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SSrN 2019年

作者： Anantharaman, rahul Jordal, Kristin roussanaly, Simon Fu, Chao Wahl, Per Eilif Brakstad, Elisabeth riboldi, Luca Gilardi, Chiara Clapis, Annalisa Mancuso, Luca Castellano, Mario Gale, John Valdenaire, damien SINTEF Energy Research Sem Sælands vei 11 Trondheim Norway Amec Foster Wheeler Via Sebastiano Caboto 15 Corsico Milan Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Office Park Cheltenham United Kingdom CONCAWE Boulevard du Souverain Brussels Belgium

关键词： Greenhouse gases

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Techno-Economic Evaluation of deploying CCS in SMr Based Merchant H₂ Production with NG as Feedstock and Fuel 13th

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Deploying CCS in SMR Based Mer...

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13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (ghgT)

作者： Collodi, Guido Azzaro, Giuliana Ferrari, Noemi Santos, Stanley Amec Foster Wheeler Milan Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos England

Hydrogen is a crucial raw materials to other industries. Globally, nearly 90% of the hydrogen or HyCO gas produced is consumed by the ammonia, methanol and oil refining industries. In the future, hydrogen could play an important role in the decarbonisation of transport fuel (i.e. use of fuel cell vehicles) and space heating (i.e. industrial, commercial, building and residential heating). This paper summarizes the results of the feasibility study carried out by Amec Foster Wheeler for the iea Greenhouse Gas r&d programme (iea ghg) with the purpose of evaluating the performance and costs of a modern steam methane reforming without and with CCS producing 100,000 Nm(3)/h H-2 and operating as a merchant plant. This study focuses on the economic evaluation of five different alternatives to capture CO2 from SMr. This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of the performance and cost of producing hydrogen without and with CCS based on technologies that could be erected today. This study demonstrates that CO2 could be captured from an SMr plant with an overall capture rate ranging between 53 to 90%. The integration of CO2 capture plant could increase the NG consumption by -0.03 to 1.41 GJ per Nm(3)/h of H-2. The amount of electricity exported to the grid by the SMr plant is reduced. The levelised cost of H-2 production could increase by 2.1 to 5.1 (sic) cent per Nm(3) H-2 (depending on capture rate and technology selected). This translates to a CO2 avoidance cost of 47 to 70 (sic)/t.

关键词： industrial CCS hydrogen production chemical absorption MdEA MEA low temperature CO2 capture cryogenic membrane

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Performance and costs of CCS in the pulp and paper industry part 1: Performance of amine-based post-combustion CO₂ capture

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2017年 59卷 58-73页

作者： Onarheim, Kristin Santos, Stanley Kangas, Petteri Hankalin, Ville VTT Tech Res Ctr Finland Ltd Espoo Finland IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos England AF Consult Oy Espoo Finland

The performance of an amine-based post-combustion CO2 capture and storage (CCS) process in an existing Kraft pulp mill and an existing pulp and board mill was assessed. The pulp and paper industry is an energy-intensive industry, with significant amounts of CO2 emitted onsite. The majority of this CO2 originates from the combustion of biomass, which renders it carbon neutral if the biomass used by the industry isgrown and harvested in a sustainable manner. If the CO2 emissions from the pulp and paper industry were to be captured and permanently stored, then this could make the industry a potential carbon sink. In this evaluation, different configurations of capturing CO2 from the flue gases of the recovery boiler, the multi-fuel boiler and the lime kiln were assessed. For a stand-alone Kraft pulp mill, the excess steam available is sufficient to cover the demand from the CO2 capture plant. For an integrated pulp and board mill, there is less excess steam available for the CO2 capture plant and an auxiliary boiler may be required. The retrofit of a post-combustion CO2 capture plant into an existing pulp mill increases the steam demand by 1-8 GJ/air dried tonne (adt) pulp, depending on the volume of the flue gas treated. This translates to a reduction in the amount of electricity exported to the grid by 0.1-1.0 MWh/adt pulp for a stand-alone Kraft pulp mill, and by 0.1-0.5 MWh/adt pulp for an integrated pulp and board mill. The total potential for negative CO2 emissions amounts to just under 2.0 Mt CO2/a both for the market pulp mill and for the integrated pulp and board mill. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Pulp and paper industry recovery boiler Lime kiln Multi-fuel boiler Industrial CCS Bio-CCS Negative emissions

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Performance and cost of CCS in the pulp and paper industry part 2: Economic feasibility of amine-based post-combustion CO₂ capture

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2017年 66卷 60-75页

The economic feasibility of retrofitting an amine based post-combustion CO2 capture process to an existing Kraft pulp mill and an existing integrated pulp and board mill has been assessed. This study builds on the technical assessment of the energy performance of the mills when retrofitting a post-combustion CO2 capture process by Onarheim et al. (2017). Between 75 to 100% of the CO2 emissions from the pulp and paper industry originate from the combustion of biomass. If the raw material is sourced sustainably, these emissions are categorized as carbon neutral. Applying sustainably managed biomass in the pulp and paper processes and capturing the resulting CO2 for permanent storage enables the industry to go carbon negative. In this study, the economic impact of retrofitting CO2 capture from the flue gases of the recovery boiler, the multi-fuel boiler and the lime kiln were assessed. The levelized cost of pulp and the cost of CO2 avoided were evaluated based on six different scenarios varying the CO2 tax, incentives for renewable electricity production, with and without recognizing biogenic CO2 emissions as neutral (exempting CO2 emissions from tax or not), and rewarding captured and permanently stored CO2 with negative emissions credit. results show that the pulp and paper industry has a potential for realizing feasible implementation of large-scale industrial Bio-CCS. For cases where 60-90% of total site CO2 emissions are captured, the cost of avoided CO2 amounts to 52-66 (SIC)/t for the Kraft pulp mill and 71-89 (SIC)/t for the integrated pulp and board mill. The cost of avoided CO2, and thus the realization of Bio-CCS in the pulp and paper industry, is strongly dependent on prevailing policy frameworks such as the EU ETS. In order to reach a levelized cost of pulp similar to the reference mill without CO2 capture, a negative CO2 emission credit of 60-70 (SIC)/t CO2 for the Kraft pulp mill and 70-80 (SIC)/t CO2 for the integrated pulp and board mill will be requir

关键词： Pulp and paper Bio-CCS Levelized cost of pulp CO2 avoided EU ETS Negative emissions Negative emissions credit

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Understanding the cost of retrofitting CO2 capture to an integrated oil refinery 14

Understanding the cost of retrofitting CO2 capture to an int...

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14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, ghgT 2018

Understanding the cost of carbon capture and storage (CCS) is of paramount importance to depict a realistic pathway to decarbonise the industrial sector. This study provides an assessment on the cost of retrofitting CO2 capture to the European refinery system. Four reference refineries were defined to encompass the current range of size and complexity of the continent. 16 post-combustion capture cases using a standard absorption process were investigated, including CO2 emission sources of different size and CO2 concentration. An additional combined heat and power plant was designed for each refinery to provide heat and power to the capture unit. Large demands of steam and electricity were estimated, and the associated specific utilities consumptions were calculated for each CO2 capture case. This prepared the ground for the economic analysis. The cost of CO2 avoided was found to be rather high. The scope of the analysis that considers retrofitting CO2 capture to existing plants can explain the economic performance obtained, as retrofit costs constitute a large share of the overall cost. © 2018 ghgT 2018 - 14th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies. All rights reserved.

关键词： Carbon dioxide

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A numerical investigation on flame stability of oxy-coal combustion: Effects of blockage ratio, swirl number, recycle ratio and partial pressure ratio of oxygen

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2017年 57卷 63-72页

作者： Liu, Jingzhang Liu, Zhaohui Chen, Sheng Santos, Stanley Ong Zheng, Chuguang Chinese Acad Sci Inst Engn Thermophys 11 Beisihuanxi Rd Beijing 100190 Peoples R China Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol State Key Lab Coal Combust Wuhan Peoples R China IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos England

Keeping the flame stable and having the appropriate flame shape is essential in operating an oxyfuel combustion coal fired power plant with CO2 capture. This is more critical if the boiler is required to operate in full and partial thermal load with varying volume of flue gas recycled. Therefore, in designing the oxyfuel combustion burner, it is important to evaluate the burner stability, shape structure and flame type. This work presents numerical investigation of a burner designed for oxyfuel combustion coal fired boiler. The study evaluated the effects of the blockage ratio, swirl number, flue gas recycle ratio, and oxygen partial pressure in the primary rFG stream on the flame stability, type, shape and structure. The model results were validated against experimental data obtained from a novel oxyfuel combustion burner designed and operated in a 2.5MWt test pilot facility. The model developed for this study incorporated a modified chemical reaction mechanism that allows the addition of CO and Boudouard reaction that is considered significant in an oxyfuel combustion flame. The results show that the stability of an oxyfuel combustion flame is greatly improved by having a moderate to strong internal recirculation zone to produce a Type-Il flame;and could also be easily destabilized by a high velocity jet of unburned carbon/char as illustrated by a dark central region emanating from the centre of the burner. Additionally, it could also be illustrated that the swirl number and flue gas recycle ratio have a strong influence to the formation of the central dark region along the centerline of the burner. It could be concluded that maintaining the flame Type-II over the whole range of thermal load should maintain the necessary flame stability appropriate to an oxyfuel combustion boiler. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： Oxy-combustion Flame stability Flame shape Internal recirculation zone Chemical reaction

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demonstrating Large Scale Industrial CCS through CCU – A Case Study for Methanol Production

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Energy Procedia 2017年 114卷 122-138页

作者： Guido Collodi Giuliana Azzaro Noemi Ferrari Stanley Santos Amec Foster Wheeler Milan Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham UK

Methanol is a basic chemical building block used in producing other commodities that we used in our daily lives. In the last decade, due to regulation and policy framework in the transport sector, there is also a significant growth in the use of methanol as fuel (i.e. additives to gasoline, production of MTBE, bio-diesel, synthetic gasoline, etc…). Methanol is produced by reacting CO and CO 2 with H 2 . Traditionally, this is produced in a two-steps process – i.e. syngas production and methanol synthesis. Most of the CO 2 is emitted at the syngas production side of the operation. The question arises if CO 2 is captured, what is its potential for the CO 2 to be used in the methanol synthesis? What is the limitation of CCU on-site? How could this support the deployment and economics of industrial CCS? This paper aims to present: • Techno-economic evaluation of deploying CO 2 capture in a mega-methanol plant using NG as feedstock. This plant include a combine reforming process (SMr-ATr configuration) to produce the syngas; methanol synloop and methanol purification unit producing AA grade methanol. • Concept of on-site CCU as a possible route to expand future methanol production capacity and at the same time promote the deployment of industrial CCS.

关键词： industrial CCS on-site CCU methanol production syngas production SMr ATr post-combustion CO 2 capture MEA

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Techno-economic Evaluation of deploying CCS in SMr Based Merchant H 2 Production with NG as Feedstock and Fuel

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Energy Procedia 2017年 114卷 2690-2712页

作者： Guido Collodi Giuliana Azzaro Noemi Ferrari Stanley Santos Amec Foster Wheeler Milan Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham UK

Hydrogen is a crucial raw materials to other industries. Globally, nearly 90% of the hydrogen or HyCO gas produced is consumed by the ammonia, methanol and oil refining industries. In the future, hydrogen could play an important role in the decarbonisation of transport fuel (i.e. use of fuel cell vehicles) and space heating (i.e. industrial, commercial, building and residential heating). This paper summarizes the results of the feasibility study carried out by Amec Foster Wheeler for the iea Greenhouse Gas r&d programme (iea ghg) with the purpose of evaluating the performance and costs of a modern steam methane reforming without and with CCS producing 100,000 Nm 3 /h H 2 and operating as a merchant plant. This study focuses on the economic evaluation of five different alternatives to capture CO 2 from SMr. This paper provides an up-to-date assessment of the performance and cost of producing hydrogen without and with CCS based on technologies that could be erected today. This study demonstrates that CO 2 could be captured from an SMr plant with an overall capture rate ranging between 53 to 90%. The integration of CO 2 capture plant could increase the NG consumption by -0.03 to 1.41 GJ per Nm 3 /h of H 2 . The amount of electricity exported to the grid by the SMr plant is reduced. The levelised cost of H 2 production could increase by 2.1 to 5.1 € cent per Nm 3 H 2 (depending on capture rate and technology selected). This translates to a CO 2 avoidance cost of 47 to 70 €/t.

关键词： industrial CCS hydrogen production chemical absorption MdEA MEA low temperature CO 2 capture cryogenic membrane

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Enabling Large-Scale Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Using Offshore Carbon dioxide (CO2) Infrastructure developmentsA review

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ENErGIES 2019年第10期12卷 1945-1945页

作者： Eide, Lars Ingolf Batum, Melissa dixon, Tim Elamin, Zabia Graue, Arne Hagen, Sveinung Hovorka, Susan Nazarian, Bamshad Nokleby, Pal Helge Olsen, Geir Inge ringrose, Philip Mello Vieira, raphael Augusto Res Council Norway POB 564 N-1327 Lysaker Norway US Dept Interior Bur Ocean Energy Management Sterling VA 20166 USA Pure Off IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Off PkHatherley Lane Cheltenham Glos GL51 6SH England Aker Solut POB 94 N-1325 Lysaker Norway Univ Bergen Dept Phys & Technol N-5020 Bergen Norway Equinor N-7005 Trondheim Norway Univ Texas Austin Jackson Sch Geosci Box 10 Austin TX 78713 USA Petrobras SA BR-20031912 Rio De Janeiro Brazil

Presently, the only offshore project for enhanced oil recovery using carbon dioxide, known as CO2-EOr, is in Brazil. Several desk studies have been undertaken, without any projects being implemented. The objective of this review is to investigate barriers to the implementation of large-scale offshore CO2-EOr projects, to identify recent technology developments, and to suggest non-technological incentives that may enable implementation. We examine differences between onshore and offshore CO2-EOr, emerging technologies that could enable projects, as well as approaches and regulatory requirements that may help overcome barriers. Our review shows that there are few, if any, technical barriers to offshore CO2-EOr. However, there are many other barriers to the implementation of offshore CO2-EOr, including: High investment and operation costs, uncertainties about reservoir performance, limited access of CO2 supply, lack of business models, and uncertainties about regulations. This review describes recent technology developments that may remove such barriers and concludes with recommendations for overcoming non-technical barriers. The review is based on a report by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF).

关键词： enhanced oil recovery (EOr) carbon dioxide (CO2) offshore technology barriers cost infrastructure regulations

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review of project permits under the London Protocol - An assessment of the proposed P18-4 CO₂ storage site 13th

Review of project permits under the London Protocol - An ass...

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13th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (ghgT)

作者： Mikunda, Tom dixon, Tim TNO Princetonlaan 6 NL-3584 CB Utrecht Netherlands IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Pure Off Cheltenham Off PkHatherley Lane Cheltenham GL51 6SH Glos England

The London Protocol (1996) is a global agreement to promote the protection of the marine environment by prohibiting the dumping of wastes and other matter into the sea. Under the Protocol all dumping is prohibited, with the exception of a limited number of selected wastes on the so-called "reverse list", which can be considered for dumping. In 2007, an amendment entered into force which permitted CO2 streams to be considered for dumping under the London Protocol. The amendment was shortly followed up with a set of "Specific Guidelines for Assessment of Carbon dioxide Streams for disposal into Sub-seabed Geological Formations", developed to support the National Authorities of Contracting Parties in evaluating permit applications for CO2 disposal activities in their marine territories. The objective of this report is to assess to what extent the proposed P18-4 CO2 geological storage site in the dutch North Sea, originally part of the rOAd CCS Project, complies with the aforementioned guidelines, and therefore the 1996 London Protocol itself. The assessment has been achieved through a simple, but systematic, cross check of the requirements of the guideline against the contents of the application material provided by the operator to the National Authority. This assessment finds that the material submitted to the National Authority is broadly sufficient to allow an evaluation of the planned CO2 storage activities in a manner consistent with the provisions of the 1996 London Protocol. The assessment indicates overall technical compliance with the CO2 Specific Guidelines, with no information sufficiently absent to indicate clear non-compliance. There are, however, eight areas from within the application material whereby the information or justification is partially sufficient, but may require further clarification, and one area of non-compliance from within the permit conditions, which is the responsibility of the National Authority. A number of recommendations are provide

关键词： CO2 storage regulation London Protocol marine environment

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