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10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies

作者： van der Kuip, M. d. C. Benedictus, T. Wildgust, N. Aiken, T. TNO Built Environm & Geosci POB 80015 NL-3508 TA Utrecht Netherlands Orchard Business Ctr IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos GL52 7RZ England

Potential migration of CO2 from subsurface reservoirs along wells is generally recognized as the major hazard associated with long-term storage of CO2 in geological formations due to possible chemical and mechanical impact on wellbore cement or casing steel. Many storage projects involve the presence of pre-existing wellbores, penetrating the prospective storage container. Because of their inaccessibility, the main risk is associated with previously abandoned wells. The actual operations at the time of abandonment determine the suitability of these wells for future CO2 storage operations. Past and present oil and gas well abandonment regulations, prescribing minimum requirements for the use of cement plugs to prevent inter-zonal communication, form a good proxy to assess the general status of abandoned wells. A high-level review of current abandonment regulations showed that required plug lengths vary greatly between different regions, from a minimum of 15 m in Alberta to 100 m in some European countries. Many experimental studies have been performed on degradation of wellbore cement under influence of aqueous CO2. Considering that diffusion of CO2 in the cement matrix forms the rate-controlling step in cement degradation, extrapolation of the results of these studies shows that up to a few meters of cement may be affected in 10,000 years. In spite of the significant variation between the evaluated regulations, currently prescribed plug lengths seem appropriate for safe storage of CO2 with respect to reported laboratory degradation rates. This implies that mechanical integrity of cement plugs and the quality of its placement probably is of more significance than chemical degradation of properly placed abandonment plugs. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： CO2 storage well abandonment abandonment regulation cement degradation

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Financing early opportunity CCS projects in emerging economies through the carbon market: mitigation potential and costs

Financing early opportunity CCS projects in emerging economi...

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10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies

作者： Zakkour, Paul dixon, Tim Cook, Greg Carbon Counts 9 Ballantine St London SW18 1AL England IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Orchard Business Ctr Gloucs GL52 7RZ England

The Kyoto Protocol's flexible mechanisms allow projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions to generate 'carbon credits'. The most well known of the schemes is the clean development mechanism (CdM), which applies to emission reduction projects in developing and emerging economy countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The eligibility of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technologies within the CdM has been a protracted process. One of the concerns hampering progress relates to the possible market implications of inclusion because of the potentially very large number of certified emission reduction units (CErs) that could be generated from CCS projects, which could potentially destabilize the global carbon market, for example, by depressing global carbon prices due to over-supply relative to demand. drawing on these concerns, this paper provides a summary of analysis undertaken to assess the potential scale of such effects in both 2012 (the end of first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) and in 2020, with a view to evaluating the legitimacy of concerns in the short- to medium-term. It also provides some views on the potential alternative mechanisms that could evolve post-2012 for incentivizing and financing investments made in CCS technologies in developing and emerging economies. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： carbon capture and storage abatement costs clean development mechanism carbon markets financing

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Oxyfuel Combustion Technology - Working Toward demonstration and Commercialisation Foreword

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2011年第SUPPL. 1期5卷 S4-S4页

作者： Topper, John Managing Director IEA EPL Operating Agent for the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme UK Co-Chair Steering Committee 2nd Oxyfuel Combustion Conference (OCC2)

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demonstrations of coal-fired oxy-fuel technology for carbon capture and storage and issues with commercial deployment

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INTErNATIONAL JOUrNAL OF GrEENHOUSE GAS CONTrOL 2011年第SUPPL. 1期5卷 S5-S15页

作者： Wall, Terry Stanger, rohan Santos, Stanley Univ Newcastle Newcastle NSW 2308 Australia IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham GL52 7RZ Glos England

As one of the three major carbon capture technologies associated with carbon capture and storage (CCS), oxy-fuel technology is currently undergoing rapid development with a number of international demonstration projects of scale 10-30 MWe having commenced and units with a scale of 250-300 MWe emerging in the progression towards commercialisation. Industrial scale testing of coal combustion and burners is also being conducted by technology vendors. The paper details the current international status of the technology;the contributions of current demonstrations;and a roadmap for commercial deployment. At its current state of maturity oxy-fuel technology may be considered semi-commercial, in that even if a unit was economically viable and could be provided by a vendor, the generator and vendor would need to share the technical risk. This is because guarantees could not at present be provided for operating characteristics associated with mature technologies such as reliability, emissions, ramp rate and spray control. This is due to the maturity of the technology associated with the capability of vendors and associated design and operational uncertainties, associated with a lack of plant experience at scale. The projected development of oxy-fuel technology for first-generation plant is provided, using an ASU for oxygen supply, standard furnace designs with externally recirculated flue gas, and limited thermal integration of the ASU and compression plant with the power plant. Potential features of second generation technology are listed. Listed issues delaying deployment indicate that market, economic, legal and issues of public acceptance are more significant than technical barriers. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Oxyfuel demonstrations

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Flexible CCS plants–A key to near-zero emission electricity systems

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Energy Procedia 2011年 4卷 2548-2555页

作者： John davison IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Orchard Business Centre Stoke Orchard Cheltenham GL52 7RZ UK

Power generation processes with CCS that are capable of operating at variable load will be needed to achieve deep reductions in emissions of CO 2 to the atmosphere. This paper assesses the effects of operating load factor on costs of coal and gas fired power generation processes with CCS and analyses the emissions and costs of fossil fuel fired plants in an electricity system that includes 35% wind and 25% nuclear generation. The paper shows how the costs of generation increase at an increasing rate as the emissions are reduced using power plants with integrated CCS such as post combustion capture, because many of the CCS plants have to operate at low load factors. This could be avoided by using coal gasification plants with CCS which feed hydrogen to underground buffer storage and then to flexible combined and open cycle gas turbines. The gasification, CO 2 capture and storage equipment would operate at base load which would avoid potential practical difficulties of flexible operation and reduce costs. Emissions from the fossil fuel plants in the system with wind and nuclear generation could be reduced to 16 g/kWh at electricity costs competitive with coal-based post combustion capture with emissions of 140 g/kWh. Emissions from the overall electricity system including the wind and nuclear would be 6 g/kWh.

关键词： CCS Flexibility Electricity Hydrogen Wind Costs

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Corrosion and Materials Selection Issues in Carbon Capture Plants

Corrosion and Materials Selection Issues in Carbon Capture P...

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10th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies

作者： Billingham, M. A. Lee, C-H Smith, L. Haines, M. James, S. r. Goh, B. K. W. dvorak, K. robinson, L. davis, C. J. Peralta-Solorio, d. Intetech Ltd Chester CH3 6AT Cheshire England IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos GL52 7RZ England Ratcliffe On Soar E ON New Build & Technol Ltd Nottingham NG1 0EE England

The construction of the process plant required for carbon capture in power generation and also other industrial processes is expected to be among the most significant capital investments of the next 20-30 years. The correct choice of materials for piping, vessels and all types of equipment will be vital in ensuring the long-term performance, safety and high operational availability of the capture plants through their lifetime. Controlling capital and operating costs related to materials will help enable a wider and faster roll-out of carbon capture systems. It is apparent that there is a need to investigate the potential materials degradation and corrosion risk in the carbon capture processes and the related material selection issues. The international Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas (iea ghg) research and development programme has sponsored a study of corrosion issues and materials selection in carbon capture, transport and storage. This paper summarises some of the outcomes of that study relating to the carbon capture systems. The focus is on materials degradation risks from the process streams and materials issues specific to the carbon capture processes. An overview is provided of corrosion and materials issues related to the three main carbon capture processes (Post-combustion, Pre-combustion (IGCC) and Oxy-fuel). Some specific corrosion issues and problems are discussed. Areas where potential problems exist or where further studies are required are highlighted. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

关键词： Carbon Capture Corrosion Materials CO2

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Evaluation and analysis of water usage and loss of power in plants with CO 2 capture

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Energy Procedia 2011年 4卷 1925-1932页

作者： rosa domenichini Silvio Arienti Paolo Cotone Stanley Santos Foster Wheeler Via Caboto 1 20094 Corsico Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme The Orchard Business Centre Stoke Orchard Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 7RZ

The use of water is a critical aspect in the design, engineering and operation of any fossil-fuel-fired power plant and it is an important element in any environmental assessment and life cycle analysis. A large amount of water is needed to generate electricity from any fossil-fuel-fired power plant. This paper summarizes the results of a study carried out by Foster Wheeler for the iea Greenhouse Gas r&d programme (iea ghg) with the purpose of evaluating the water usage in plants with and without CO 2 capture. The study focuses on the techno-economic evaluation of five different alternatives establishing, for each of them, the water usage and the possibility of reducing the water consumption in areas where availability of water could be limited. The study evaluates several alternative bituminous-coal-fired power plant configurations based on the following technologies: • Pulverised coal-fired power plant with ultrasupercritical steam cycle (USC-PC); • Pulverised coal-fired power plant with ultrasupercritical steam cycle using oxyfuel combustion; • IGCC using GEE quench-type gasifier. All cases are evaluated without and with capture of the CO 2 . The CO 2 capture rate is assumed to be at least 85% of the total CO 2 emissions. In all cases the plant is located in an area where water supply could be severely limited and therefore special attention is paid to any possibility of reducing the water usage and consumption. reference plants located in areas without water limitations, used as a basis for this study, are taken from reports already issued by iea ghg r&d programme, assessing the performance of power plants with and without CO 2 capture. Some of the reference reports have been developed by Foster Wheeler and some by other engineering companies. The following study objectives are pursued: • To establish a rigorous accounting of water usage throughout the different power plants and compare water usage in power plants with and without CO 2 capture, providing a break

关键词： Water usage Losses Withdrawal CO 2 Power plant

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Pressurization and brine displacement issues for deep saline formation CO 2 storage

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Energy Procedia 2011年 4卷 4814-4821页

作者： Andrew Cavanagh Neil Wildgust The Permedia Research Group Ottawa K1R 5K1 Canada IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Cheltenham Glos. GL52 7RZ UK

deep saline formations are expected to store gigatonnes of CO 2 over the coming decades, making a significant contribution to greenhouse gas mitigation. At present, our experience of deep saline formation storage is limited to a small number of demonstration projects that have successfully injected megatonnes of captured CO 2 . However, concerns have been raised over pressurization, and related brine displacement, in deep saline formations, given the anticipated scale of future storage operations. Whilst industrial-scale demonstration projects such as Sleipner and In Salah have not experienced problems, generic flow models have indicated that, in some cases, pressure may be an issue. The problem of modeling deep saline formation pressurization has been approached in a number of different ways by researchers, with published analytical and numerical solutions showing a wide range of outcomes. The divergence of results (either supporting or negating the pressurization issue) principally reflects the a priori choice of boundary conditions. These approaches can be summed up as either ‘open’ or ‘closed’: (a) open system models allow the formation pressure to dissipate laterally, resulting in reasonable storage scenarios; (b) closed system models predict pressurization, resulting in a loss of injectivity and/or storage formation leakage. The latter scenario predicts that storage sites will commonly fail to accommodate the injected CO 2 at a rate sufficient to handle routine projects. Our models aim to demonstrate that pressurization and brine displacement need to be addressed at a regional scale with geologically accurate boundary conditions. Given that storage formations are unlikely to have zero-flow boundaries (closed system assumption), the boundary contribution to pressure relief from low permeability shales may be significant. At a field scale, these shales are effectively perfect seals with respect to multiphase flow, but are open with respect to single phase flow a

关键词： Storage Pressurization Shale permeability Model

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Techno-economic evaluation of biomass fired or co-fired power plants with post combustion CO 2 capture

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Energy Procedia 2011年 4卷 1851-1860页

作者： rosa domenichini Franco Gasparini Paolo Cotone Stanley Santos Foster Wheeler Italiana Srl Via Caboto 1 20094 Corsico Italy IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme The Orchard Business Centre Stoke Orchard Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 7RZ

The use of biomass in power generation is a key option to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, the co-firing of biomass with coal could be regarded as a common feature of any new build power plant if a sustainable supply of biomass fuel is readily accessible. Currently, there is an on-going discussion on what could be the pros and cons of incorporating CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) to any type of biomass-fired power plant. The discussion has primarily centred on how to consider the CO 2 emitted from biomass-fired power plants, if it is counted as “ CO 2 neutral” and if stored, whether it could be considered as a “negative” CO 2 emission. One of the main questions addressed in this study was “What should be the CO 2 emission cost that would make CCS an attractive option to be incorporated into a biomass fired power plant assuming that the stored CO 2 from a biomass fired power plant could generate an additional revenue as CO 2 credit”. The study, carried out by Foster Wheeler for the iea Greenhouse Gas r&d programme (iea ghg), aimed to address these questions, and investigated and evaluated the different options and techno-economic performance of a biomassfired power plant or a coal power plant co-fired with biomass, based on current state-of the art boiler and steam generation equipment incorporating post-combustion CO 2 capture based on MEA solvent. Specifically, the study evaluated the following cases comparing the performance and techno-economics of the power plants with and without CO 2 capture. • Case 1: nominal 500 MWe (net) co-firing of biomass and coal in pulverised fuel (PF) power plant. • Case 2: nominal 500 MWe (net) co-firing of biomass and coal in CFB power plant. • Case 3: nominal 250 MWe (net) circulating fluidized bed standalone biomass power plant. • Case 4: nominal 75 MWe (net) bubbling fluidized bed standalone biomass power plant. To evaluate the potential impact of any incentives from the “Green Certificate” or the “ETS Mechanism”, fou

关键词： CO 2 Power plant Biomass Post-combustion capture ETS Green Certificate

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Environmental evaluation of CCS using Life Cycle Assessment–A synthesis report

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Energy Procedia 2011年 4卷 2448-2456页

作者： J. Marx A. Schreiber P. Zapp M. Haines J.-Fr. Hake J. Gale Forschungszentrum Jülich Institute of Energy Research–Systems Analysis and Technology Evaluation (IEF-STE) D-52425 Jülich Germany IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme Stoke Orchard Cheltenham Glos. GL52 7RZ UK

In the last years several studies have investigated carbon capture and storage (CCS) from a life cycle perspective focusing on the environmental performance. Scope of this study is to compare systematically the different approaches, to summarise the results, address methodological variations and formulate guidelines to assign the various conclusions gathered from the studies. CCS is a wide field with various technological options. All studies show the expected reduction in GWP but often an increase in other impact categories, regardless of capture technology and fuel considered. Three parameter sets have been identified, which have a significant impact on the results: (a) development of plant efficiencies and energy penalties; (b) Capture efficiency and purity of the CO 2 ; (c) Fuel origin and composition. Although there are still big differences in the underlying assumptions of the studies and also some methodological shortcomings, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has proved to be a helpful tool to investigate the environmental consequences related to the introduction of CCS. Nevertheless, the number of existing studies is not sufficient to give a comprehensive picture and there is still a wide field of subjects and technologies which have not been covered yet.

关键词： Carbon capture and storage Life cycle assessment Methodology approach Technology evaluation Study comparison

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