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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-Machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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A column generation procedure for gang-rip saw arbor design and scheduling

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH 1996年第2期34卷 313-327页

作者： Fathi, Y Kegler, SR Culbreth, CT Department of Industrial Engineering North Carolina State University Box 7906 Raleigh NC 27695-7906Graduate Program in Operations Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-7913 Department of Industrial Engineering North Carolina State University Box 7906 Raleigh NC 27695-7906

We present a mathematical model for scheduling a computer assisted gang-rip saw system. Such systems are typically used within the furniture manufacturing industry for processing (ripping) lumber. This model uses the concept of column generation of linear programming to design appropriate saw arbors, and to select a set of arbors with their corresponding run time, in order to process a given stream of incoming lumber according to a demand schedule for finished cut widths. Results of a limited computational experiment with this model are discussed.

关键词： LINEAR programming MANUFACTURING processes

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The Regional Deterrence Ship (RDS 2010) - A design for littoral warfare in the 2010 timeframe

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1996年第1期108卷 61-72页

作者： Calvano, CN Riedel, JS Professor Charles N. Calvano Capt. USN (Ret.): of the Naval Postgraduate School is responsible for a program in Total Ship Systems Engineering. He is a graduate of the Naval Academy who served as a surface warfare officer. After completion of his graduate education at MIT he became an Engineering Duty Officer and served at Boston Naval Shipyard in several capacities. He was the Repair Facilities Advisor to the Vietnamese Navy the Project Officer for construction of nuclear powered guided missile cruisers (CGNs) at the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Newport News Virginia and served on the staff of the Commander Naval Surface Forces U.S. Atlantic Fleet and later at the Supervisor of Shipbuilding in Portsmouth Virginia in maintenance and overhaul management positions. He was Officer in Charge of the Annapolis Laboratory of the David Taylor Research Center and Commanding Officer of the Engineering Duty Officer School. He retired from active duty in October 1991 after serving in the Naval Sea Systems Command as the Director of the Ship Design Group and of the Advanced Concepts and Technology Group. Lt. Jeffrey S. Riedel USN:is an Engineering Duty Officer currently assigned to the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Bath Maine. He obtained his B.S. degree in Marine Engineering from Maine Maritime Academy in 1986 and his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering plus a Mechanical Engineer's degree from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1993. Lt. Riedel's naval career has included duty aboaqrd USS Wainwright (CG 28) as auxiliaries officer damage control assistant and main machinery officer. Currently he serves as the assistant production officer at SUPSHIP Bath in charge of DDG 51 class construction and delivery.

This paper describes the design of a Regional Deterrence Ship (RDS 2010) for the 2010 timeframe. The requirements for the design were for a ship to operate in littoral areas of the world with a mission of deterring regional conflicts and of hampering the efforts of the aggressor in such a conflict. In addition the ship's mission included the evacuation of friendly personnel as hostilities become likely. The problem countering the littoral threat during times of constrained budgets is addressed. Top level requirements for the design, generated in parallel with ''.... From the Sea'' [1], were used to set the design goals. The paper describes the manner in which littoral warfare changes the nature of the challenges faced by Navy surface combatants, including a ship such as the RDS 2010. A number of factors become more crucial design concerns than for blue water ships, including reduced reaction times, likelihood of attack from hidden land sites, shallow water mines and shallow water USW Certain other factors become less critical in littoral areas and this also has ship design impacts. While some present ship designs can perform some of the tasks needed in a littoral warfare/regional conflict environment, none represents a completely integrated design (hull, mechanical & electrical;combat systems;fiscal and manning constraints;reduced vulnerability;robust self-defense etc.) for a vessel stationed in waters that, without warning, can become hostile. After describing the mission requirements to which the RDS 2010 was designed, the paper discusses the controlling design philosophy and decisions and describes the process used to assess threats to the ship. The process of combat system selection, against the backdrop of expected threat scenarios, is described and the intended approach to integration of the combat system is discussed. In recognition that decreased reaction times and surprise attacks are likely to threaten a ship engaged in regional deterrence, discussions oi

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Effect of reinforcement shape character on cavitation of superplastic Si3N4/6061 aluminum composite

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Funtai Oyobi Fummatsu Yakin/Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 1995年第7期42卷 839-842页

作者： Iwasaki, Hajime Ohtani, Takuya Mori, Takasuke Mabuchi, Mamoru Higashi, Kenji Department of Materials Science and Engineering Himeji Institute of Technology Graduate School Himeji Institute of Technology National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering University of Osaka Prefecture

Cavitation of superplastic metal matrix (6061Al alloy) composite reinforced by 20% volume fraction of Si3N4, particulate and Si3N4, whisker has been investigated. A constant stress tention test was carried out at temperature of 818K and stress of 8MPa for the composite containing Si3N4, particulate, and at 833K, 10MPa for the composite containing Si3N4, whisker. Volume of cavity in the Si3N4p/6061Al composite was larger than that in the Si3N4w/6061Al composite at a range of strain up to 1.5. Both composites already included the volume of cavity of 0.6-0.8% at a strain of 0.2. Cavity volume fraction exponentially increased with increasing strain. Most cavities of both composites were nucleated at the interface of matrix and reinforcements. Cavities in the Si3N4p/6061Al composite were almost granular and those in the Si3N4w/6061Al composite were either granular or flat.

关键词： Metal Matrix composite Si3N4 whisker Superplasticity Cavitation

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Effect of reinforcement volume fraction on cavitation of superplastic Si3N4/Al-Mg-Si composite

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Funtai Oyobi Fummatsu Yakin/Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 1995年第7期42卷 843-846页

作者： Iwasaki, Hajime Miyashita, Yoshikazu Mori, Takasuke Mabuchi, Mamoru Higashi, Kenji Department of Materials Science and Engineering Himeji Institute of Technology Graduate School Himeji Institute of Technology National Industrial Research Institute of Nagoya Department of Mechanical Systems engineering University of Osaka Prefecture

The Si3N4 particulate reinforced 6061Al(Al-Mg-Si) matrix composite, which included 20% or 30% volume fraction of reinforcement, denoted as the 20%Vf and the 30%Vf respectively, has been produced by powder metallurgical processing followed by hot extrusion at 773K with a reduction ratio of 100. The composites exhibited a typical superplastic behavior at a temperature of 848K for the 20%Vf and 823K for the 30%Vf, and a maximum elongation of 380% was obtained for the 20%Vf at a constant stress of 5MPa and 734% was obtained for the 30%Vf at a stress of 8MPa respectively. It has been clarified that these composites exhibited cavitation after a superplastic deformation. Cavity volume fractions exponentially increased with increasing strain in both composites. The cavity volume fraction of the 20%Vf specimen was less than that of the 30%Vf specimen at a strain up to 1.2. The maximum cavity volume fraction throughout the experiments was 2% at a strain of 1.5 for the 30%Vf specimen. SEM obsevation showed that cavities had always formed at interface between matrix and reinforcements, and the size of most cavities was less than 1μm. However, a few large cavities of more than 1μm in a mean diameter also appeared in both specimens in an early stage of straining. The larger cavities were grown rapidly and elongated parallel to the tensile axis with increasing strain which may cause the fracture.

关键词： Metal matrix composite superplasticity high strain rate cavitation 6061 Aluminum alloy

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Optimal design of an inter-board strain-relief for high-reliability surface mount attachment

Optimal design of an inter-board strain-relief for high-reli...

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Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC)

作者： R.W. Kotlowitz K.L. Terrell Network Wireless Systems Business Unit AT and T Bell Laboratories Whippany NJ USA Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark NJ USA

The long-term reliability of surface mount (SM) interconnections remains an important issue in many electronics packaging technologies. Strain-reliefs with sufficient compliance can minimize the cyclic loads impressed on SM solder connections during operational temperature excursions, appreciably increasing the margin for long-term attachment reliability. Compliance evaluation was performed for an inter-board strain-relief, or bond-strap, in a commercial Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) used in various AT&T wireless transmission systems. The bond-strap compliance was optimized, within practical forming and assembly constraints, to provide robust SM interconnection during the expected product service life.

关键词： Samarium Bonding Electronics packaging Surface-mount technology Temperature Performance evaluation Low-noise amplifiers Constraint optimization Assembly Robustness

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Windows computer laboratory as a tutorial for undergraduate electromagnetics

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Computer Applications in engineering Education 1995年第3期3卷 183-183页

作者： McCulloch, J. Keddy, W.A. Stuchly, M.A. University of Victoria Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada Janet McCulloch:is a native of Toronto Canada where she briefly attended both York University and the University of Toronto before she set off on a year-long adventure through the Middle East and North Africa. When she returned to Canada she relocated to California. She spent a number of years living both in Los Angeles and coastal Northern California interspersed with several extended trips through the United States Mexico and Central America. Ms. McCulloch moved to Victoria British Columbia in 1989 and a year later registered in the cooperative education program in Electrical Engineering at the University of Victoria. She is presently in the fifth and final year of the program and has her sights set on graduate school. Besides the work described in this article she has been very much involved in the use of technology to assist in the delivery of curriculum at the senior secondary level. She lives on a country property a half-hour from the University with her husband her horse and three cats. W. Alfred Keddy:is an applications programmer/analyst for the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Victoria. He received a BEng (1988) in Electrical Engineering and an MASc (1994) from the University of Victoria. His research interests include distributed systems image processing local area networks VLSI and DSP system design for computation and communication and human–computer interface design. Maria A. Stuchly:received an MSc in Electrical Engineering in 1962 from Warsaw Technical University and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from the Polish Academy of Sciences in 1970. Between the years of 1962 and 1970 she was with the Warsaw Technical University an Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences. After immigrating to Canada during 1970 her first position was with the University of Manitoba. In 1976 she became employed by the Bureau of Radi

Contents and implementation of a computer laboratory for undergraduate electromagnetics are described. The laboratory consists of four 3-hour sessions covering vector calculus, Maxwell's equations (integral and differential forms), wave propagation in materials, and wave behavior at planar interfaces. Each session contains theory (in the Help file), animations (where relevant) and a quiz. The program runs on IBM compatible 486-based PCs in a Windows environment and uses the Borland C ++ 4.0 compiler.

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GROUND-WATER MONITORING STATISTICS UPDATE .1. PROGRESS SINCE 1988

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1994年第4期14卷 148-158页

作者： DAVIS, CB MCNICHOLS, RJ Charles B. Davis is principal statistician with Environmet- rics & Statistics Ltd. (EnviroStat 1853 Wellington Court Henderson NV 89014). After receiving his M.S. in mathematics and statistics and Ph.D. in statistics from the University of New Mexico he joined the Mathematics Department of the University of Toledo to establish its graduate program in statistics with emphasis on consulting and applications. He and McNichols became involved in consulting and research related to statistical issues arising in RCRA ground water monitoring regulation in 1985 and formed EnviroStat in 1990. Davis left academia in 1992 to concentrate on environmental statistics. Roger J. McNichols is professor and chairman of the Industrial Engineering Department at The University of Toledo (Toledo OH 43606). After receiving his Ph.D. in industrial engineering from The Ohio State University he joined the faculty of Texas A and M University where he directed the Maintainability Engineering Graduate Program at Red River Army Depot. At University of Toledo he is also chairman of the Systems Doctoral Program and has served as associate dean of engineering. His research and consulting interests include reliability quality control manufacturing environmental monitoring mathematical modeling and applied statistics.

Current federal ground water monitoring statistical regulation dates from the revised RCRA Subtitle C Final Rule of 1988. That rule was a considerable advance over previous RCRA statistical rules. However, two major problem areas remained: facility-wide false positive rate (FWFPR) control and spatial variability. Progress has been made in the 1991 Subtitle D Final Rule and in guidance;the 1992 Addendum to Interim Final Guidance in particular includes a substantial conceptual advance toward resolving the FWFPR problem. Other areas of improvement include normality testing and distribution assumptions, dropping the four independent samples per monitoring period requirement, allowing a preliminary evaluation short of a 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix II assessment upon finding a statistically significant increase, and suggesting superior alternatives to analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and tests of proportions. The problem of dealing with natural spatial variability remains. Although certain techniques listed in the regulations can control for inherent spatial variability and the performance standards require doing so ''when necessary,'' little attention has been paid to the ubiquity of such spatial variation. Moreover, regulatory traditions favoring upgradient-downgradient comparisons often make control of natural spatial variation difficult and ineffective. With new, lined facilities easily implemented statistical solutions are available;however, dealing with the several existing solid waste facilities which will now be regulated under Subtitle D will present major challenges. In short, the 1988 revision of the Subtitle C rules made it more possible to provide statistically sound monitoring programs, and there has been steady progress since then. Challenges remain, however. These vary from state to state, particularly with regard to controlling false positives and false negatives in the presence of natural spatial variability.

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SEQUENCING MIXED-MODEL ASSEMBLY LINES TO LEVEL PARTS USAGE AND MINIMIZE LINE LENGTH

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION RESEARCH 1994年第10期32卷 2431-2454页

作者： BARD, JF SHTUB, A JOSHI, SB Department of Mechanical Engineering Graduate Program in Operations Research and Industrial Engineering University of Texas Austin TX 78712-1063 United States Department of Industrial Engineering Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv 69978 Israel Corporate Research and Development EXOEB Chicago IL 60666 United Airlines United States

The problem of sequencing units on a mixed-model assembly line can be viewed with several objectives in mind. Past research has focused mainly on two separate performance measures: (1) minimizing the length of the line (which is equivalent to minimizing the risk of stopping the conveyor when system variability is present and the station lengths are fixed);or (2) maintaining a rate of assembly equal to the demand rate for each model type in the production schedule. The latter is the more appropriate in a just-in-time environment. We present a bicriteria formulation of the problem that can be used to examine the tradeoffs between line length and parts usage. The resultant model takes the form of a mixed integer nonlinear program and is solved with a combination of heuristics and branch and bound. Results are reported for a wide range of problem sizes, as defined by the number of stations on the line, the number of different model types, and the total number of units to be assembled. In almost all cases, at least one of the heuristics found either the optimum or the best available solution. Computation times were quite reasonable for the heuristics, but grew exponentially for branch and bound. In general, it was only possible to verify optimality on problems with less-than-or-equal-to 20 units.

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DDG-51 CLASS COMPUTER-AIDED-DESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1994年第4期106卷 165-173页

作者： OUILLETTE, JJ THE AUTHOR is the DDG-51 class computer-aided design project manager in the Navy's Aegis program office. Ms. Ouillette is 1986 graduate of the University of Maine with a B.S. in mechanical engineering. Prior to her current position Ms. Ouillette was employed by the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Bath Me. where she was involved with engineering systems management for the DDG-51 class program.

Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing technology is being implemented in the U.S. Navy's Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) Class Aegis Destroyer program. Under the Navy's direction, the DDG-51 class construction yards are aggressively pursuing the transition to CAD-based design, construction and life cycle support. Through the CAD initiative, acquisition costs can be reduced without reduction of ships' capability. Building a three dimensional (3D) computer generated model of the ship prior to construction will facilitate the identification and resolution of interference and interface problems that would otherwise remain undetected until actual ship construction. The 3D database contains geometry and design data to support system design and concurrent engineering and is exchanged electronically between the construction yards. Detailed design drawings, fabrication sketches, and numerical control (NC) data are extracted directly from the database to support construction. At the completion of ship construction, as-built models will be provided to the planning yard for life cycle support.

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