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arXiv 2025年

作者： Rameshwar, V. Arvind Tandon, Anshoo India Urban Data Exchange Program Unit Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India

In this article, we revisit the well-studied problem of mean estimation under user-level Ε-differential privacy (DP). While user-level Ε-DP mechanisms for mean estimation, which typically bound (or clip) user contributions to reduce sensitivity, are well-known, an analysis of their estimation errors usually assumes that the data samples are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.), and sometimes also that all participating users contribute the same number of samples (data homogeneity). Our main result is a precise characterization of the worst-case estimation error under general clipping strategies, for heterogeneous data, and as a by-product, the clipping strategy that gives rise to the smallest worst-case error. Interestingly, we show via experimental studies that even for i.i.d. samples, our clipping strategy performs uniformly better that the well-known clipping strategy of Amin et al. (2019), which involves additional, private parameter estimation. © 2025, CC BY.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Sampling-Based Estimates of the Weight Enumerators of Reed-Muller Codes

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IEEE Transactions on Communications 2025年

作者： Arvind Rameshwar, V. Jain, Shreyas Kashyap, Navin Indian Institute of Science India Urban Data Exchange Program Unit Bengaluru560012 India IISER Department of Mathematical Sciences Mohali140306 India Indian Institute of Science Department of Electrical Communication Engineering Bengaluru560012 India

This paper develops an algorithmic approach for obtaining estimates of the weight enumerators of Reed-Muller (RM) codes. Our algorithm is based on a technique for estimating the partition functions of spin systems, which in turn employs a sampler that produces codewords according to a suitably defined Gibbs distribution. We apply our method to moderate-blocklength RM RM) codes. Our algorithm is based on a technique for estimating the partition functions of spin systems, which in turn employs a sampler that produces codewords according to a suitably defined Gibbs distribution. We apply our method to moderate-blocklength RM codes and derive approximate values of their weight enumerators. We observe that the rates of the weight enumerator estimates returned by our method are close to the true rates when these rates are either known or computable by brute-force search;in other cases, our computations provide provably robust estimates. As a by-product, our sampling algorithm also allows us to put together the weight spectrum, i.e., the weights at which the enumerators are non-zero, of an RM code, by providing witnesses in the form of codewords at each weight in the spectrum. We illustrate our method by providing estimates of the hitherto unknown weight enumerators of the RM(11, 5) code for weights that are multiples of 4 between 512 and 1024. We also obtain the exact weight spectrum of the RM(10, 4) code. © 1972-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Weighing

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Optimal Tree-Based Mechanisms for Differentially Private Approximate CDFs

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Rameshwar, V. Arvind Tandon, Anshoo Sharma, Abhay India Urban Data Exchange Program Unit Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru India

This paper considers the Ε-differentially private (DP) release of an approximate cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the samples in a dataset. We assume that the true (approximate) CDF is obtained after lumping the data samples into a fixed number K of bins. In this work, we extend the well-known binary tree mechanism to the class of level-uniform tree-based mechanisms and identify Ε-DP mechanisms that have a small 2-error. We identify optimal or close-to-optimal tree structures when either of the parameters, which are the branching factors or the privacy budgets at each tree level, are given, and when the algorithm designer is free to choose both sets of parameters. Interestingly, when we allow the branching factors to take on real values, under certain mild restrictions, the optimal level-uniform tree-based mechanism is obtained by choosing equal branching factors independent of K, and equal privacy budgets at all levels. Furthermore, for selected K values, we explicitly identify the optimal integer branching factors and tree height, assuming equal privacy budgets at all levels. Finally, we describe general strategies for improving the private CDF estimates further, by combining multiple noisy estimates and by post-processing the estimates for consistency. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Distribution functions

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Improving the Privacy Loss Under User-Level DP Composition for Fixed Estimation Error

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Rameshwar, V. Arvind Tandon, Anshoo The India Urban Data Exchange Program Unit Indian Institute of Science Bengaluru560012 India

This paper considers the private release of statistics of several disjoint subsets of a datasets. In particular, we consider the ∊-user-level differentially private release of sample means and variances of sample values in disjoint subsets of a dataset, in a potentially sequential manner. Traditional analysis of the privacy loss under user-level privacy due to the composition of queries to the disjoint subsets necessitates a privacy loss degradation by the total number of disjoint subsets. Our main contribution is an iterative algorithm, based on suppressing user contributions, which seeks to reduce the overall privacy loss degradation under a canonical Laplace mechanism, while not increasing the worst estimation error among the subsets. Important components of this analysis are our exact, analytical characterizations of the sensitivities and the worst-case bias errors of estimators of the sample mean and variance, which are obtained by clipping or suppressing user contributions. We test the performance of our algorithm on real-world and synthetic datasets and demonstrate improvements in the privacy loss degradation factor, for fixed estimation error. We also show improvements in the worst-case error across subsets, via a natural optimization procedure, for fixed numbers of users contributing to each subset. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024年第9期24卷 974-1002页

作者： Bender, Rose Grace Sirota, Sarah Brooke Swetschinski, Lucien R. Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Novotney, Amanda Wool, Eve E. Ikuta, Kevin S. Vongpradith, Avina Rogowski, Emma Lynn Best Doxey, Matthew Troeger, Christopher E. Albertson, Samuel B. Ma, Jianing He, Jiawei Maass, Kelsey Lynn Simoes, Eric A. F. Abdoun, Meriem Aziz, Jeza Muhamad Abdul Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abu Rumeileh, Samir Abualruz, Hasan Aburuz, Salahdein Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adha, Rishan Adikusuma, Wirawan Adra, Saryia Afraz, Ali Aghamiri, Shahin Agodi, Antonella Ahmadzade, Amir Mahmoud Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Ayman Akinosoglou, Karolina AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Albashtawy, Mohammed AlBataineh, Mohammad T. Alemi, Hediyeh Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Alqahtani, Jaber S. AlQudah, Mohammad Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Alzoubi, Karem H. Amani, Reza Amegbor, Prince M. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amuasi, John H. Anil, Abhishek Anyanwu, Philip Emeka Arafat, Mosab Areda, Damelash Arefnezhad, Reza Atalell, Kendalem Asmare Ayele, Firayad Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babamohamadi, Hassan Babin, Francois-Xavier Bahurupi, Yogesh Baker, Stephen Banik, Biswajit Barchitta, Martina Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Basharat, Zarrin Baskaran, Pritish Batra, Kavita Batra, Ravi Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew Beloukas, Apostolos Berkley, James A. Beyene, Kebede A. Bhargava, Ashish Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bielicki, Julia A. Bilalaga, Mariah Malak Bitra, Veera R. Brown, Colin Stewart Burkart, Katrin Bustanji, Yasser Carr, Sinclair Chahine, Yaacoub Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chichagi, Fatemeh Chopra, Hitesh Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chung, Eunice Dadana, Sriharsha Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Darban, Isaac Dash, Nihar Ranjan Dashti, Mohsen Dashtkoohi, Mohadese Dekker, Denise Myriam Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Dhama, Kuldeep Diao, Nancy Thao Huynh Phuong Do Dokova, Klara Georgieva Dolecek, Christiane Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Eckmanns, Tim Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz Efendi, Ferry Eftekharimehrabad, A Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Sch Med Dept Hlth Metr Sci Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Internal Med Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Cardiol Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Biostat Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Global Hlth Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Pharm Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Appl Math Seattle WA 98195 USA Yale Univ Sch Med New Haven CT USA Yale Univ Dept Dermatol New Haven CT 06520 USA Vet Affairs Greater Los Angeles Div Infect Dis Los Angeles CA USA Emory Univ Sch Med Atlanta GA USA Seattle Indian Hlth Board Urban Indian Hlth Inst Seattle WA USA Ohio State Univ Ctr Biostat Columbus OH 43210 USA Univ Colorado Ctr Global Hlth Denver CO 80202 USA Univ Setif Algeria Dept Med Setif Algeria Univ Human Dev Dept Med Lab Sci Sulaymaniyah Iraq Baxshin Hosp Baxshin Res Ctr Sulaymaniyah Iraq Univ Duhok Community & Matern Nursing Unit Duhok Iraq Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg Dept Neurol Halle Germany Al Zaytoonah Univ Jordan Dept Nursing Amman Jordan United Arab Emirates Univ Dept Therapeut Al Ain U Arab Emirates Univ Jordan Coll Pharm Amman Jordan Univ Jordan Dept Biopharmaceut & Clin Pharm Amman Jordan Jhpiego HIV & Infect Dis Dept Abuja Nigeria Adolescent Friendly Res Initiat & Care Dept Adolescent Res & Care Ado Ekiti Nigeria Muhammadiyah Univ Mataram Dept Business Adm Mataram Indonesia Muhammadiyah Univ Mataram Dept Pharm Mataram Indonesia Univ Sharjah Clin Sci Dept Sharjah U Arab Emirates Univ Sharjah Dept Pharm Practice & Pharmacotherapeut Sharjah U Arab Emirates Univ Sharjah Dept Clin Sci Sharjah U Arab Emirates Univ Sharjah Dept Basic Biomed Sci Sharjah U Arab Emirates Univ Sharjah Sharjah Inst Med Sci Sharjah U Arab Emirates Univ Sharjah Coll Med Sharjah U Arab Emirates Kerman Univ Med Sci Dept Med Informat Sci Kerman Iran Kerman Univ Med Sci Dept Immunol Kerman Iran Kerman Un

Background Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) are a major global contributor to morbidity and mortality. In 2020-21, non-pharmaceutical interventions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic reduced not only the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also the transmission of other LRI pathogens. Tracking LRI incidence and mortality, as well as the pathogens responsible, can guide health-system responses and funding priorities to reduce future burden. We present estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 of the burden of non-COVID-19 LRIs and corresponding aetiologies from 1990 to 2021, inclusive of pandemic effects on the incidence and mortality of select respiratory viruses, globally, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. Methods We estimated mortality, incidence, and aetiology attribution for LRI, defined by the GBD as pneumonia or bronchiolitis, not inclusive of COVID-19. We analysed 26 259 site-years of mortality data using the Cause of Death Ensemble model to estimate LRI mortality rates. We analysed all available age-specific and sex-specific data sources, including published literature identified by a systematic review, as well as household surveys, hospital admissions, health insurance claims, and LRI mortality estimates, to generate internally consistent estimates of incidence and prevalence using DisMod-MR 2.1. For aetiology estimation, we analysed multiple causes of death, vital registration, hospital discharge, microbial laboratory, and literature data using a network analysis model to produce the proportion of LRI deaths and episodes attributable to the following pathogens: Acinetobacter baumannii, Chlamydia spp, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, fungi, group B streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, influenza viruses, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella spp, Mycoplasma spp, polymicrobial infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia

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Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

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BMC MEDICINE 2021年第1期19卷 4-4页

作者： Cork, Michael A. Henry, Nathaniel J. Watson, Stefanie Croneberger, Andrew J. Baumann, Mathew Letourneau, Ian D. Yang, Mingyou Serfes, Audrey L. Abbas, Jaffar Abbasi, Nooshin Abbastabar, Hedayat Abreu, Lucas G. Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Achappa, Basavaprabhu Adabi, Maryam Adal, Tadele G. Adegbosin, Adeyinka E. Adekanmbi, Victor Adetokunboh, Olatunji O. Agudelo-Botero, Marcela Ahinkorah, Bright O. Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Muktar B. Alhassan, Robert K. Alipour, Vahid Almasi-Hashiani, Amir Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Tudorel Anvari, Davood Aqeel, Muhammad Arabloo, Jalal Aremu, Olatunde Asaad, Malke Atnafu, Desta D. Atreya, Alok Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Azari, Samad Darshan, B. B. Baig, Atif A. Banach, Maciej Bante, Simachew A. Barboza, Miguel A. Basu, Sanjay Bedi, Neeraj Bejarano Ramirez, Diana F. Bensenor, Isabela M. Beyene, Fentahun Y. Bezabih, Yihienew M. Bhagavathula, Akshaya S. Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhattacharyya, Krittika Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. Bijani, Ali Birlik, Sait M. Bitew, Zebenay W. Bohlouli, Somayeh Boloor, Archith Brunoni, Andre R. Butt, Zahid A. Cardenas, Rosario Carvalho, Felix Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A. Charan, Jaykaran Chatterjee, Souranshu Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Soosanna Kumary Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Christopher, Devasahayam J. Chu, Dinh-Toi Cook, Aubrey J. Cormier, Natalie M. Dahlawi, Saad M. A. Daoud, Farah Davila Cervantes, Claudio A. Weaver, Nicole Davis De la Hoz, Fernando P. Demeke, Feleke M. Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar Deribe, Kebede Deuba, Keshab Dharmaratne, Samath D. Dhungana, Govinda P. Diaz, Daniel Djalalinia, Shirin Duraes, Andre R. Eagan, Arielle W. Earl, Lucas Effiong, Andem Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed El Tantawi, Maha Elayedath, Rajesh El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I. Faraon, Emerito Jose A. Faro, Andre Fattahi, Nazir Fauk, Nelsensius K. Fernandes, Eduarda Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Foigt, Nataliya A. Foroutan, Masoud Fukumoto, Takeshi Gad, Mohamed M. Gebremariam, Tesfay B. B. Gebremedhin, Ketema B. Gebremeskel, Gebreamla Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Oxford Big Data Inst Oxford England Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Antai Coll Econ Shanghai Peoples R China McGill Univ Montreal Neurol Inst Montreal PQ Canada Univ Tehran Med Sci Adv Diagnost & Intervent Radiol Res Ctr Tehran Iran Univ Fed Minas Gerais Dept Pediat Dent Belo Horizonte MG Brazil Univ Sharjah Dept Clin Sci Sharjah U Arab Emirates Manipal Acad Higher Educ Dept Internal Med Mangalore India Hamadan Univ Med Sci Hamadan Iran Wolkite Univ Dept Publ Hlth Wolkite Ethiopia Griffith Univ Sch Med Gold Coast Qld Australia Kings Coll London Dept Populat Hlth Sci London England Stellenbosch Univ Ctr Excellence Epidemiol Modelin & Anal Stellenbosch South Africa Stellenbosch Univ Dept Global Hlth Cape Town South Africa Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico Ctr Policy Populat & Hlth Res Mexico City DF Mexico Univ Technol Sydney Australian Ctr Publ & Populat Hlth Res ACPP HR Sydney NSW Australia Univ Nottingham Lincoln Med Sch Lincoln England Univ Lincoln Lincoln Med Sch Lincoln England Jimma Univ Dept Epidemiol Jimma Ethiopia Univ South Australia Australian Ctr Precis Hlth Adelaide SA Australia Univ Hlth & Allied Sci Inst Hlth Res Ho Ghana Iran Univ Med Sci Hlth Management & Econ Res Ctr Tehran Iran Iran Univ Med Sci Hlth Econ Dept Tehran Iran Arak Univ Med Sci Dept Epidemiol Arak Iran Univ Cartagena Res Grp Hlth Econ Cartagena Colombia ALZAK Fdn Res Grp Hosp Management & Hlth Policies Cartagena Colombia Carol Davila Univ Med & Pharm Bucharest Romania Bucharest Univ Econ Studies Stat & Econometr Dept Bucharest Romania Mazandaran Univ Med Sci Dept Parasitol Sari Iran Iranshahr Univ Med Sci Dept Parasitol Iranshahr Iran Fdn Univ Islamabad Dept Psychol Rawalpandi Pakistan Birmingham City Univ Dept Publ Hlth Birmingham W Midlands England Univ Texas Houston Dept Plast Surg Houston TX USA Bahir Dar Univ Dept Hlth Syst & Hlth Econ Bahir Dar Ethiopia Lumbini Med Coll D

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and *** performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study *** countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries-apart from Ecuador-across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups-the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in *** subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local tre

关键词： HIV AIDS Latin America HIV mortality Vital registration Small area estimation Mapping Spatial statistics

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Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet 2023年第10397期402卷 203-234页

作者： Ong, Kanyin Liane Stafford, Lauryn K. McLaughlin, Susan A. Boyko, Edward J. Vollset, Stein Emil Smith, Amanda E. Dalton, Bronte E. Duprey, Joe Cruz, Jessica A. Hagins, Hailey Lindstedt, Paulina A. Aali, Amirali Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Melsew Dagne Abbasian, Mohammadreza Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen ElHafeez, Samar Abd Abd-Rabu, Rami Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md Abedi, Vida Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adane, Tigist Demssew Adane, Denberu Eshetie Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adegboye, Oyelola A. Adekanmbi, Victor Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afolabi, Rotimi Felix Agarwal, Gina Aghdam, Zahra Babaei Agudelo-Botero, Marcela Arriagada, Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Keivan Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Luai A. Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed Ali Alalwan, Tariq A. Al-Aly, Ziyad AlBataineh, Mohammad T. Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alemi, Sharifullah Ali, Hassam Alinia, Tahereh Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Amare, Firehiwot Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Amiri, Sohrab Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjana, Ranjit Mohan Ansar, Adnan Ansari, Golnoosh Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arabloo, Jalal Aravkin, Aleksandr Y. Areda, Demelash Arifin, Hidayat Arkew, Mesay Armocida, Benedetta Arnlov, Johan Artamonov, Anton A. Arulappan, Judie Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Arumugam, Ashokan Aryan, Zahra Asemu, Mulu Tiruneh Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Askari, Elaheh Asmelash, Daniel Astell-Burt, Thomas Athar, Mohammad Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Avila-Burgos, Leticia Awaisu, Ahmed Azadnajafabad, Sina Darshan, B.B. Babamohamadi, Hassan Badar, Muhammad Badawi, Alaa Badiye, Ashish D. Baghcheghi, Nayereh Baghe Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation School of Medicine General Medicine Service Department of Veterans Affairs Seattle WA United States Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine France Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement Aleta Wondo Hospital Aleta Wondo Ethiopia Department of Nursing Woldia University Woldia Ethiopia Department of Nursing Department of Orthopedic Surgery Orthopaedic Surgery Social Determinants of Health Research Center Non-communicable Diseases Research Center Epidemiology Department Evidence-Based Practice Center Community and Maternity Nursing Unit University of Duhok Duhok Iraq School of Planning Faculty of Environment Department of Public Health Sciences Penn State College of Medicine Pennsylvania State University Hershey PA United States Biocomplexity Institute Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA United States College of Medicine Department of Public Health Laboratory Technology Sciences Department Department of Family and Community Health University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Department of Biosciences and Nutrition Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Sweden Clinical Sciences Department Department of Surgery Department of Surgery Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Centre for Social Research in Health Quality and Systems Performance Unit Cancer Institute NSW Sydney NSW Australia Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine HIV and Infectious Diseases Department Jhpiego Abuja Nigeria Adolescent Research and Care Department Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care Ado Ekiti Nigeria Department of Epidemiology Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Department of Family Medicine McMaster University

Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined;these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs;defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims;type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative r

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Age-sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022年第11期22卷 1626-1647页

作者： Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe Vongpradith, Avina Sirota, Sarah Brooke Novotney, Amanda Troeger, Christopher E. Doxey, Matthew C. Bender, Rose G. Ledesma, Jorge R. Biehl, Molly H. Albertson, Samuel B. Frostad, Joseph Jon Burkart, Katrin Bennitt, Fiona B. Zhao, Jeff T. Gardner, William M. Hagins, Hailey Bryazka, Dana Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Abate, Semagn Mekonnen Abdelmasseh, Michael Abdoli, Amir Abdoli, Gholamreza Abedi, Aidin Abedi, Vida Abegaz, Tadesse M. Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abolhassani, Hassan Abtew, Yonas Derso Ali, Hiwa Abubaker Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adamu, Kidist Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adegboye, Oyelola A. Adnan, Mohammad Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa Al Hamad, Hanadi Albano, Luciana Aldeyab, Mamoon A. Alemu, Bezatu Mengistie Alene, Kefyalew Addis Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhassan, Robert Kaba Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Musa Mohammed Ali, Syed Shujait Alimohamadi, Yousef Alipour, Vahid Al-Jumaily, Adel Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Almustanyir, Sami Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Al-Rifai, Rami H. Hani AlRyalat, Saif Aldeen S. Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J. Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena Dehkordi, Javad Javad Aminian Amuasi, John H. Amugsi, Dickson A. Anbesu, Etsay Woldu Ansar, Adnan Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arabloo, Jalal Areda, Demelash Argaw, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Arulappan, Judie Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo Asemahagn, Mulusew A. Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atlaw, Daniel Attia, Engi F. Attia, Sameh Aujayeb, Avinash Awoke, Tewachew Ayana, Tegegn Mulatu Ayanore, Martin Amogre Azadnajafabad, Sina Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza Azari, Samad Jafari, Amirhossein Azari Badar, Muhammad Badiye, Ashish D. Baghcheghi, Nayereh Bagherieh, Sara Baig, Atif Amin Banach, Maciej Banerjee, Indrajit Bardhan, Mainak Barone-Adesi, Francesco Barqawi, Hiba Univ Washington Inst Hlth Metr & Evaluat Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Hlth Metr Sci Sch Med Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Div Pulm Crit Care & Sleep Med Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Div Allergy & Infect Dis Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Global Hlth Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Dept Med Seattle WA 98195 USA Univ Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Seattle Indian Hlth Board Urban Indian Hlth Inst Seattle WA USA World Hlth Org Div Data Analyt & Delivery Impact Geneva Switzerland World Hlth Org Hlth Workforce Dept Geneva Switzerland Dilla Univ Dept Anesthesiol Addis Ababa Ethiopia Marshall Univ Dept Surg Huntington WV USA Jahrom Univ Med Sci Zoonoses Res Ctr Jahrom Iran Jahrom Univ Med Sci Dept Community Med Jahrom Iran Kermanshah Univ Med Sci Dept Epidemiol Kermanshah Iran Kermanshah Univ Med Sci Students Res Comm Kermanshah Iran Kermanshah Univ Med Sci Dept Physiol Kermanshah Iran Univ Southern Calif Dept Neurosurg Los Angeles CA 90007 USA Univ Southern Calif Keck Sch Med Los Angeles CA 90007 USA Univ Southern Calif Dept Radiol Los Angeles CA 90007 USA Univ Southern Calif Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informat Inst Los Angeles CA 90007 USA Geisinger Hlth Syst Dept Mol & Funct Genom Danville PA USA Virginia Tech Biocomplex Inst Blacksburg VA USA Univ Gondar Dept Clin Pharm Gondar Ethiopia Univ Gondar Dept Surg Nursing Gondar Ethiopia Univ Gondar Human Physiol Gondar Ethiopia Univ Gondar Inst Publ Hlth Gondar Ethiopia Univ Gondar Social & Adm Pharm Gondar Ethiopia Univ Gondar Dept Med Microbiol Gondar Ethiopia Florida A&M Univ Pharmacoecon & Hlth Outcomes Res Dept Tallahassee FL 32307 USA Yasuj Univ Med Sci Lab Technol Sci Dept Yasuj Iran Yasuj Univ Med Sci Dept Nursing Yasuj Iran Univ Hlth & Allied Sci Sch Publ Hlth Dept Family & Community Hlth Hohoe Ghana Univ Tehran Med Sci Res Ctr Immunodeficiencies Tehran Iran Univ Tehran Med Sci Dept Epidemiol & Biostat Tehran

Background The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across a groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used dinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466-469, 470.0, 480-482.8, 483.0-483.9, 484.1-484.2, 484.6-484.7, and 487-489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4 B97.6, 109-115.8, J16 J16.9, J20-121.9, J91.0, P23.0 P23.4, and U04 U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23109 site-years of vital r *stration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian metaregression tool, to analyse age sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and daims and inpatient data. Additio y, we estimated age sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240-275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217-248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1.30 million (95% UI 1.18-1.42) male deaths and 1.20 million (1.07-1.33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1.17 times (95% UI 1.16-1.18) and 1.31 times (95% UI 1.23-1.41) greater in males than in fe es in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different r

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Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

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dataBASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL dataBASES AND CURATION 2019年第2019期2019卷 baz085-baz085页

作者： Brown, Peter Tan, Aik-Choon El-Esawi, Mohamed A. Liehr, Thomas Blanck, Oliver Gladue, Douglas P. Almeida, Gabriel M. F. Cernava, Tomislav Sorzano, Carlos O. Yeung, Andy W. K. Engel, Michael S. Chandrasekaran, Arun Richard Muth, Thilo Staege, Martin S. Daulatabad, Swapna V. Widera, Darius Zhang, Junpeng Meule, Adrian Honjo, Ken Pourret, Olivier Yin, Cong-Cong Zhang, Zhongheng Cascella, Marco Flegel, Willy A. Goodyear, Carl S. van Raaij, Mark J. Bukowy-Bieryllo, Zuzanna Campana, Luca G. Kurniawan, Nicholas A. Lalaouna, David Huttner, Felix J. Ammerman, Brooke A. Ehret, Felix Cobine, Paul A. Tan, Ene-Choo Han, Hyemin Xia, Wenfeng McCrum, Christopher Dings, Ruud P. M. Marinello, Francesco Nilsson, Henrik Nixon, Brett Voskarides, Konstantinos Yang, Long Costa, Vincent D. Bengtsson-Palme, Johan Bradshaw, William Grimm, Dominik G. Kumar, Nitin Martis, Elvis Prieto, Daniel Sabnis, Sandeep C. Amer, Said E. D. R. Liew, Alan W. C. Perco, Paul Rahimi, Farid Riva, Giuseppe Zhang, Chongxing Devkota, Hari P. Ogami, Koichi Basharat, Zarrin Fierz, Walter Siebers, Robert Tan, Kok-Hian Boehme, Karen A. Brenneisen, Peter Brown, James A. L. Dalrymple, Brian P. Harvey, David J. Ng, Grace Werten, Sebastiaan Bleackley, Mark Dai, Zhanwu Dhariwal, Raman Gelfer, Yael Hartmann, Marcus D. Miotla, Pawel Tamaian, Radu Govender, Pragashnie Gurney-Champion, Oliver J. Kauppila, Joonas H. Zhang, Xiaolei Echeverria, Natalia Subhash, Santhilal Sallmon, Hannes Tofani, Marco Bae, Taeok Bosch, Oliver Cuiv, Paraic O. Danchin, Antoine Diouf, Barthelemy Eerola, Tuomas Evangelou, Evangelos Filipp, Fabian V. Klump, Hannes Kurgan, Lukasz Smith, Simon S. Terrier, Olivier Tuttle, Neil Ascher, David B. Janga, Sarath C. Schulte, Leon N. Becker, Daniel Browngardt, Christopher Bush, Stephen J. Gaullier, Guillaume Ide, Kazuki Meseko, Clement Werner, Gijsbert D. A. Zaucha, Jan Al-Farha, Abd A. Greenwald, Noah F. Popoola, Segun I. Rahman, Md Shaifur Xu, Jialin Yang, Sunny Y. Hiroi, Noboru Alper, Ozgul M. Baker, Chris I. Bitzer, Michael Chacko, George Debrabant, Birgi Griffith Univ Sch Informat & Commun Technol Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia Griffith Univ Inst Glyc Gold Coast Qld 4222 Australia Univ Colorado Dept Med Med Oncol Anschutz Med Campus Denver CO USA Tanta Univ Fac Sci Bot Dept Tanta Egypt Friedrich Schiller Univ Jena Univ Hosp Inst Human Genet Jena Germany Univ Med Ctr Schleswig Holstein Dept Radiat Oncol Campus Kiel Kiel Germany ARS USDA Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr Greenport NY 11944 USA Univ Jyvaskyla Dept Biol & Environm Sci Jyvaskyla Finland Graz Univ Technol Inst Environm Biotechnol Graz Austria CSIC CNB Natl Biotechnol Ctr Dept Macromol Struct Madrid Spain Univ Hong Kong Fac Dent Oral & Maxillofacial Radiol Appl Oral Sci & Commu Hong Kong Peoples R China Univ Kansas Div Entomol Biodivers Inst Lawrence KS 66045 USA SUNY Albany RNA Inst Albany NY 12222 USA Robert Koch Inst Dept Methods Dev & Res Infrastruct Berlin Germany Martin Luther Univ Halle Wittenberg Dept Surg & Conservat Pediat & Adolescent Med Halle Germany Indiana Univ Purdue Univ IU Sch Informat & Comp Dept BioHlth Informat Indianapolis IN 46202 USA Univ Reading Sch Pharm Stem Cell Biol & Regenerat Med Reading Berks England Dali Univ Sch Engn Dali City Yunnan Peoples R China Univ Hosp Munich LMU Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy Munich Germany Univ Tsukuba Fac Life & Environm Sci Ibaraki Japan UniLaSalle Aghyle Beauvais France Henry Ford Hlth Syst Dept Immunol Detroit MI USA Zhejiang Univ Sch Med Sir Run Run Shaw Hosp Dept Emergency Hangzhou 310016 Zhejiang Peoples R China Ist Nazl Tumori Fdn Pascale IRCCS Anesthesia & Pain Med Naples Italy NIH Dept Transfus Med Bethesda MD USA Univ Glasgow Inst Infect Immun & Inflammat Glasgow Lanark Scotland Polish Acad Sci Inst Human Genet Poznan Poland Univ Padua Dept Surg Oncol & Gastroenterol DISCOG Padua Italy Eindhoven Univ Technol Biomed Engn Eindhoven Netherlands Univ Strasbourg IBMC Strasbourg France Heidelberg Univ Dept Gen Visceral & Transplantat Surg Heidel

Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://*** is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.

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