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Proof Method for correctness of refinements of algebraic specification in abstract sequential machine style

systems AND COMPUTERS IN JAPAN 1996年第5期27卷 25-38页

作者： Okano, K Higashino, T Taniguchi, K Member Faculty of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Japan 560 Teruo Hipshino received his B.E. M.E.and Ph.D. degrees in Information and Computer Sciences from Osaka University Osaka Japan in 1R9 1981 and 1984 respectively. He joined the Faculty of Osaka University in 1984. Since 1991 he has been an Associate Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Sciences at Osaka University. In 1990 he was a Visiting Researcher of Dept. I.R.O. at University of Montreal Canada. His current research interests include design and analysis of distributed systems specification and verification of communication protocols and formal approach of program design. He is a member of IEEE-CS ACM IEICE of Japan and IPS of Japan.

In this paper, new methods for providing the correctness of refinement among abstract sequential machine style programs are described. The programs are described in algebraic language ASL using some useful notions, i.e., the extended projection and the valid reachability condition for each transition function. These notions allow a designer to refine a given text (program or specification) to a concrete text more freely than the text that does not use such notions. These notions can also enhance the expressive power of the text. On the other hand, these advantages would have lost half their values, if useful methods to prove the correctness of refinement among the texts using them are not found. Thus new methods for proving the correctness of the texts are proposed, and they do not require much proof loads. First, the correctness of refinement among the ASL texts with the extended projection is defined. Second, a method is proposed for proving the correctness of refinement among such texts. Also proposed is a definition of the correctness of refinement among the texts with the valid reachability conditions and a method to prove their correctness. These methods do not require more proof loads than the usual methods for the texts that do not use such notions in the abstract sequential machine style. Therefore, these methods are useful.

关键词： abstract sequential machine ASL language proof algebraic specification

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Improvement of convergence speed for subband adaptive digital filter using the multirate repeating method

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ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN JAPAN PART III-FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC SCIENCE 1995年第10期78卷 37-45页

作者： Kiya, H Nishikawa, K Ashihara, K Faculty of Technology Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji Japan 192-03 Members Kiyoshi Nshikawa graduated in 1990 from the Department of Electrical Engineering Tokyo Metropolitan University where he completed the Master's Program in 1992 and affiliated with Nippon Steel Co. Computer Systems Laboratory. He was a Research Associate in 1993 in the Department of Elect. Inf. Eng. Tokyo Metropolitan University engaged in research onadaptive signal processing and information source coding. He is a member of the IEEE. Associate Member

The subband adaptive system, where the idea of the filter bank is applied to the adaptive filter, has a feature that a higher-order adaptation can be reduced to lower-order adaptations. The reduction of the order of the adaptive filter is related closely to the number of channels and the decimation ratio. The order of adaptive digital filter (ADF) is decreased greatly when the number of subbands is increased, and the decimation ratio is increased up to the maximum value. Then, however, the number of coefficient-updates per unit time is decreased, which results in the deterioration of the convergence Speed. From such a viewpoint, this paper discusses a method to improve the convergence speed, which is deteriorated in the subband adaptive system, due to the decimation. The idea of the proposed method is to utilize effectively the data which have been discarded in the decimation process and to improve the convergence speed. It is called the multirate repeating method. As the first step, the multirate repeating method is applied to the conventional subband adaptive system and the convergence speed is improved. Then a subband adaptive system is introduced in which the multirate repeating method can be utilized more effectively. As a result, a faster convergence is realized while retaining the ADF order-reduction effect, which is an advantage of the subband adaptive system.

关键词： adaptive signal processing subband adaptive system multirate repeating method rational decimation

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AN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN APPROACH FOR LARGE SATELLITE NETWORKS

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS 1994年第3期12卷 197-210页

作者： COTNER, C INUKAI, T COMSAT World Systems 6560 Rock Spring Drive Bethesda MD 20817 USA. Director Customer Technical Support for COMSAT World Systems. He directs support to U.S. users of the INTELSAT satellite network particularly in the areas of certifying that performance of earth-stations is in accordance with system requirements and in supporting the unique needs of television customers. Mr. Cotner's primary technical interests are earth-station design transmission analysis and high power amplifiers. Mr. Cotner has been with COMSAT for over 25 years. Most recently he served as Director of Technical Liaison and Analysis responsible for much of COMSAT World Systems research and development programme for high-level technical interaction with customers such as AT&T and MCI and for initiatives to improve the quality of international satellite transmission. He has also held technical management positions in COMSAT Laboratories COMSAT General where he was a Division Director Earth Segment Engineering and COMSAT World Systems where he represented the U.S. Signatory on the INTELSAT Board of Governors Technical Advisory Committee for five years. Mr. Cotner is a colonel (retired) in the Signal Corps U.S. Army Reserve where he was assigned to several mobilization positions related to satellite communications including a tour of duty on the Joint Staff. Awarded the degree of B.S.E. (cum-laude) in Electrical Engineering by Princeton University. Mr. Cotner also holds an M.S.E. from Cornell University and is a Commandants List graduate of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. He and his wife Sharon live in Silver Spring Maryland. COMSAT Laboratories 22300 COMSAT Drive Clarksburg MD 20871 USA. Received the BS and MS degrees in Communications Engineering from the Tokyo Electrical Engineering College Tokyo Japan and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the City University of New York New York. Dr. Inukai is a Principal Scientist in the Network Technology Division of COMSAT Laboratories. He directs res

Designing a world-wide satellite network that consists of hundreds of user sites and thousands of circuit connections is a complex problem, which involves selecting a set of candidate satellites and satellite beams/frequency bands from among numerous existing and planned satellites, evaluation of circuit connectivity, earth-station compatibility and sizing, and estimating transponder loading. The design process may also require assessment of the impact of a different set of satellites and modified user traffic requirements on the space segment, the earth-station types and quantity, and the total system cost. Although a conventional design approach based on link-by-link and site-by-site analysis provides accurate results, it is time-consuming and impractical for developing high-level network architectures in a time-constrained environment. A design technique is proposed which employs a set of rules for satellite network design, in combination with extensive databases of satellite parameters, earth-station parameters and user traffic requirements, to synthesize a network architecture. The technique is particularly useful for performing high-level trade-offs among alternative architectures in terms of space segment requirements, the number and type of earth-stations and overall system cost. Once the desired architecture has been selected, a detailed design may be developed using conventional methods.

关键词： SATELLITE NETWORK DESIGN RULE-BASED DESIGN FIXED SATELLITE SERVICES FDMA INTELSAT BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS TRANSPONDER CAPACITY

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Solid‐liquid interface of an inductively heated metal sphere

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European Transactions on Electrical Power 1993年第6期3卷 407-414页

作者： Bex, H. Greuel, K. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hans Bex (1937) VDE VDI IEEE is head of the department of High-Frequency Techniques at the Fachhochschule of Aachen Germany. He received his degrees at the Technical University of Aachen Germany in 1965 and 1969. From 1965 to 1980 he was with the Philips Research Laboratories in Aachen as a research scientist where he was engaged in research on lumped element circulators YIG-filters linear and non-linear microstrip circuits for microwave subsystems. Since 1981 he has been a professor for high-frequency techniques at the Fachhoch-schule Aachen Germany teaching electromagnetics and microwaves. His areas of interest include microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits and devices non-linear analysis techniques device modelling planar transmission line modelling and electromagnetic field theory applied to isotropic and anisotropic materials. (FH Aachen Abteilung fur Theoretische Nachrichtentechnik und Hochstfrequenztechnik. Eupener Str. 70 D-52066 Aachen T + 492 41/60 09 21 08 Fax + 49 241/60 09 21 91) Dipl.-Ing. Karl Greuel (1960) VDE studied Electrical Engineering at the FH Aachen Germany and got his degree there in 1988. After his study he designed software for industry-furnaces with stored-program controllers at the Otto Junker GmbH. Since 1990 he works at the Datus GmbH for electrical information-systems in software development. (Datus GmbH Abteilung Software-Entwicklung Tempelhofer Str. 4-6 D-52068 Aachen T +49241/1 6802-0 Fax + 492 41/168 02-80)

In this paper inductive melting in a metal sphere is investigated, whereby the temperature dependence of the sample 's most important material parameters is considered. The solid‐liquid interface in the sphere is determined in consideration of heat conduction. The melting process takes place in a vacuum with zero gravity under the influence of a homogeneous, magnetic alternating field. For the numerical solution of the heat conduction equation, homogeneous, isotropic conditions are assumed in discrete toroidal volumes. This approach simplifies, at the same time, the use of Maxwell's equations. Using the method of finite differences, the procedure yields not only the spatial location of the solid‐liquid interface but also the corresponding time and absorbed active power as a function of frequency, radius of the sphere and intensity of the exciting field. And not least, the total required melting time for melting the sphere can be determined. Copyright © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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ROLE OF SIMULATION IN RAPID PROTOTYPING FOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1991年第3期103卷 204-211页

作者： KING, JF BARTON, DE J. Fred King:is the manager of the Advanced Technology Department for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Houston in 1977. He has been principal investigator of research projects in knowledge engineering pattern recognition and heuristic problem-solving. Efforts include the development of a multi-temporal multispectral classifier for identifying graincrops using LANDSAT satellite imagery data for NASA. Also as a member of the research team for a NCI study with Baylor College of Medicine and NASA he helped develop techniques for detection of carcinoma using multispectral microphotometer scans of lung tissue. He established and became technical director of the AI Laboratory for Ford Aerospace where he developed expert scheduling modeling and knowledge acquisition systems for NASA. Since joining Unisys in 1985 he has led the development of object-oriented programming environments blackboard architectures data fusion techniques using neural networks and intelligent data base systems. Douglas E. Barton:is manager of Logistics Information Systems for Unisys in Reston Virginia. He earned his B.A. degree in computer science from the College of William and Mary in 1978 and did postgraduate work in London as a Drapers Company scholar. Since joining Unisys in 1981 his work has concentrated on program management and software engineering of large scale data base management systems and design and implementation of knowledge-based systems in planning and logistics. As chairman of the Logistics Data Subcommittee of the National Security Industrial Association (NSIA) he led an industry initiative which examined concepts in knowledge-based systems in military logistics. His responsibilities also include evaluation development and tailoring of software engineering standards and procedures for data base and knowledge-based systems. He is currently program manager of the Navigation Information Management System which provides support to the Fleet Ballistic Missile Progr

A valuable technique during concept development is rapid prototyping of software for key design components. This approach is particularly useful when the optimum design approach is not readily apparent or several known alternatives need to be rapidly evaluated. A problem inherent in rapid prototyping is the lack of a "target system" with which to interface. Some alternatives are to develop test driver libraries, integrate the prototype with an existing working simulator, or build one for the specific problem. This paper presents a unique approach to concept development using rapid prototyping for concept development and scenario-based simulation for concept verification. The rapid prototyping environment, derived from artificial intelligence technology, is based on a blackboard architecture. The rapid prototype simulation capability is provided through an object-oriented modeling environment. It is shown how both simulation and blackboard technologies are used collectively to rapidly gain insight into a tenacious problem. A specific example will be discussed where this approach was used to evolve the logic of a mission controller for an autonomous underwater vehicle.

关键词： Military engineering

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A METHOD FOR ASSESSING RESIDUAL NAPL BASED ON ORGANIC-CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL SAMPLES

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GROUND WATER MONITORING AND REMEDIATION 1991年第2期11卷 128-136页

作者： FEENSTRA, S MACKAY, DM CHERRY, JA Stan Feenstra is a hydrogeochemist and president of Applied Groundwater Research Ltd. in Mississauga Ontario He received a B.Sc. in earth sciences and an M.Sc. in hydrogeology from the University of Waterloo in 1978 and 1980 respectively and was designated a Certified Ground Water Professional by AGWSE in 1989. Since 1980 he has been a ground water consultant with Golder Associates in Mississauga Ontario and Zenon Environmental in Burlington Ontario and founded Applied Groundwater Research Ltd. in 1987. Feenstra specializes in the hydrogeochemical evaluation of ground water contamination at waste disposal facilities and chemical spill sites. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in hydrogeology and research associate in the Waterloo Centre for Ground Water Research at the University of Waterloo (Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1) and is involved in research related to the behavior of dense organic solvents in ground water. Douglas M. Mackay is an adjunct professor at the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario (N2L3G1). Dr. Mackay received a B.S. in engineering and M.S. and Ph.D. in civil engineering from Stanford University in 1970 1973 and 1981 respectively. From 1986 to 1990 he was a faculty member of the Environmental Science and Engineering Program of the UCLA School of Public Health. His research focuses on field studies of transport and fate of organic chemicals in ground water various scale studies of decontamination of soil and ground water and ground water monitoring technologies. John A. Cherry is a professor at the Waterloo Centre for Groundwater Research at the University of Waterloo Waterloo Ontario (N2L 3G1). He received his B.S. in geological engineering from the University of Saskatchewan in 1962. He received his M.S. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1964 and his Ph.D. from the Department of Geology at the University of Illinois in 1966. His research interests include the field study and modeling of contaminants in ground wat

Ground water contamination by non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) chemicals is a serious concern at many industrial facilities and waste disposal sites. NAPL in the form of immobile residual contamination, or pools of mobile or potentially mobile NAPL, can represent continuing sources of ground water contamination. In order to develop rational and cost-effective plans for remediation of soil and ground water contamination at such sites, it is essential to determine if non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) chemicals are present in the subsurface and delineate the zones of NAPL contamination. The presence of NAPL pools may be evident as a floating or sinking phase in monitoring wells. The residual NAPL contamination may be identified in soil samples if residual contents are high and contaminated zones in the soil cores are thick. However, visual identification may not be effective if residual contents ar elow or if the NAPL residual is distributed heterogeneously in the samples. The chemical analysis of soil samples provides a measure of the total chemical concentration in the soil but cannot determine directly whether NAPL is present in the samples. Qualitatively, soil analyses that exhibit chemical concentrations in the percent range or > 10,000 mg/kg would generally be considered to indicate the presence of NAPL. However, the results of soil analyses are seldom used in a quantitative manner to assess the possible presence of residual NAPL contamination when chemical concentrations are lower and the presence of NAPL is not obvious. The assessment of the presence of NAPL in soil samples is possible using the results of chemical and physical analyses of the soil, and the fundamental principles of chemical partitioning in unsaturated or saturated soil. The method requires information on the soil of the type typically considered in ground water contamination studies and provides a simple tool for the investigators of chemical spill and waste disposal sites to assess whether soil

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AN OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE NAVSEA HUMAN-FACTORS engineering program IN SHIP DESIGN

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1983年第4期95卷 139-152页

作者： STEIN, NI BENEL, RA MALONE, TB Mr. Norman I. Stein:received his degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1943. MK Stein began his career with the Bureau of Ships Department of the Navy. After his military service with the Army of Occupation in Japan he has held positions with the Corps of Engineering Atomic Energy Commission Walter Reed Army General Hospital and the Protective Structures Development Center Department of the Army. He returned to the Naval Sea Systems Command in 1967 and is currently with the Manning and Controls Integration Branch SEA 55 W16. Mr. Stein is a registered professional engineer in New York state and also is a certified fallout shelter analyst with the Department of the Army. He has authored a comprehensive study on air distribution studies in multi-room shelters presentedpapers on human factors engineering to the Association of Scientists and Engineers and recently contributed a chapter on human factors engineering which will be incorporated in the proposed Naval Sea Systems Handbook on Surface Ship Design. Russell A. Benel:received his Ph. D. in engineering psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is currently a Senior Research Scientist with Essex Corporation where he is the manager of the Man-Machine Systems Department. He has been responsible f o r scientific studies associated with the Human Factors Engineering f o r ships program under contract to the Naval Sea Systems Command specifically the development application and validation of human factors engineering technology f o r surface ship systems such as aircraft launch and recovery propulsion engineering combat direction weapons and total ship systems. He is currently providing Human Factors Engineering Support on the DDG-51. His other activities include a variety of research development test and evaluation activities for military systems. He had been with the Crew Performance Branch of the Crew Technology Division at the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine as a National Research Council Postd

This paper provides a context within which the role of human factors engineering (HFE) for Naval ship design may be understood. HFE is defined and its history as part of engineering design teams is traced. The role of HFE in ship systems design is defined, and the HFE Technology for Ships program, managed by SEA 061R, is described. The rationale for inclusion of HFE in the design process is presented, the methodology whereby it is incorporated into the design process is detailed, methodology to assess the application of HFE is outlined, and the benefits that will accrue as a result of inclusion of HFE considerations in the design process are documented. The counterpoint to inclusion is illustrated through instances of design-induced human errors. A specific application of HFE in the acquisition process is illustrated through use of the Landing Craft, Air Cushion HFE program plan. The difficulties which may be encountered as the size of the target system expands are described. Potential roadblocks to the required incorporation of HFE are examined for their source and possible ameliorative steps.

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THE SHIPBOARD FACILITIES MAINTENANCE DEMONSTRATION study

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Naval Engineers Journal 1978年第2期90卷 91-102页

作者： SCHWARTZ, MELVIN A. CORDER, JAMES L. Mr. Meivin A. Schwartzgraduated from Hunter College in 1959 and received his MS degree in Psychology in 1962 from the City College of New York. He has been a Behavioral Scientist in industry and government since 1960 working on command and control systems and simulations for the Strategic Air Command Job Corps Information Management System Permissive Action Link System Helicopter Attack System Riverine Warfare Systems Manpower Simulation Modeling and Facility Maintenance and Manpower Utilization. He has been employed at the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center formerly the Navy Personnel Research Laboratory since 1967 and has presented papers and participated in numerous international and national symposia. At the present time Mr. Schwartz is the principal investigator of the Facilities Maintenance Demonstration Study being conducted at David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center. Mr. James L. Cordergraduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1958 and received his MS degree in Engineering Science in 1964 from The George Washington University. He served aboard a Destroyer and instructed in the Engineering Department U. S. Naval Academy until 1964. Since then he has been employed at the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center where he was the Program Manager for the Shipboard Manning and Automation Program until September 1977 and currently is assigned to DTNSRDC Annapolis Md. Mr. Corder who received a Letter of Commendation from the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (R&D) for his work performed while assigned on temporary additional duty at the Navy Research and Development Unit Vietnam in 1968 has been a member of ASNE since February 1965.

Facilities Maintenance (FM), as currently performed by shipboard personnel, requires a considerable expenditure of man—hours and material resources and is not performed efficiently nor effectively. Potential solutions to underlying problems were studied on portions of an operational ship of the FF 1052 Class. The study indicated that: 1) a significant reduction in man—hour expenditure and cost to the Navy is feasible through a systematic innovation program, 2) skill and knowledge of FM Team personnel is improved, and 3) shipboard spaces are cleaner and better maintained with FM innovations. The next phase of the project includes the total ship, and it is planned to commence in July 1978 aboard FF 1052, FFG 7, and LST 1179 Class ships. © 1978 American Society of Naval Engineers

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THE USE OF MAINTENANCE DATA TO IMPROVE FLEET MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

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Naval Engineers Journal 1978年第6期90卷 25-36页

作者： REINES, J. MCCORMICK, J.P. Mr. J. Reinesis a Program Manager with ARINC Research Corporation an Annapolis Md. based consulting engineering corporation where in addition to management of DDEOC development he is responsible for the acquisition and direction of the Company's work in support of operational ships and ship systems. Before joining ARINC Research he worked for the newly formed Litton Advanced Marine Technology Division. where as Manager System Engineering and Analysis and Director System Assurance he had responsibilities in a variety of areas including Reliability Maintainability Human. Engineering System Safety Operations Analysis and the operational and maintenance training of LHA I and DD 963 Class Navy crews. Mr. Reines received his BS degree from Columbia University in 1951 after his service in the U.S. Navy as an Aviation Machinist Mate/Combat Air Crewman. During his 27–year career since then he has worked in the automotive and aerospace industries and as a Consultant to industry and the military. Mr. John P. McCormickis a Principal Engineer and Group Manager in ARINC Research Corporation's Ships and Ordnance Division. He has been with ARINC Research since 1963 when he joined the Company to participate in reliability studies of NASA's SATURN Launch Vehicle. He was Project Leader of a comprehensive study of the Air Force Jet Engine Maintenance Management Program has conducted a number of studies involving the use of Army Maintenance Data and has considerable experience in the use and analysis of Navy Maintenance Data. Currently he is managing a number of projects involving the analysis of Navy Destroyer and Submarine Maintenance Information. Mr. McCormick received his BS degree in Physics from St. Bonaventure University in 1959. after which he was employed by the U.S. Naval Propellant Plant as an Internal Ballistics Specialist.

The purpose of this paper is to explain and demonstrate the value of using historical Navy maintenance data in analyses for developing improved Fleet maintenance practices. The Navy produces great volumes of maintenance and maintenance—related data on its ships, ship systems, and equipments. Analyses of these data by persons familiar with the intricacies of the data and the systems involved can provide the information and insight needed to evaluate present practices and develop improved Fleet maintenance. This paper identifies specific data elements, together with their sources, that have proven to be most useful. Capabilities of the data are highlighted, and the general analysis approach is described. A number of case studies are presented to trace the use of various data elements from their source, through analysis, to the requirements for improved maintenance practices. © 1978 American Society of Naval Engineers

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THE “TRADE—OFF” BETWEEN LEARNING AND INFLATION IN SHIPBUILDING

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Naval Engineers Journal 1978年第4期90卷 23-40页

作者： FRISCH, FRANZ A.P. TODD, CHARLES Dr. Franz A.P. Frischgraduated from the Technical University of Vienna in Austria. He has thirty years' experience in shipbuilding and related subjects. He has worked as a Naval Architect Guarantee Engineer Chief Estimator Production Manager and Director for Shipyard Planning and Maintenance in Austria Denmark Sweden and Germany. In 1956 he was first invited to the United States to testify on foreign cost and production in subsidy cases before the Maritime Administration. From 1957 through 1962 he was associated with several U.S. Naval Architect firms: was Owner's Representative in Europe and Japan conducted studies on transport economy for Venezuela ICC and shipowners and was a consultant for shipyard planning in Brazil and Europe. In 1963 he joined the Staff of the Center for Naval Analysis (CNA) and became Head of the Logistic Section and Study Director. There he originated the FDL ship and ship concept and was assigned as advisor to the Project Manager. From 1968 through 1974 Dr. Frisch was a Faculty member and visiting lecturer at Massachusetts Institute of Technology he lectured on Shipyard Management Ocean Transportation Systems Theory in Transportation and in Interdisciplinary Seminars. In 1972 and 1973 he was consultant to Dubai Drydock. Ltd. for layout of a new shipyard in the Arabian Gulf but since 1973 he has been with the Naval Sea Systems Command mostly involved in special projects. Dr. Frisch is also Adj. Professor for Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University (VPI) where he teaches graduate courses in Advanced Engineering Economy and Management Concepts. Mr. Charles Toddis a graduate of Howard University School of Engineering Washington D.C where he has also pursued his graduate work. He has fifteen years' experience in New Construction Shipbuilding Acquisition Programs concentrating in the areas of Major Ship Class Project Engineering and Program Management. He worked in this capacity on the LSD 36 and 37 Class ships and in the Special Craft Section of the Combatant Craft

Learning leads to a decrease in program cost and inflation leads to an increase in program cost. At a certain time, the benefits of leaming and the penalty due to inflation will balance each other. This time is defined as the “critical time.” The “critical tune” depends upon the number of ships to be built because this determines the possible gain in learning. The “Critical time” also depends upon the assumed inflation, upon the achievable learning rate, and upon the material/labor ratio of the first ship. Learning expectation can be influenced by planning and the material/labor ration by a make– or buydecision. Assumptions on future learning are as vague as assumptions on inflation. The paper shows that it is almost impossible to beat inflation. It shows that accelerated programs are preferable and that make—decisions supersede the value of buy—decisions. The result is derived from an abstract treatment of the subject. © 1978 American Society of Naval Engineers

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