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Cross-Layer Distributed Attack Detection Model for the IoT

International Journal of Ambient Computing and Intelligence 2022年第1期13卷 1-17页

作者： Ahmed, Hassan I. Nasr, Abdurrahman A. Abdel-Mageid, Salah M. Aslan, Heba K. Informatics Department Electronics Research Institute Cairo Egypt Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Al-Azhar University Cairo Egypt Computer Engineering Department College of Computer Science and Engineering Taibah University Saudi Arabia Center of Informatics Science Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science Nile University Egypt

The security of IoT that is based on layered approaches has shortcomings such as the redundancy, inflexibility, and inefficiently of security solutions. There are many harmful attacks in IoT networks such as DoS and DDoS attacks, which can compromise the IoT architecture in all layers. Consequently, cross layer approach is proposed as an effective and practical security defending mechanism. Cross-layer distributed attack detection model (CLDAD) is proposed to enhance security solutions for IoT environments. CLDAD presents a general detection method of DDoS in sensing layer, network layer, and application layer. CLDAD is based on big data analytics techniques, which enable the detection process to be performed in a distributed way, so the model can detect DDoS attacks in any layer on-the-fly and the model support the scalability of the IoT environment. CLDAD is tested based on three datasets, namely artificial jamming attack dataset, BoT-IoT dataset, and BoT-IoT-based HTTP. The results showed that the proposed model is efficient in detecting attacks in the three layers of the IoT. Copyright © 2022, IGI Global.

关键词： Big data

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Evaluation of Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Tattoo Detection 7

Evaluation of Deep Convolutional Neural Network-Based Tattoo...

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7th International Congress on Ambient Intelligence, Software engineering, and e-Health and Mobile Health, AmITIC 2024

作者： Jiménez-Delgado, E. Quesada-López, C. Méndez-Porras, A. Lara-Petitdemange, A. Alfaro-Velasco, J. Graduate Program in Computer Science and Informatics University of Costa Rica Costa Rica Technological Institute of Costa Rica Computer Engineering Department Costa Rica School of Computer Science and Informatics University of Costa Rica Costa Rica

ISBN: (纸本)9798350364538

In this study, two deep learning models for automatic tattoo detection were analyzed;a modified Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and pre-trained ResNet-50 model. In order to achieve this, ResNet-50 uses transfer learning with fine-tuning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and computational efficiency of the system being considered. To augment the dataset included 1000 photos that were equally divided between those showing tattoos and those that did not show tattoos. A k-fold cross-validation approach was employed in training and testing the models. Although custom CNNs are effective, utilizing pre-trained ones like ResNet-50 can offer even better outcomes. Specifically, ResNet-50 attained a higher accuracy (0.86 compared to 0.79), precision (0.85 versus 0.78), recall (0.91 against 0.86), and F1-score (0.91 vis-a-vis 0.86) as compared to custom CNNs. In selecting these models for examination, two main motivations were considered. The first motivation is to see whether transfer learning with a pre-trained ResNet-50 model does well when compared with a customized CNN designed specifically for tattoo detection. Secondly,the intent of this study is to know what advantages can be derived from each approach and their demerits too. Furthermore, it seeks to determine if transfer learning can provide an alternative in contrast to the common CNN techniques with regards to precision and computational efficiency. In this research, two models will be evaluated in order to answer the question of what is better for tattoo detection: transfer learning or designing custom architectures. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Convolution

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A fusion of machine learning and cryptography for fast data encryption through the encoding of high and moderate plaintext information blocks

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第8期84卷 5349-5375页

作者： Shafique, Arslan Mehmood, Abid Alawida, Moatsum Elhadef, Mourad Rehman, Mujeeb Ur School of Biomedical Engineering University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom Department of Computer Sciences Abu Dhabi University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Cyber Technology Institute School of Computer Science and Informatics De Montfort University Leicester United Kingdom

Within the domain of image encryption, an intrinsic trade-off emerges between computational complexity and the integrity of data transmission security. Protecting digital images often requires extensive mathematical operations for robust security. However, this computational burden makes real-time applications unfeasible. The proposed research addresses this challenge by leveraging machine learning algorithms to optimize efficiency while maintaining high security. This methodology involves categorizing image pixel blocks into three classes: high-information, moderate-information, and low-information blocks using a support vector machine (SVM). Encryption is selectively applied to high and moderate information blocks, leaving low-information blocks untouched, significantly reducing computational time. To evaluate the proposed methodology, parameters like precision, recall, and F1-score are used for the machine learning component, and security is assessed using metrics like correlation, peak signal-to-noise ratio, mean square error, entropy, energy, and contrast. The results are exceptional, with accuracy, entropy, correlation, and energy values all at 97.4%, 7.9991, 0.0001, and 0.0153, respectively. Furthermore, this encryption scheme is highly efficient, completed in less than one second, as validated by a MATLAB tool. These findings emphasize the potential for efficient and secure image encryption, crucial for secure data transmission in rea-time applications. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Cryptography

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A Review on Leveraging Language Agnostic Automated Text Data Augmentation with Explainable Semantic Integrity 5

A Review on Leveraging Language Agnostic Automated Text Data...

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5th International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing, ICARC 2025

作者： Wijesundera, Sarith Peiris, Suresh Michael University of Westminster Department of Computer Science and Engineering London United Kingdom Informatics Institute of Technology School of Computing Colombo Sri Lanka

ISBN: (纸本)9798331530983

Data Augmentation (DA) is an effective strategy to increase model generalisation. In Natural Language Processing (NLP), DA remains in its early stages, primarily due to the inherent sensitivity of textual data, which complicates the augmentation process. These complexities are further increased in multilingual contexts, as DA techniques effective in one language may not yield comparable results in others. As a result, manually identifying optimal DA techniques that preserve semantic integrity and are language agnostic remains a significant challenge. It emphasises the necessity for automating the text DA process with Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which offers a promising approach by calculating word importance scores to effectively guide the augmentation. In this paper, a comprehensive review of existing approaches in auto-text DA is presented, beginning with an exploration of the concept of auto-text DA, followed by a discussion on its cross-lingual applications, and concluding with the integration of XAI for semantic preservation. The paper highlights the critical need for further research to enhance the effectiveness and applicability of XAI in auto-text DA, enabling its use across diverse languages. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Transfer learning

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Smart Road Damage Survey System Using Machine Vision and IoT Technology 3

Smart Road Damage Survey System Using Machine Vision and IoT...

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3rd International Conference on Intelligent Cybernetics Technology and Applications, ICICyTA 2023

作者： Mutijarsa, Kusprasapta Alunjati, Figo Agil Hidayat, Fadhil Kurnia, Ranna Arsyad, Zulkifli School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Bandung Indonesia National Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering Bandung Indonesia Bandung State Polytechnic Department of Computer and Informatics Engineering Bandung Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9798350394559

Road is an essential transportation infrastructure to move people and goods to support economic prosperity. The efficiency, safety, security, and comfort of people have significant consequences by damage and defects on the road surface. A good-condition road ensures the land traffic runs well. This research is a collaboration between the Bandung institute of Technology and the department of Public Works and Spatial Planning of West Java Province to develop a smart system for road damage surveys. The system was built by leveraging machine vision and IoT technologies to improve the performance of the road survey activities. The previous road damage detection, classification method, and pavement condition index (IKP) computation were performed semi-automatically. The proposed survey system developed in this work uses the Canny edge Detection algorithm and MobileNet V2 architecture to detect road defects automatically. The pavement condition index computation also improved by using the interpolation reduction factor. The system is designed into a four-layer architecture that consists of several functions and modules, i.e., the sensor system that includes a vision sensor, GPS and odometry, a hardware embedded system using a microcontroller, and machine learning to process the road condition image automatically, and a dashboard application to reveal the road condition on map. The performance resulted in accuracy, precision, recall, and F-score of the road damage detection are 54.5%, 24.2%, 78.9%, and 37%, respectively. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： computer vision

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Friends, Not Foes: Enhancing Attack Surface Metrics of Web Applications with Large Language Models 17

Friends, Not Foes: Enhancing Attack Surface Metrics of Web A...

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17th International Conference on Information Security and Cryptology, ISCTurkiye 2024

作者： Tortumlu, Ahmet Bicakci, Kemal Department of Defence Technologies Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey Informatics Institute and Department of Computer Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey

ISBN: (纸本)9798331533649

The attack surface refers to all potential points of entry in a system that an attacker could exploit. In this work, we present an advanced metric for calculating the attack surface of web applications by leveraging the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and introducing new features based on recent evaluations of the OWASP Top 10 security risks. Incorporating 28 parameters across 9 main categories and drawing on past studies to address previously identified limitations, this metric provides a comprehensive assessment of the attack surface. The Euclidean norm of the metric allows for quantitative comparisons, enabling precise evaluation and monitoring of security risks. Additionally, we develop a tool to facilitate the calculation of attack surface parameters, with the source code available as open source. The tool features an interface that visualizes the attack surface vector, presenting the metrics of web applications in graphical form. Among its many uses, web security analysts can employ our metric and tool to monitor changes in an application's attack surface across different versions. We also provide recommendations for further improving attack surface metric calculations using LLMs. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Open systems

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Using Machine Learning to Identify and Categorize Personally Identifiable Information and Payment Card Industry Data in Textual Content 4

Using Machine Learning to Identify and Categorize Personally...

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4th International Conference on Advanced Research in Computing, ICARC 2024

作者： Arambawela, Milinda Aponso, Achala University of Westminster Computer Science and Engineering London United Kingdom Informatics Institute of Technology Department of Computing Colombo Sri Lanka

ISBN: (纸本)9798350384864

The advent of the Internet has significantly stream-lined daily tasks through the rapid increase of online services. Everyday activities, such as purchasing goods and scheduling appointments with healthcare professionals, have become more speedy, efficient and user-friendly with the integration of the Internet. The continuous improvement of online services has led to many people moving towards digital activities. As a result, it has heightened the recording of personal and payment transaction data across various storage mediums, including databases and log files. The protection and regulation of this sensitive data are imperative, aligning with the guidelines outlined in GDPR and PCI-DSS compliances. Recognizing exposed personal data poses a considerable challenge. This research introduces a novel approach to identifying payment card industry data (PCI) and personally identifiable information (PII). The research project proposes a machine learning-based text classification model utilizing the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model to discern PII and PCI data within a given text. The CNN model has been constructed and compared against Naive Bayes, Gradient Boost, Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models. The CNN model achieved the highest accuracy at 0.96 (96%). Additionally, the F1 scores for each class were significant, with PII scoring 0.94, PCI scoring 0.95, and Normal scoring 0.99. Following the model's construction and training, it was employed with the saved tokenizer's word indexes and label encoders in the developed classification tool. This tool successfully delivered the promised results, identifying exposed PII and PCI data. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Neural network models

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Optimizing NOMA Transmissions to Advance Federated Learning in Vehicular Networks

Optimizing NOMA Transmissions to Advance Federated Learning ...

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2024 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2024

作者： Chen, Ziru Ni, Zhou Guan, Peiyuan Wang, Lu Cai, Lin X. Hashemi, Morteza Li, Zongzhi Illinois Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Chicago United States University of Kansas Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Lawrence United States University of Oslo Department of Informatics Oslo Norway Illinois Institute of Technology Department of Civil Engineering Chicago United States

ISBN: (纸本)9798350351255

Diverse critical data, such as location information and driving patterns, can be collected by IoT devices in vehicular networks to improve driving experiences and road safety. However, drivers are often reluctant to share their data due to privacy concerns. The Federated Vehicular Network (FVN) is a promising technology that tackles these concerns by transmitting model parameters instead of raw data, thereby protecting the privacy of drivers. Nevertheless, the performance of Federated Learning (FL) in a vehicular network depends on the joining ratio, which is restricted by the limited available wireless resources. To address these challenges, this paper proposes to apply Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) to improve the joining ratio in a FVN. Specifically, a vehicle selection and transmission power control algorithm is developed to exploit the power domain differences in the received signal to ensure the maximum number of vehicles capable of joining the FVN. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed NOMA-based strategy increases the joining ratio and significantly enhances the performance of the FVN. Index Terms - Federated Vehicular Network, NOMA © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Data privacy

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Bottleneck-Minimal Indexing for Generative Document Retrieval 41

Bottleneck-Minimal Indexing for Generative Document Retrieva...

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41st International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2024

作者： Du, Xin Xiu, Lixin Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering Waseda University Japan Department of Mathematical Informatics The University of Tokyo Japan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Waseda University Japan

We apply an information-theoretic perspective to reconsider generative document retrieval (GDR), in which a document x ∈ X is indexed by t ∈ T, and a neural autoregressive model is trained to map queries Q to T. GDR can be considered to involve information transmission from documents X to queries Q, with the requirement to transmit more bits via the indexes T. By applying Shannon's rate-distortion theory, the optimality of indexing can be analyzed in terms of the mutual information, and the design of the indexes T can then be regarded as a bottleneck in GDR. After reformulating GDR from this perspective, we empirically quantify the bottleneck underlying GDR. Finally, using the NQ320K and MARCO datasets, we evaluate our proposed bottleneck-minimal indexing method in comparison with various previous indexing methods, and we show that it outperforms those methods. Copyright 2024 by the author(s)

关键词： Generative adversarial networks

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Blockchain-based knowledge-aware semantic communications for remote driving image transmission

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Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第2期11卷 317-325页

作者： Yangfei Lin Tutomu Murase Yusheng Ji Wugedele Bao Lei Zhong Jie Li Department of Computer and Network Engineering University of Electro-CommunicationsChofuTokyo 182-8585Japan Information Technology Center Nagoya UniversityNagoya 464-8601Japan National Institute of Informatics(NII) Tokyo 101-8430Japan Hohhot Minzu College Hohhot 010051China Toyota Motor Corporation Tokyo 112-8701Japan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200240China

Remote driving,an emergent technology enabling remote operations of vehicles,presents a significant challenge in transmitting large volumes of image data to a central *** requirement outpaces the capacity of traditional communication *** tackle this,we propose a novel framework using semantic communications,through a region of interest semantic segmentation method,to reduce the communication costs by transmitting meaningful semantic information rather than bit-wise *** solve the knowledge base inconsistencies inherent in semantic communications,we introduce a blockchain-based edge-assisted system for managing diverse and geographically varied semantic segmentation knowledge *** system not only ensures the security of data through the tamper-resistant nature of blockchain but also leverages edge computing for efficient ***,the implementation of blockchain sharding handles differentiated knowledge bases for various tasks,thus boosting overall blockchain *** results show a great reduction in latency by sharding and an increase in model accuracy,confirming our framework's effectiveness.

关键词： Semantic communication Remote driving Semantic segmentation Blockchain Knowledge base management

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