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FLAMMABILITY AND TOXICITY OF COMPOSITE-MATERIALS FOR MARINE VEHICLES

NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 45-54页

作者： SEVART, JL GRIFFIN, OH GURDAL, Z WARNER, GA Jeffrey L. Sevart:is a native of Kansas and a 1985 graduate of Kansas State University with a B.S. in mechanical engineering (magna cum laude). After working as a stress analysis engineer at Boeing Military Airplane Company in Wichita Kans. he attended Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and received an M.S. in engineering mechanics in February 1988. He currently resides in Akron Ohio working as a research engineer in tire composites research at The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. O. Hayden Griffin Jr.:received his B.S. and M.S. in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University in 1970 and 1971 respectively. He received his Ph.D. in engineering mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1980. Prior to joining the faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University as associate professor of engineering science and mechanics in September 1985 he was employed at the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center (Dahlgren Virginia) BF Goodrich Tire Group (Akron Ohio) the Bendix Advanced Technology Center (Columbia Maryland) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (Laurel Maryland). He is currently an associate director of the Virginia Institute for Material Systems. He is a registered professional engineer in Virginia and is a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the American Society for Composites. Zafer Gürdal:received his M.S. in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology in 1981 and his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1985. He worked as a research associate in the Aerospace and Ocean Engineering Department at Virginia Tech before joining the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department as an assistant professor in September 1985. Professor Gürdal's research interests include: composite structures failure mechanics of composites structural optimization and damage tolerant design. He is a member of the American Institute

Characteristics of both thermoplastic and thermoset composite materials as they pertain to marine vehicle applications are discussed. Comparison of various material selection factors such as strength, damage and moisture resistance, and flammability and toxicity as well as cost and availability of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials are presented. Methods for testing and reducing the flammability and toxicity are discussed. Many commercially available composite systems are reported to provide favorable characteristics for marine applications. Although there seems to be a need for improved production technology for thermoplastics, they present potential advantages in physical properties over thermoset composites.

关键词： Composite Materials

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SHIP SERVICE ELECTRICAL systems - DESIGNING FOR SURVIVABILITY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1990年第5期102卷 32-36页

作者： CERMINARA, J KOTACKA, RO John Cerminara:is a principal engineer with Westinghouse Machinery Technology Division Electrical Systems Department. He holds a B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Pittsburgh. He is a registered professional engineer and a member of IEEE ASNE and the Ship Steering Group of the Combat Survivability Division of ADPA. Mr. Cerminara has had over 30 years of multidiscipline experience ranging from engineering and construction in heavy industry to standards and publications. Past assignments include DOE/ NASA wind turbine project manager for Westinghouse and task leader of MTD electrical systems. Most recent assignments have included hull mechanical and electrical (HM&E) distributive system survivability analyses of the LSD-41 mobility mission area and application and validation of NavSea computer-aided design of Survivable Distributive System (CADSDiS) Program. Rolf O. Kotacka:is presently a ship systems engineer in the Ship Systems Engineering Branch of the Naval Sea Systems Command Engineering Directorate where his primary responsibility is ship system survivability. He is a 1977 graduate of SUNY Maritime College where he received his bachelor of engineering degree in marine electrical engineering as well as a U.S. Coast Guard Third Assistant Engineer License and a commission in the U. S. Naval Reserve. Upon graduation Mr. Kotacka was employed by Charleston Naval Shipyard as a field engineer until 1981 where he gained his background in surface ship HM&E systems and equipment. He then transferred to the Supervisor of Shipbuilding Conversion and Repair Groton where he served as a senior electrical engineer monitoring the design and construction of Trident and 688 class submarines and received the Meritorious Unit Citation. Prior to his present position Mr. Kotacka was the life cycle manager for diesel generator sets in the Naval Sea Systems Command's Generators Branch. He has coauthored several papers dealing with power generation for ASE and SNAME. Mr. Kotacka is also a lieutena

This paper highlights the survivability concerns in the design of ship service power systems. The paper gives a brief description of what constitutes a typical ship service electric power system and concentrates on electric power generation and associated controls. Established survivability design principles and guidelines are highlighted and the application of those guidelines are discussed. General Specifications (Gen Specs) for Ships of the U.S. Navy are cited as the cornerstone for design. Specific design criteria are cited as well as the rationale associated with the survivability design guidelines pertaining to power generation and distribution. The application of these survivability design guidelines plus the use of the deactivation diagram/damage tolerance analysis cited in the Gen Spec section 072e will enhance overall design and help ensure survivable electric power systems for surface combatants.

关键词： Warships

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FIELD METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF GROUND-WATER REDOX CHEMICAL-PARAMETERS

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1990年第4期10卷 81-89页

作者： WALTONDAY, K MACALADY, DL BROOKS, MH TATE, VT Katherine Walton-Day received an A.B. in geology from Smith College (1981) and an M.S. in geology from the Colorado School of Mines (1986). She is currently a Ph.D. candidate in geology at the Colorado School of Mines and is employed as a geologist at the U. S. Geological Survey Geologic Division in Denver Colorado(USGS Box 25046 MS973 Denver CO 80225). Her research involves studying the processes controlling the mobility of trace metals in pristine and contaminated natural systems. Donald L. Macalady received a B.S. in chemical engineering from Pennsylvania State University in 1963 and a Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1969. He has held positions at Grinnell College (1968–1970) Northern Michigan University (1970–1982) and the Colorado School of Mines (1982-present) (Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry Colorado School of Mines Golden CO 80401). His research interests include chemical reactions of anthropogenic organic chemicals in natural water systems chemistry of metals and metal-organic complexes in natural and polluted water systems aqueous analytical chemistry and surface chemistry of natural particles. He is a member of ACS AAAS and ASLO and serves as an associate editor to the Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. Myron H. Brooks received a B.S. in biology from Emory University (1979). He is a graduate student in the Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry at the Colorado School of Mines. Brooks is a research chemist for the U. S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division in Arvada Colorado (USGS Box 25046 MS408 Denver CO 80225). He has participated in numerous investigations of ground water surface water and wet deposition chemistry over the last 10 years. His current research is focused on microbial processes in contaminated ground water. Vernon T. Tate studied mechanical engineering at the University of Denver. He was employed by Union Carbide for 27 years. While employed by Union Carbide he worked as an analyst was in charge of developing a QA/QC lab for

An inexpensive, versatile, and portable system is presented, which facilitates rapid field determinations of redox potentials, pH, conductivity, ferrous and total iron, nitrite, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. Accuracy is facilitated by on-site measurements of most parameters using specially constructed flow-through cells and, for several analyses, sealed reagent ampoules, which can be broken and developed inside a flowing stream of ground water. Coupled with laboratory analyses of more stable ground water parameters, this system can provide accurate and relatively inexpensive determinations of redox conditions in ground water.

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REMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUND-WATER USING BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1989年第1期9卷 105-119页

作者： FLATHMAN, PE JERGER, DE BOTTOMLEY, LS Paul E. Flathman is senior microbiologist at O.H. Materials Corp. (P.O. Box 551 Findlay OH 45839). Flathman has more than eight years of field experience in the biological cleanup and environmental restoration of areas contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons and other hazardous organic wastes. He has a B.S. in biology/chemistry from The Defiance College Defiance Ohio and an M.S. in microbiology from Bowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio. The cometabolic biodegradation of anthropogenic organic compounds was the focus of his graduate research. Flathman was the 1985 recipient of the Ohio Water Pollution Control Conference's F.H. Waring A ward in recognition of outstanding achievement in the field of industrial waste control. He is a Registered Class III (Advanced) Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator (Ohio EPA) a Registered Class III (Advanced) Wastewater Laboratory Analyst (Ohio WPCA-LAC) and a Registered Microbiologist (The National Registry of Microbiologists American Academy of Microbiology). He is a member of eight professional organizations and has served as chairman and for three years as a member of the Executive Committee of the Northwest Central Ohio Section of the American Chemical Society. Flathman is also a member of three subcommittees and a task group participant of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The focus of his current research is the enhanced biodegradation of hazardous organic contaminants following spills of these materials in the environment. Douglas E. Jerger is manager of the Biorestoration Program at O.H. Materials Corp. (P. O. Box 551 Findlay OH 45839). Jerger has more than 15 years experience in environmental microbiology and bioprocess engineering with NASA—Manned Spacecraft Center Environmental Control Technology Corp. Institute of Gas Technology and University of Florida. He is currently completing research toward his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan. Jerger is a member of four professional organizations and has coauthored more than 20 public

On-site biological cleanup following spills of biodegradable hazardous organic compounds in lagoon, soil, and ground water environments is a cost-effective technique when proper engineering controls are applied. Biodegradation of hazardous organic contaminants by microorganisms minimizes liability by converting toxic reactants into harmless end *** case histories presented in this paper detail:• Bench-scale evaluation of the potential for biological remediation in the spill site matrix• Field implementation of biological treatment ***-effectiveness, minimal disturbance to existing operations, and on-site destruction of spilled contaminants are several of the advantages identified for implementing biodegradation as a technique for spill cleanup and environmental restoration.

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BOTTOM BOUNCE ARRAY SONAR SUBMARINE (BBASS)

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第5期101卷 59-72页

作者： JACKSON, HA NEEDHAM, WD SIGMAN, DE USN (RET.) Capt. Harry A. Jackson USN (Ret.) is a graduate of the University of Michigan in naval architecture and marine engineering and completed the General Electric Company's 3-year advanced engineering course in nuclear engineering. He has been an independent consulting engineer and participated in projects involving deep submergence waste disposal water purification and submarine design both commercial and government. Cdr. William D. Needham USN is currently assigned as the repair officer of USS Hunley (AS-31) in Norfolk Virginia. He received a regular commission through NROTC at Duke University where he graduated magna cum laude in mechanical engineering. Selected for the Nuclear Power Program he served as a division officer on the USS Grayling (SSN-646) as the production training assistant at the MARE Prototype Reactor in New York and as blue crew engineer of the USS Nathan Hale (SSBN-623) where he completed the requirements to be designated qualified for command of submarines. Following line transfer to the EDO community in 1981 he completed a tour as nuclear repair officer (Code 310) at Norfolk Naval Shipyard and earned master of science in materials science and ocean engineer's degrees at MIT. His awards include the Meritorius Service Medal Navy Commendation Medal Navy Achievement Medal Spear Foundation Award and the Vice Admiral C.R. Bryan Award. Cdr. Needham also holds a master of arts degree in business management from Central Michigan University. Capt. Jackson was technical director of Scorpion Search Phase II. The on-site investigation included descending over 12 000 feet to the bottom of the ocean. He was also supervisor of one of the Navy's largest peacetime shipbuilding and repair programs. His responsibilities included supervision of design production and contract administration. Capt. Jackson was third from the top in managaement of a major shipyard and responsible for design material procurement work order and financial control of two major surface ship prototypes as well a

Anticipated technological advances in the quieting of potential adversary submarines mandate the use of increasingly effective detection systems for U.S. ASW forces. Based on the assumptions that sonar will continue to be the primary means of detection and that the effectiveness of each individual sonar element will not change markedly, one must increase the projected area of the sonar array to improve its capability. The primary SSN mission of anti-submarine warfare will hence require increasing the hull area devoted to the primary sonar detection system. A revolutionary hull form is proposed that maximizes the area available for this purpose. The advantages and disadvantages of this hull form are discussed and feasibility study level design parameters and arrangements presented.

关键词： Submarines

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STATISTICAL ISSUES AND PROBLEMS IN GROUND-WATER DETECTION MONITORING AT HAZARDOUS-WASTE FACILITIES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1988年第4期8卷 135-150页

作者： MCNICHOLS, RJ DAVIS, CB Roger J. McNichols is a professor of industrial engineering at the University of Toledo (Department of Industrial Engineering University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606). After receiving his Ph.D in industrial engineering from The Ohio State University he joined the faculty of Texas A and M University where he directed the Maintainability Engineering Graduate Program at Red River Army Depot. At UT he has served as associate dean of engineering and as chairman of the Systems engineering doctoral program. His research and consulting interests include reliability quality control manufacturing mathematical modeling and applied statistics. Charles B. Davis is an associate professor of mathematics at the University of Toledo (Department of Mathematics University of Toledo Toledo OH 43606). After receiving his M.S. in mathematics and statistics and his Ph.D. in statistics from the University of New Mexico he joined the Mathematics Department at UT where he established the graduate program in statistics. His research and consulting interests include statistical modeling statistical computation simultaneous inference and data analysis.

Ground water monitoring presents interesting statistical challenges, including controlling the risk of entering compliance monitoring, incorporating all modes of inherent variability into the statistical model on which tests are based, and taming the detection limit problem, all while maintaining demonstrable sensitivity to real contamination. Some of these challenges exceed textbook statistics considerably, even when considered alone, and good solutions are scarce. When these challenges are combined, the task of developing good statistical procedures or good regulations can be formidable. This article presents a number of realities of ground water monitoring that should be considered when developing statistical procedures. Recommendations made for addressing these realities include the following: (1) the false positive rate should be controlled on a facility-wide basis, rather than per well or per parameter as required in the proposed regulation (40 CFR §264); (2) multiple comparisons with control procedures are preferable to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for controlling the overall false positive rate; (3) retests can be made an explicit part of the statistical procedure in order to increase power and decrease sensitivity to distribution shape assumptions; (4) commonly used simple methods of handling below detection limit data with parametric tests, including Cohen's procedure as implemented in the U.S. EPA's Technical Enforcement Guidance Document (TEGD), should probably be avoided; (5) the statistical properties of practical quantitation limits for non-naturally occurring compounds should be studied carefully; and (6) so long as the facility-wide false positive rate is controlled, better sensitivity to real contamination is obtained by monitoring fewer well-chosen parameters at a smaller number of well-chosen locations. An evaluation of the proposed revised §264 regulation with respect to these realities reveals that it seems to be a definite improvement over the

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TEST AND EVALUATION OF THE REVERSIBLE CONVERTER COUPLING REVERSE REDUCTION GEAR

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 128-142页

作者： NUFRIO, RP The author is a project manager in the Technical Coordination Office Naval Ship Systems Engineering Station (NAVSSES) Philadelphia Pennsylvania. He participated in the cooperative education program at Drexel University graduating in 1983 with his BS degree in mechanical engineering. For three years of his industrial cooperative engineering education along with three years after graduation Mr. Nufrio worked in the NAVSSES Machinery Systems Branch Gas Turbine Section. Recently he managed the operation and completion of the Reverse Reduction Gear Land Based Test Site test and evaluation program.

The Reversible Converter Coupling (RCC), designed and manufactured by Franco Tosi industrial of Italy, underwent testing at the Naval Ship systems engineering Station (NAV-SSES) Philadelphia, Pa. in March 1984. The Franco Tosi RCC concept can be simply described as a conventional hydraulic coupling (i.e., input or pump rotor driving an output or turbine rotor) with a set of stationary blades that can be inserted between the two rotors to reverse the fluid direction and hence the output rotor direction. The purpose of this testing was to test and evaluate a main propulsion reverse reduction gear concept, using the Franco Tosi RCC, for its compatibility and applicability to gas turbine propulsion machinery configurations, specifically the AOE-6 class ship. Satisfactory development of a workable and reliable reversing system permits use of a fixed pitch propeller. The RCC models tested were the Original Type “79,” the Type “79” Prototype, the Type “79” Production, the Type “84” Production, and the Type “84A” Production. A series of tests was conducted to verify rotor integrity, determine RCC efficiency, evaluate machinery interface, and to determine the overall characteristics of the RCC design. Testing revealed that the Type “79” Production RCC was the most suitable for application on gas turbine powered main propulsion systems. The Type “79” RCC design was approximately 10 percentage points higher in astern efficiency than the Type “84” design and, although the structural integrity of the Type “84” design was superior to the Type “79” design, the Type “79” Production RCC was satisfactory for its intended use without introducing any operational restrictions. The Naval Sea systems Command approved the Type “79” Production RCC for the AOE-6 class ship in April 1986, based on the information acquired during testing.

关键词： GEARS

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A COMPUTER-MODEL FOR DAMAGE TOLERANCE ANALYSIS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第5期100卷 59-68页

作者： FAIRHEAD, DL COHEN, SL Steven L. Cohen:heads the Survivability and Damage Control Office at the David Taylor Research Center. His career has addressed a wide range of technical and management responsibilities in the areas of HM&E systems design magnetic signatures system safety of surface ships and submarines shipboard energy conservation RDT&E (future fleet) life cycle costing survivability damage control CBR defense and management information systems. He has participated in all phases of the ship design process from conceptual design through ship construction operational evaluation and overhaul/modernization. Mr. Cohen is a graduate of Drexel University where he majored in electrical engineering and has more recently taken courses in the fields of systems engineering program management costing and microcomputer-based information and decision support systems.

A computer model is being developed by the David Taylor Research Center (DTRC) to analyze the tolerance of surface ship combat systems to combat-induced and self-inflicted damage. The work is being done in support of the Navy's hull, mechanical and electrical design effort to improve the survivability of surface ship combat systems. The DDG-51 Detailed Design Specifications (Section 072f) and the General Specifications for Ships of the U.S. Navy (1986 Section 072e) both require that damage tolerance analyses be performed. A damage tolerance analysis shows the effect of damage on vital auxiliary and electrical systems and relates these damage effects to the capability of the ship to continue performing its combat mission at a prescribed level. Designated the Computer Aided Design of Survivable Distributed systems (CADSDiS) model, DTRC's deterministic analytical tool consists of portable software to be used by personnel at the activity responsible for the ship design. The model's graphics electrical module is now operating on Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computers at several Navy and commercial activities. Because CADSDiS is highly interactive, it becomes an integral part of the design cycle; this is its major benefit. Thus, damage tolerance analysis information is available to personnel designing the ship within hours or days rather than weeks or months. This computer model will help ensure that the survivability principles of separation and redundancy are incorporated into ship design and are realized in the ship as built.

关键词： Warships

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OUT-OF-PRODUCTION MICRO-ELECTRONICS - AN ACHILLES HEEL OF DEFENSE systems

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第5期100卷 69-72页

作者： MACKENZIE, CM WOOTTEN, R HOY, K NEELY, J KOSCO, D SMITH, W C. Malcolm Mackenzie:is the Materials and Parts Availability Control program manager at U.S. Army Laboratory Command Adelphi Md. Mr. Mackenzie has a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from Northwestern University an M.S. degree in the same field from the University of Michigan and an M.B.A. from East Texas State University. Richard Wootten:is project officer of the U.S. Army Material Command's Materials and Parts Availability Control Information Data System Project Adelphi Md. Mr. Wootten holds an associate's degree in mechanical engineering from Northern Virginia Community College and a Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering from The University of Alabama. Kevin Hoy:is manager of the Microelectronics Obsolescence Management Program at the Naval Avionics Center Indianapolis. Mr. Hoy holds both bachelor and master of science degrees in mathematics from Purdue University. James Neely:is leader of the Materials Management Team Industrial Materials Division in the Directorate of Manufacturing Air Force Systems Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Neely holds a bachelor's degree in political science from The University of Georgia and a master of science degree in public administration from The University of Missouri. Don Kosco:is an electronics engineer currently involved with introducing new technologies into weapons systems. He is in the Directorate of Reliability Maintainability and Technology Policy HQ Air Force Logistics Command Dayton Ohio. Mr. Kosco holds a bachelor of engineering degree from Widener University a master's in systems engineering from The Air Force Institute of Technology and an MBA from the University of Texas at San Antonio. William Smith:is head of the Plans Branch in the Office of Policy and Plans Defense Electronics Supply Center (DESC) Dayton Ohio. He was for many years manager ofDESC's Diminishing Manufacturing Sources (DMS) Program. Mr. Smith holds a bachelor of arts degree in political science from Indiana University.

Both the timely manufacture of defense systems and their subsequent on-line operability depend upon the availability of component parts. The growing problem of microelectronic component nonavailability is casting a shadow over logistics support to these systems. This paper will discuss the causes of the problem and provide some examples of cases confronted by the DoD logistics community. It will also identify some actions which have been taken in the past to manage the issue as well as initiatives now underway. Finally it will look at what lies ahead.

关键词： Microelectronics

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NAVAL SHIP DESIGN - EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 40-52页

作者： TIBBITTS, BF KEANE, RG RIGGINS, RJ Captain Barry Tibbitts USN: was graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1956 and subsequently served as a gunnery division officer in an attack aircraft carrier and as gunnery officer operations officer and chief engineer in two diesel submarines. He attended MIT from 1962–1965 earning a master of science in mechanical engineering and a naval engineers degree. Early assignments as an engineering duty officer included SRF Yokosuka CINCPACFLT staff and SupShip Pascagoula. From 1976 to 1987 he served in a variety of senior ship design assignments: CVV ship design manager director NAVSEC Hull and Ship Design Divisions director NavSea Ship Design Management and Integration Office commander David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center and director NavSea Ship Design Group. Recently retired but recalled to active duty he is the professor of naval construction and engineering at MIT. He has received seven personal decorations including two Legion of Merit awards. Robert G. Keane Jr.:is currently the deputy director of the NavSea Ship Design Group. He has been employed by NavSea and its predecessor organizations for over twenty years. He is a graduate of The Johns Hopkins University from which he received his B.E.S. degree in mechanical engineering in 1962. He received his M.E. degree in mechanical engineering in 1967 from Stevens Institute of Technology and in 1970 his M.S.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering from the University of Michigan. Mr. Keane held increasingly responsible design positions involving ship arrangements hull equipment hull form and hydrodynamic performance before being selected in 1981 for the Senior Executive Service to be director of the Naval Architecture Subgroup. Following an assignment at the David Taylor Research Center as assistant for transition of ship engineering technology he served as director of the Ship Survivability Subgroup until assuming his current position in 1985. He is an active member of ASNE SNAME and ASE. Robert Riggins:received a B.S. in mechanical

Some fairly radical changes to the naval ship design process occurred during the 1970s. The decade of the 80s has also witnessed a steady stream of changes. One of the most significant was the establishment of the Ship Characteristics Improvement Board (SCIB) in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OpNav), and the resulting influence on the dialog between the military requirements decision makers and the Navy's ship designers. Other changes have occurred for which the impacts are less clear. These include establishment of the chief engineer of the Navy (ChEng) position, creation of the Space and Naval Warfare systems Command (SpaWar) and OpNav's “Revolution at Sea” initiative. This paper will describe and discuss these and other changes, and comment on the resultant impact. The authors will attempt to present a global view of the total pattern of changes and try to discern if we are on a path of revolution, or merely normal evolution.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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