in the latter part of this century. All signatory Parties therefore tacitly acknowledge that meeting the Agreement's ambitious climate change mitigation goals relies not only on deep cuts in anthropogenic ghg emissions, but also on the offsetting of residual, hard -to -abate, ghg emission sources through significant increases in carbon removal from the active climate system and the storage of CO2 in enhanced sinks and reservoirs. In these respects, Article 6 potentially offers a variety of routes to incentivize CO2 capture and storage (CCS) including through emissions trading but also more novel means of cooperation that focus more specifically on carbon storage and which could potentially address some of the challenges posed for CCS over the past 15 years or so. In order to assess the status and outlook for Article 6 with a focus on CCS activities, we define three potential models for cooperation and undertake a comparative evaluation against the key criteria of effectiveness, environmental integrity, commercial and financial viability, progression and policy performance. We conclude with some observations regarding the factors that may influence the likelihood of these different market models evolving over coming years.

关键词： Paris agreement Article 6 Carbon markets Carbon storage units

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Electrochemical CO2 conversion technologies: state-of-the-art and future perspectives

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SUSTAINABLE ENErGY & FUELS 2023年第23期7卷 5445-5472页

作者： detz, remko J. Ferchaud, Claire J. Kalkman, Arie J. Kemper, Jasmin Sanchez-Martinez, Carlos Saric, Marija Shinde, Manoj V. Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res TNO Energy Transit Studies ETS Radarweg 60 NL-1043 NT Amsterdam Netherlands Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res TNO Sustainable Technol Ind Proc STIP POB 1 NL-1755 ZG Petten Netherlands Netherlands Org Appl Sci Res TNO Sustainable Proc & Energy Syst SPES POB 6012 NL-2600 JA Delft Netherlands IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Pure Off Cheltenham Off PkHatherley Lane Cheltenham GL51 6SH Glos England

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to produce chemicals or fuels may contribute to the zero-emission goal of the chemical industry. Here, we report the state-of-the-art and future perspective of electrochemical CO2 conversion processes to produce CO, syngas, formic acid and ethylene. We selected and explored six routes: low-temperature CO production, low-temperature formic acid production, low-temperature ethylene production, high-temperature CO production, high-temperature syngas production, and a tandem approach to produce ethylene. For these routes, we describe the current level of development, performance indicators, and costs. The state-of-the-art of the chlor-alkali process is included as an example of a commercially applied electrochemical process. We calculate the economic performance of the various pathways in terms of levelized production costs and we use a learning curve method to project costs up to 2050. The greenhouse gas performance for all routes is determined and compared to the current reference of production from fossil-based resources. We conclude that high-temperature solid-oxide electrolysis to produce CO and syngas is the most developed and closest to reaching break-even levelized production cost in comparison to the fossil reference. Low-temperature electrolysis processes are at a lower technology readiness level and still need a substantial reduction in investment costs and improvements in process efficiency to achieve break-even with incumbent technology. The most promising of the low-temperature processes is formic acid production. Electrochemical production of formic acid, CO, and syngas results or can soon result in substantial ghg savings compared to their fossil-based alternatives. The extent to which savings can be achieved depends merely on the carbon intensity of the local power grid, or more generally, the supplied electricity. Electrochemical CO2 conversion to produce ethylene would require a very lo

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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Attitudes on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as a Mitigation Technology within the UNFCCC

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ENErGIES 2021年第3期14卷 629-629页

作者： romanak, Katherine Fridahl, Mathias dixon, Tim Univ Texas Austin Bur Econ Geol Austin TX 78713 USA Linkoping Univ Ctr Climate Sci & Policy Res Dept Themat Studies Unit Environm Change SE-58183 Linkoping Sweden IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme IEAGHG Cheltenham GL51 6SH Glos England

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology for mitigating emissions from large point-source industries. In addition to the primary role of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, CCS forms the basis for two large-scale negative emissions technologies by coupling geologic CO2 storage with bioenergy (BECCS) and direct air carbon capture (dACCS). despite its inclusion within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), CCS has been largely unsupported by UNFCCC delegates because of its association with fossil fuels. We evaluate data from surveys given since 2015 to UNFCCC delegates at the Conference of the Parties (COPs) to ascertain how attitudes about bioenergy, BECCS, and CCS may be changing within the UNFCCC. The results show a positive change in attitudes over time for both fossil CCS and BECCS. Using a unique data analysis method, we ascertain that, in some instances, popularity of BECCS increased due to an increased acceptance of CCS despite lower opinions of bioenergy. Business and research NGOs have the most positive views of CCS, and environmental NGOs the most negative views. delegates that attend CCS side-events have more positive attitudes towards CCS than non-attendees. developing countries have a larger need and a greater appetite for information on BECCS than developed countries, but a need for information exists in both.

关键词： CCS CCUS carbon capture UNFCCC negative emissions NETs side-events mitigation BECCS dACCS dAC

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Effects of plant location on cost of CO2 capture

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2019年 90卷 102783-000页

作者： Ferrari, Noemi Mancuso, Luca Burnard, Keith Consonni, Federico Wood Via S Caboto 15 I-20094 Corsico Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Pure Off Cheltenham Off PkHatherley Lane Cheltenham GL51 6SH Glos England

Most economic assessments addressing the application of CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) applications to fossil fuel fired power plants reported in literature are either focused on a specific country or consider a hypothetical site in the U.S. or The Netherlands. Although these may be regions where large-scale power plants with CCS will be built, there is greater potential for CCS in regions where coal consumption is greater and expected to increase or where emission reduction targets would imply CCS to be considered also in gas fired power stations. The main objective of this paper is to investigate and quantify how the costs of CO2 capture are likely to vary for different locations, summarizing the results of a dedicated ieaghg study developed by Amec Foster Wheeler Italiana. The paper focuses on supercritical pulverised coal (SC PC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants. Post combustion capture based on solvent scrubbing only has been considered, being currently the commercially leading option for capture. Variations in the performance and costs of plants have been quantified, according to local and site-specific conditions. The main parameters that have been identified as affecting plant performance and costs are technical differences between the sites (mainly ambient conditions and fuel analysis) and economic parameters (mainly fuel price, labour costs and productivity and local costs of material).

关键词： CCS Plant location Post-combustion LCOE CAC SC PC NGCC

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Towards Greenhouse Gas Accounting Guidelines for Carbon dioxide Capture and Utilisation Technologies

SSRN

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SSrN 2019年

作者： Zakkour, Paul Cook, Gregory Akai, Makato Itaoka, Kenshi Chae, Seooh Kemper, Jasmin Carbon Counts Palgrave Diss Norfolk United Kingdom Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan QJ Science Ltd Yokohama Japan IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Pure Offices Hatherley Lane Cheltenham United Kingdom

关键词： Greenhouse gases

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Towards Greenhouse Gas Accounting Guidelines for Carbon dioxide Capture and Utilisation Technologies 14

Towards Greenhouse Gas Accounting Guidelines for Carbon Diox...

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14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, ghgT 2018

Interest in technologies involving the utilisation of carbon dioxide to manufacture products has been steadily growing over recent years. As these carbon dioxide capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are assumed to involve the capture and utilization of CO2 that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere, or directly remove CO2 from the atmosphere through use of direct air capture (dAC), the commonly held view among most observers is that CCU processes and products must be beneficial for the climate. But despite this apparently obvious conclusion, the rational basis for objectively measuring such benefits has been neither fully articulated nor clearly presented to date. Part of the challenge has been to conceptualize if and where a ghg reduction benefit is occurring, complicated by several factors including effects on emissions on both the supply- and demand-side of the product value chain, system multifunctionality, and circumstances where the utilized CO2 is only temporarily stored in the product and oxidized back to CO2 and released to atmosphere upon use (e.g. CO2 derived fuels). Although a range of claims about the emission reduction potential of CCU have and continue to be made by operators and developers, and a large number of academic studies have been undertaken, the results are challenging to interpret and compare because of different assumptions regarding, inter alia, CCU system design and integration, the source of energy and materials inputs, assessment boundaries, functional equivalence etc. This has created a situation where policy-makers and consumers face significant uncertainty when trying to validate CCU as a relevant climate change mitigation tool and formulate decisions and policies accordingly. In order to address this knowledge gap, the iea Greenhouse Gas r&d programme initiated a project in 2017 to increase the understanding of the ghg emissions and ghg emissions abatement effects ("benefits") of CCU technologies. The outcome of this w

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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Effects of Plant Location on Cost of CO2 Capture

SSRN

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SSrN 2019年

作者： Ferrari, Noemi Mancuso, Luca Burnard, Keith Consonni, Federico Amec Foster Wheeler Italiana via S.Caboto 15 Corsico20094 Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Pure Offices Cheltenham Office Park Hatherley Lane CheltenhamGL51 6SH United Kingdom

关键词： Location

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Effects of plant location on cost of CO2 capture 14

Effects of plant location on cost of CO2 capture

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14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, ghgT 2018

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demonstrating Large Scale Industrial CCS through CCU - A Case Study for Methanol Production 13th

Demonstrating Large Scale Industrial CCS through CCU - A Cas...

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13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (ghgT)

作者： Collodi, Guido Azzaro, Giuliana Ferrari, Noemi Santos, Stanley Amec Foster Wheeler Milan Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos England

Methanol is a basic chemical building block used in producing other commodities that we used in our daily lives. In the last decade, due to regulation and policy framework in the transport sector, there is also a significant growth in the use of methanol as fuel (i.e. additives to gasoline, production of MTBE, bio-diesel, synthetic gasoline, etc.). Methanol is produced by reacting CO and CO2 with H-2. Traditionally, this is produced in a two-steps process - i.e. syngas production and methanol synthesis. Most of the CO2 is emitted at the syngas production side of the operation. The question arises if CO2 is captured, what is its potential for the CO2 to be used in the methanol synthesis? What is the limitation of CCU on-site? How could this support the deployment and economics of industrial CCS? This paper aims to present: Techno-economic evaluation of deploying CO2 capture in a mega-methanol plant using NG as feedstock. This plant include a combine reforming process (SMr-ATr configuration) to produce the syngas;methanol synloop and methanol purification unit producing AA grade methanol. Concept of on-site CCU as a possible route to expand future methanol production capacity and at the same time promote the deployment of industrial CCS.

关键词： industrial CCS on-site CCU methanol production syngas production SMr ATr post-combustion CO2 capture MEA

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