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arXiv 2017年

作者： Murdock, Jaimie Allen, Colin Borner, Katy Light, Robert McAlister, Simon Ravenscroft, Andrew Rose1, Robert Rose, Doori Otsuka, Jun Bourget, David Lawrence, John Reed, Chris Program in Cognitive Science Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Indiana University Network Science Institute IUNI BloomingtonIN United States User-Centered Social Media Department of Computer Science and Applied Cognitive Science University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg Germany International Centre for Public Pedagogy ICPuP Cass School of Education and Communities University of East London London Department of Mathematics Indiana University BloomingtonIN United States Department of Philosophy Kyoto University Kyoto Japan Department of Philosophy University of Western Ontario LondonON Canada Centre for G Technology University of Dundee Dundee United Kingdom

We show how faceted search using a combination of traditional classification sys-tems and mixed-membership topic models can go beyond keyword search to inform re-source discovery, hypothesis formulation, and argument extraction for interdisciplinary research. Our test domain is the history and philosophy of scientific work on animal mind and cognition. The methods can be generalized to other research areas and ul-timately support a system for semi-automatic identification of argument structures. We provide a case study for the application of the methods to the problem of identi-fying and extracting arguments about anthropomorphism during a critical period in the development of comparative psychology. We show how a combination of classifi-cation systems and mixed-membership models trained over large digital libraries can inform resource discovery in this domain. Through a novel approach of \drill-down" topic modeling|simultaneously reducing both the size of the corpus and the unit of analysis|we are able to reduce a large collection of fulltext volumes to a much smaller set of pages within six focal volumes containing arguments of interest to historiansand philosophers of comparative psychology. The volumes identified in this way did not appear among the first ten results of the keyword search in the HathiTrust digital library and the pages bear the kind of \close reading" needed to generate original in-terpretations that is the heart of scholarly work in the humanities. Zooming back out, we provide a way to place the books onto a map of science originally constructed from very different data and for different purposes. The multilevel approach advances un-derstanding of the intellectual and societal contexts in which writings are interpreted. Copyright © 2017, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Digital libraries

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Mapping the Human Body at Cellular Resolution -- The NIH Common Fund Human BioMolecular Atlas program

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Snyder, Michael P. Lin, Shin Posgai, Amanda Atkinson, Mark Regev, Aviv Rood, Jennifer Rozenblatt-Rosen, Orit Gaffney, Leslie Hupalowska, Anna Satija, Rahul Gehlenborg, Nils Shendure, Jay Laskin, Julia Harbury, Pehr Nystrom, Nicholas A. Bar-Joseph, Ziv Zhang, Kun Börner, Katy Lin, Yiing Conroy, Richard Procaccini, Dena Roy, Ananda L. Pillai, Ajay Brown, Marishka Galis, Zorina S. Cai, Long Shendure, Jay Trapnell, Cole Lin, Shin Jackson, Dana Snyder, Michael P. Nolan, Garry Greenleaf, William James Lin, Yiing Plevritis, Sylvia Ahadi, Sara Lee, Hayan Nevins, Stephanie Esplin, Ed Horning, Aaron Bahmani, Amir Zhang, Kun Sun, Xin Jain, Sanjay Hagood, James Kharchenko, Peter Atkinson, Mark Bodenmiller, Bernd Brusko, Todd Clare-Salzler, Michael Nick, Harry Otto, Kevin Posgai, Amanda Wasserfall, Clive Maffioletti, Sergio Caprioli, Richard M. Spraggins, Jeffrey M. Gutierrez, Danielle Patterson, Nathan Heath Neumann, Elizabeth K. Harris, Raymond deCaestecker, Mark de Plas, Raf Van Lau, Ken Cai, Long Yuan, Guo-Cheng Zhu, Qian Dries, Ruben Yin, Peng Saka, Sinem K. Kishi, Jocelyn Y. Wang, Yu Goldaracena, Isabel Laskin, Julia Ye, DongHye Burnum-Johnson, Kristin E. Piehowski, Paul D. Ansong, Charles Zhu, Ying Harbury, Pehr Desai, Tushar Mulye, Jay Chou, Peter Nagendran, Monica Bar-Joseph, Ziv Teichmann, Sarah A. Paten, Benedict Murphy, Robert F. Ma, Jian Kiselev, Vladimir Yu Kingsford, Carl Ricarte, Allyson Ruffalo, Matthew Gehlenborg, Nils Kharchenko, Peter Vella, Margaret McCallum, Chuck Börner, Katy Cross, Leonard E. Friedman, Samuel H. Heiland, Randy Herr, Bruce Macklin, Paul Quardokus, Ellen M. Record, Lisel Sluka, James P. Weber, Griffin M. Nystrom, Nicholas A. Silverstein, Jonathan C. Blood, Philip D. Ropelewski, Alexander J. Shirey, William E. Mabee, Paula Lenhardt, W. Christopher Robasky, Kimberly Michailidis, Stavros Satija, Rahul Marioni, John Regev, Aviv Butler, Andrew Stuart, Tim Fisher, Eyal Ghazanfar, Shila Rood, Jennifer Gaffney, Leslie Ersalan, Gokcen Biancalani, Tommaso Conroy, Richard Procaccini, Dena Roy, Anan School of Medicine Stanford University 300 Pasteur Drive United States Department of Genetics Stanford School of Medicine StanfordCA94305 United States Department of Medicine University of Washington SeattleWA98195 United States Department of Pathology University of Florida Diabetes Institute GainesvilleFL32610 United States Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA02142 United States Howard Hughes Medical Institute Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02140 United States New York Genome Center New York CityNY10013 United States New York University New YorkNY10012 United States Department of Biomedical Informatics Harvard Medical School BostonMA02115 United States Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington SeattleWA98105 United States Department of Chemistry Purdue University West LafayetteIN47907 United States Department of Biochemistry Stanford University School of Medicine StanfordCA94305 United States Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Department of Computational Biology School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Department of Bioengineering University of California San Diego La JollaCA92093 United States Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering School of Informatics Computing and Engineering Indiana University BloomingtonIN47408 United States Department of Surgery Washington University School of Medicine St LouisMO63110 United States Division of Program Coordination Planning and Strategic Initiatives National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20892 United States National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20892 United States National Heart Lung and Blood Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20892 United States Caltech-UW TMC Departmen

Transformative technologies are enabling the construction of three dimensional (3D) maps of tissues with unprecedented spatial and molecular resolution. Over the next seven years, the NIH Common Fund Human Biomolecular Atlas program (HuBMAP) intends to develop a widely accessible framework for comprehensively mapping the human body at single-cell resolution by supporting technology development, data acquisition, and detailed spatial mapping. HuBMAP will integrate its efforts with other funding agencies, programs, consortia, and the biomedical research community at large towards the shared vision of a comprehensive, accessible 3D molecular and cellular atlas of the human body, in health and various disease settings. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Mapping

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Access to scientific data in the 21st century: Rationale and illustrative usage rights review

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Data Science Journal 2015年 13卷 203-230页

作者： Campbell, James Spatial Informatics Program School of Computing and Information Science University of Maine OronoME United States

Making scientific data openly accessible and available for re-use is desirable to encourage validation of research results and/or economic development. Understanding what users may, or may not, do with data in online data repositories is key to maximizing the benefits of scientific data re-use. Many online repositories that allow access to scientific data indicate that data is "open," yet specific usage conditions reviewed on 40 "open" sites suggest that there is no agreed upon understanding of what "open" means with respect to data. This inconsistency can be an impediment to data re-use by researchers and the public. © 2015, Committee on Data for Science and Technology. All rights reserved.

关键词： Copyrights

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The Wisdom of the Few? “Supertaggers” in Collaborative Tagging Systems

The Journal of Web Science

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The Journal of Web Science 2015年第1期1卷 16-32页

作者： Jared Lorince Sam Zorowitz Jaimie Murdock Peter M. Todd Indiana Univeristy Cognitive Science Program and Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences USA Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School: Division of Neurotherapeutics Department of Psychiatry USA Indiana Univeristy Cognitive Science Program and School of Informatics and Computing USA Indiana Univeristy Cognitive Science Program Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and School of Informatics and Computing USA

A folksonomy is ostensibly an information structure built up by the “wisdom of the crowd”, but is the “crowd” really doing the work? Tagging is in fact a sharply skewed process in which a small minority of “supertagger” users generate an overwhelming majority of the annotations. Using data from three large-scale social tagging platforms, we explore (a) how to best quantify the imbalance in tagging behavior and formally define a supertagger, (b) how supertaggers differ from other users in their tagging patterns, and (c) if effects of motivation and expertise inform our understanding of what makes a supertagger. Our results indicate that such prolific users not only tag more than their counterparts, but in quantifiably different ways. Specifically, we find that supertaggers are more likely to label content in the long tail of less popular items, that they show differences in patterns of content tagged and terms utilized, and are measurably different with respect to tagging expertise and motivation. These findings suggest we should question the extent to which folksonomies achieve crowdsourced classification via the “wisdom of the crowd”, especially for broad folksonomies like *** as opposed to narrow folksonomies like Flickr.

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Connections among university faculty engaged in the first two years of engineering and their impact on faculty attitudes and practice 123

Connections among university faculty engaged in the first tw...

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123rd ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition

作者： Middleton, James A. Krause, Stephen J. Judson, Eugene Culbertson, Robert J. Ross, Lydia Hjelmstad, Keith D. Park, Yong-Seok Collofello, James Smith, Bethany B. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering United States Center for Research on Education in Science Mathematics Engineering and Technology Arizona State University United States Materials Science Program Fulton School of Engineering Arizona State University United States Arizona State University Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College United States Department of Physics United States Arizona State University Department of Civil Engineering School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment United States Arizona State University Department of Computer Science and Engineering School of Computing Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering United States

This research paper examined the connectedness of STEM faculty to others both within and across academic departments who might be potential resources for diffusion of Learner-centered practices, and the impact of participants' social networks on their Learner-centered beliefs and practices. The research question under investigation was: To what extent is the degree of social connectedness among faculty within and among STEM departments related to the degree of implementation of Learner-centered practices? Participants were recruited from Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics departments, and from departments in the College of Engineering. The sample began with 21 randomly-selected faculty from each department engaged in the STEM instruction of first and second year engineering students. The second level consisted of the colleagues identified by the first level as people they utilize as resources for improving their instruction. The connectedness of faculty in the network was examined using network analysis, focusing on both number of connections, and depth of connections. Attitude and Observation Protocol measures were used as outcomes. Results show that faculty classified as Learner-Centered had deeper and more extensive social networks. Results are discussed in terms of the need for intra- and inter-departmental faculty professional development experiences that both introduce and encourage faculty to trial new tools and techniques, but that also run for the longterm, supporting collaborative organizations of faculty working together to transform early engineering experiences. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2016.

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SERUM TRIGLYCERIDES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: RELATION TO NEUROIMAGING, CSF, AND GENETIC VARIATION

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Alzheimer's & Dementia 2019年第7期15卷 P1320-P1321页

作者： Megan Bernath Sudeepa Bhattacharyya Kwangsik Nho Dinesh Kumar Barupal Oliver Fiehn Rebecca Baillie Shannon L. Risacher Matthias Arnold Tanner Y. Jacobson John Q. Trojanowski Leslie M. Shaw Michael W. Weiner P. Murali Doraiswamy Rima F. Kaddurah-Daouk Andrew J. Saykin Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center Indianapolis IN USA Indiana University Medical Scientist Training Program Indianapolis IN USA Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics Indianapolis IN USA University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock AR USA Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing Indianapolis IN USA NIH-West Coast Metabolomics Center Davis CA USA NIH-West Coast Metabolomics Center University of California Davis Davis CA USA Rosa & Co LLC San Carlos CA USA Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen Oberschleißheim Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) Neuherberg Germany University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Philadelphia PA USA Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA UCSF Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging San Francisco CA USA Duke University Medical Center Durham NC USA Duke Institute of Brain Sciences Duke University Durham NC USA Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Duke University Durham NC USA Department of Medicine Duke University Durham NC USA Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA

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Author Correction: Proton acceleration in thermonuclear nova explosions revealed by gamma rays

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Nature Astronomy 2022年 760页

作者： V. A. Acciari J. Becerra González E. Colombo R. J. García López J. Herrera A. López-Oramas C. Maggio V. Moreno M. Nievas Rosillo J. Otero-Santos G. Vanzo M. Vazquez Acosta S. Ansoldi B. De Lotto A. Donini F. Longo D. Miceli M. Palatiello M. Persic L. A. Antonelli C. Bigongiari S. Covino V. D’Elia F. Dazzi A. Lamastra F. Leone S. Lombardi L. Maraschi L. Nava S. Paiano C. Righi F. G. Saturni A. Stamerra F. Tavecchio A. Tutone A. Biland S. Fukami M. Artero O. Blanch S. M. Colak M. Delfino J. Delgado E. Do Souto Espiñeira L. Fariña Alonso L. Jouvin D. Kerszberg M. Martínez A. Moralejo E. Moretti C. Nigro C. Priyadarshi J. Rico K. Asano D. Hadasch M. Hütten T. Inada Y. Iwamura Y. Kobayashi D. Mazin K. Noda Y. Ohtani T. Saito S. Sakurai J. Sitarek M. Strzys M. Takahashi R. Takeishi M. Teshima I. Vovk D. Baack H. Bökenkamp D. Elsaesser A. Fattorini L. Linhoff S. Mender W. Rhode K. Schmidt A. Babić Ž. Bošnjak S. Cikota A. Baquero J. A. Barrio J. L. Contreras M. V. Fonseca J. Hoang M. López-Moya A. Mas Aguilar T. Miener D. Morcuende P. Peñil U. Barres de Almeida B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga I. Batković M. Bernardos G. Busetto A. De Angelis M. Doro R. López-Coto M. Mallamaci M. Mariotti E. Prandini A. Spolon W. Bednarek P. Gliwny K. Ishio D. Sobczynska L. Bellizzi S. Menchiari J. M. Miranda R. Paoletti S. Truzzi S. Ventura C. Wunderlich E. Bernardini W. Bhattacharyya M. Garczarczyk K. Satalecka A. Arbet Engels A. Berti J. Besenrieder G. Ceribella Y. Chai G. D’Amico C. Fruck J. G. Green D. Green A. Hahn L. Heckmann R. Mirzoyan D. Paneque M. Pihet T. Schweizer D. Strom J. van Scherpenberg M. Will G. Bonnoli R. Carosi P. Da Vela P. G. Prada Moroni A. Rugliancich M. Cerruti E. Molina J. M. Paredes M. Ribó A. Chilingarian J. Cortina C. Delgado Mendez T. Hassan I. Jiménez Martínez A. Del Popolo D. Depaoli F. Di Pierro C. F. Vigorito L. Di Venere N. Giglietto F. Giordano S. Loporchio D. Dominis Prester M. Manganaro S. Mićanović L. Pavletić T. Terzić D. Dorner K. Mannheim B. Schleicher V. Fallah Ramazani J. Jormanainen E. Lindfors Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and Dpto. de Astrofísica Universidad de La Laguna La Laguna Tenerife Spain Departament de Física and CERES-IEEC Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain Università di Udine and INFN Trieste Udine Italy International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (ICRA) Rome Italy Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste Trieste Italy Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP) CNRS-IN2P3 Annecy Cedex France INAF Trieste and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy University of Bologna Bologna Italy National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) Rome Italy ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Bellaterra Barcelona Spain Port d’Informació Científica (PIC) Bellaterra Barcelona Spain Japanese MAGIC Group: Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) The University of Tokyo Kashiwa Chiba Japan Max-Planck-Institut für Physik München Germany Technische Universität Dortmund Dortmund Germany Croatian MAGIC Group: University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing (FER) Zagreb Croatia IPARCOS Institute and EMFTEL Department Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain Department of Astronomy University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF) Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil Università di Padova and INFN Padova Italy University of Lodz Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics Department of Astrophysics Lodz Poland Università di Siena and INFN Pisa Siena Italy Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) Zeuthen Germany Department for Physics and Technology University of Bergen Bergen Norway Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n Granada Spain Università di Pisa and INFN Pisa Pisa Italy University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria Universitat de Barcelona ICCUB IEEC-UB Barcelona Spain Armenian MAGIC Group: A. Alikhanyan National Science Labo

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Rapid improvement of students' soft-skills based on an agile-process approach

Rapid improvement of students' soft-skills based on an agile...

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Frontiers in Education (FIE) Conference

作者： Eduardo Valentin José Reginaldo Hughes Carvalho Raimundo Barreto Post-graduate Program in Informatics (PPGI) Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) Coroado Manaus Brazil Post-graduate Program in Informatics (PPGI) Institute of Computing (ICOMP) Universidade Federal do Amazonas Manaus AM BR

ISBN: (纸本)9781479984558

Manaus, the capital city of the state of Amazonas and the sixth Brazilian largest gross domestic product, demands highly qualified hardware and software developers for consumer electronics and telecommunication sectors of its free trading zone. However, what can be viewed as an opportunity for the youth alumni of local institutions of higher education contrasts with the low level of qualification provided by such institutions. As a consequence, most positions either remain opened or are occupied by professionals from other Brazilian regions. Moreover, the issue relies more on soft skills than on hard skills, as the local institutions are aligned with International standard academic curriculum and cover modern technologies. Soft skill is the enter barrier to the job market. English proficiency, communication skill, writing (in both Portuguese and English) skill, among others, are top listed failure reasons in the hiring processes. As one project manager highlighted: “it is much cheaper and quicker for the company to fill in some specific technological gaps, than to leverage a poor English proficiency”. This paper presents a proposal of an involving activity aiming to address several soft skills at the same time, with minimal disturbance in the student daily routine. The concept is based on the impact of immersing the student in a systematic project development experience. Clear communicated project goal, where the students have specific roles, with assigned accountable peers, everything under the umbrella of an Agile-like software development process (derived from SCRUM) are in the core of the activity. This paper details the incremental implementation methodology of the program among four research areas, and 23 projects or project activities, involving 34 students. The results of the two years running program will also be described, including the increase of progress visibility by advisors, the improvement of students communication and writing skills and the qualifi

关键词： Software Writing Cities and towns Companies Scrum (Software development) Context Education

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A charge-redistribution based controller for keeping charge balance in neural stimulation

A charge-redistribution based controller for keeping charge ...

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Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)

作者： Lucas Teixeira Cesar Rodrigues Cesar Prior Graduate Program in Informatics Federal University of Santa Maria Dept. of Electronics and Computing - CT Federal University of Santa Maria

In this article, we present a circuit solution for sensing and controlling functional electrical stimulation (FES) currents. The objective is to keep both charge balance and residual electrode voltage under a safe limit throughout stimulation. In the proposed circuit, the stimulation current is set through an ultra-low-power charge-redistribution digital-to-analog converter (CR-DAC). Each stimulation pulse is copied by high-ratio current mirror into switched capacitors which integrate the residual direct current (DC) resulting from FES imbalances. As residual electrode voltage may buildup even for perfectly balanced current pulses, alternated cathodic-first and anodic-first stimulation is adopted to complement the charge-balancing mechanism. Simulation results suggest that the circuit is able to keep both residual charge and electrode voltage under safe limits, smaller than 0.05% and 64 mV respectively.

关键词： Electrodes Capacitors Sensors Voltage control Mirrors Voltage measurement Impedance

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INTRODUCTION

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Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2024年第8期105卷 S1-S11页

作者： Boyer, T. Blunden, J. Dunn, R.J.H. NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Silver Spring Maryland NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information Asheville North Carolina Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter United Kingdom European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reading United Kingdom University of Maryland College Park Maryland Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego La Jolla California NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center College Park Maryland Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus-Senftenberg Germany Servicio Meteorológico Nacional Buenos Aires Argentina NOAA/OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory Boulder Colorado European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Bonn Germany Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics University of Costa Rica San José Costa Rica Department of Meteorology and National Centre for Earth Observation University of Reading Reading United Kingdom Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN São Paulo Brazil Université Grenoble Alpes Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement IRD CNRS Grenoble INP Grenoble France Hampton University Hampton Virginia Seychelles Meteorological Authority Mahe Seychelles Section for Glaciers Ice and Snow Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate Oslo Norway National Research Institute for Agriculture Food and Environment (INRAE) CARRTEL Université Savoie Mont Blanc Thonon les Bains France Graduate School of Agriculture Osaka Metropolitan University Sakai Japan Science Faculty Universidad Nacional de Colombia Bogotá Colombia University of Bremen Bremen Germany NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Boulder Colorado Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú Lima Perú Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación – Spanish National Research Council (CSIC-UV-GVA) Valencia Spain Hydro-Climate Extremes Lab (H-CEL) Ghent University Ghent Belgium Department o

In 2023, La Niña conditions that generally prevailed in the eastern Pacific Ocean from mid-2020 into early 2023 gave way to a strong El Niño by October. Atmospheric concentrations of Earth’s major greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all increased to record-high levels. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere rose to 419.3±0.1 ppm, which is 50% greater than the pre-industrial level. The growth from 2022 to 2023 was 2.8 ppm, the fourth highest in the record since the 1960s. The combined short-term effects of El Niño and the long-term effects of increasing levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere contributed to new records for many essential climate variables reported here. The annual global temperature across land and oceans was the highest in records dating as far back as 1850, with the last seven months (June–December) having each been record warm. Over land, the globally averaged temperature was also record high. Dozens of countries reported record or near-record warmth for the year, including China and continental Europe as a whole (warmest on record), India and Russia (second warmest), and Canada (third warmest). Intense and widespread heatwaves were reported around the world. In Vietnam, an all-time national maximum temperature record of 44.2°C was observed at Tuong Duong on 7 May, surpassing the previous record of 43.4°C at Huong Khe on 20 April 2019. In Brazil, the air temperature reached 44.8°C in Araçuaí in Minas Gerais on 20 November, potentially a new national record and 12.8°C above normal. The effect of rising temperatures was apparent in the cryosphere, where snow cover extent by June 2023 was the smallest in the 56-year record for North America and seventh smallest for the Northern Hemisphere overall. Heatwaves contributed to the greatest average mass balance loss for Alpine glaciers around the world since the start of the record in 1970. Due to rapid volume loss beginning in 2021, St. A

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