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arXiv 2024年

作者： Kyesswa, Michael Wiegel, Friedrich Wachter, Jan Kühnapfel, Uwe Waczowicz, Simon Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

The design of new control strategies for future energy systems can neither be directly tested in real power grids nor be evaluated based on only current grid situations. In this regard, extensive tests are required in laboratory settings using real power system equipment. However, since it is impossible to replicate the entire grid section of interest, even in large-scale experiments, hardware setups must be supplemented by detailed simulations to reproduce the system under study fully. This paper presents a unique test environment in which a hardware-based microgrid environment is physically coupled with a large-scale real-time simulation framework. The setup combines the advantages of developing new solutions using hardware-based experiments and evaluating the impact on large-scale power systems using real-time simulations. In this paper, the interface between the microgrid-under-test environment and the real-time simulations is evaluated in terms of accuracy and communication delays. Furthermore, a test case is presented showing the approach's ability to test microgrid control strategies for supporting the grid. It is observed that the communication delays via the physical interface depend on the simulation sampling time and do not significantly affect the accuracy in the interaction between the hardware and the simulated grid. © 2024, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Hardware-in-the-loop simulation

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Vibrational Control for Energy Balancing in Modular Multilevel Converters

Vibrational Control for Energy Balancing in Modular Multilev...

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International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON)

作者： Adam Kastner Lutz Gröll Veit Hagenmeyer Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350365771

ISBN: (纸本)9798350365788

In order to balance the stored energy between the branches of a modular multilevel converter, an output-invisible control allocation strategy is used. A vibrational control approach, modeled via higher-order averaging methods, is applied to provide additional input variables that enable controlling the one-period average of all branch energies at the same time. Stability analysis of the linearized control loop including the moving average filter is performed using a delay model approach, for which careful handling of a removable singularity at zero is necessary. A finite-order discrete-time approximation of the delay system is used for optimization of the controller parameters. The potential of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated in simulation.

关键词： Electrical engineering Multilevel converters Electric potential Input variables Delay systems Stability analysis Delays Resource management Optimization Energy storage

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New Co-Simulation Variants for Emissions and Cost Reduction of Sustainable District Heating Planning

New Co-Simulation Variants for Emissions and Cost Reduction ...

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IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)

作者： Haozhen Cheng Verena Buccoliero Alexander Kocher Veit Hagenmeyer Hüseyin K. Çakmak Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350386127

ISBN: (纸本)9798350386134

Classical heating of residential areas is very energy-intensive, so alternatives are needed, including renewable energies and advanced heating technologies. Thus, the present paper introduces a new methodology for comprehensive variant analysis for future district heating planning, aiming at optimizing emissions and costs. For this, an extensive Modelica-based modelling study comprising models of heating center, heat grid pipelines and heating interface units to buildings are coupled in co-simulations. These enable a comparative analysis of the economic feasibility and sustainability for various technologies and energy carriers to be carried out. The new modular and highly parameterizable building model serves for validation of the introduced heat grid model. The results show that bio-methane as an energy source reduces carbon equivalent emissions by nearly 70% compared to conventional natural gas heating, and the use of hydrogen as an energy source reduces carbon equivalent emissions by 77% when equipped with a heat pump. In addition, the use of ground source heat pumps has a high economic viability when economic benefits are taken into account. The study findings highlight the importance of strategic planning and flexible design in the early stages of district development in order to achieve improved energy efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint.

关键词： Renewable energy sources Costs Heat pumps Biological system modeling District heating Buildings Pipelines Carbon dioxide Sustainable development Heat transfer

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Industrial Application of the Shapley value-based Redispatch Cost Allocation to Large-Scale Power Grids requires AC Optimal Power Flow

Industrial Application of the Shapley value-based Redispatch...

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IEEE General Meeting Power& Energy Society

作者： Rebecca Bauer Xinliang Dai Veit Hagenmeyer Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350381832

ISBN: (纸本)9798350381849

A burgeoning topic in the current energy transition are the huge costs of redispatch congestion management (CM) in large transmission systems. One of the German transmission system operators (TSOs) raised the critical inquiry of how to allocate the redispatch costs amongst TSOs in an equitable and beneficial way. Previously, a Shapley value-based approach has been introduced on small test grids, using the linear DC approximation of optimal power flow (OPF). However, within the application of CM, its feasibility and accuracy for large-scale power grids and its impact on the computed congestions remain uncertain. Therefore, this study investigates the applicability of the DC OPF compared to the exact AC OPF with regard to the Shapley values, for both small and large-scale grids. Numerical simulation shows significant differences in the congested lines, the overall redispatch costs, and the Shapley values. These findings suggest that for future CM, the TSOs should further investigate AC OPF solutions.

关键词： Costs Accuracy Industry applications Numerical simulation Power grids Topology Batteries Resource management Load flow Convergence

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Grid Aware Portfolio Optimization of a Multi-Energy DER

Grid Aware Portfolio Optimization of a Multi-Energy DER

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Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC)

作者： Simon Grafenhorst Gökhan Demirel Kevin Förderer Veit Hagenmeyer Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350395075

ISBN: (纸本)9798350395082

With the rapid increase in distributed generation and demanding loads such as heat pumps and electric vehicle chargers, the distribution grid is increasingly congested, and devices must be curtailed. In many cases, this can be avoided by installing a flexibility providing Distributed Energy Resource (DER) and considering the congestion of the grid in the planning process of the DER. Although previous studies have examined the design and com-position of DERs, the surrounding electrical grid is often not considered. The present paper extends these studies and shows how the portfolio of a complex multi-energy DER can be designed to be cost-optimal for a specific location i n t he grid while simultaneously providing grid-supporting services. For this purpose, an algorithm is outlined that minimizes the total cost of the D ER, i.e., investment and operation, while relieving the surrounding electrical grid. Two case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of using such a multi-energy DER to reduce line utilization in the distribution system, thereby preventing curtailment of renewable generation at minimal cost.

关键词： Renewable energy sources Costs Heat pumps Electric vehicles Distributed power generation Planning Portfolios Optimization Resistance heating Investment

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Geometric Relationships in Constant Output Control

Geometric Relationships in Constant Output Control

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International Conference on Control, Decision and Information Technologies (CoDIT)

作者： Adam Kastner Lutz Gröll Veit Hagenmeyer Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

ISBN: (数字)9798350373974

ISBN: (纸本)9798350373981

One of the most common and important tasks in control is to maintain a specified constant output value. While constant output is typically achieved for linear time-invariant systems by controlling a state equilibrium, it is also possible to achieve with nonequilibrium state trajectories. These include superpositions with the zero dynamics trajectories, as well as nonequilibrium non-zero-dynamics trajectories. We give a geometric description of the state subspace which allows a constant output. For a nondegenerate system with no invariant zero at s = 0, the subspace is the sum of the equilibrium subspace and the maximal output-nulling subspace. Furthermore, for minimal systems, a stronger statement in the form of a necessary and sufficient condition is given.

关键词： Sufficient conditions Control systems Trajectory Control theory Information technology

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Heuristic vs. Analytical Energy Hub Optimization: Design, Implementation, and Trade-Offs

Heuristic vs. Analytical Energy Hub Optimization: Design, Im...

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IEEE International Conference on Smart Energy Grid Engineering (SEGE)

作者： Simon Grafenhorst Jakob Ohm Rafael Poppenborg Kevin Förderer Veit Hagenmeyer Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350377378

ISBN: (纸本)9798350377385

Various algorithms can be used to optimize the operation of energy hubs, which differ in complexity and optimization quality. The heuristic Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) is able to approximate solutions to complex and non-convex problems. In comparison, the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) and the Mixed-Integer Quadratic Program (MIQP) are able to compute the optimal solution of an approximated model. The present paper focuses on the comparison of energy hub schedule optimization using an EA, a MILP, and a MIQP. Furthermore, the source code for the MILP and MIQP models is publicly available. In our comparison, the analytical solver can optimize the schedule of an exemplary energy hub within seconds, and the EA takes multiple minutes to compute. The schedule generated with the analytical models follows the target closely with a similar root-mean-square error as the schedule generated by the EA.

关键词： Schedules Analytical models Computational modeling Source coding Evolutionary computation Approximation algorithms Mixed integer linear programming Complexity theory Optimization

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Process Development for Digital Fabrication of Radio Frequency Transmission Lines with Off-the-Shelf Equipment

Process Development for Digital Fabrication of Radio Frequen...

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Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS

作者： Nowab Reza MD Ashif Ulrich Gengenbach Ingo Sieber Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350378269

ISBN: (纸本)9798350378276

This paper explores the potential of digital fabrication of radio frequency (RF) transmission lines for driving electro-optical devices in photonic integrated circuits. The focus lies on utilization of readily available off-the-shelf equipment. This research focuses on the development and optimization of digital fabrication techniques tailored specifically for RF transmission lines. The presented methodologies pave the way for a more inclusive and accessible landscape in the field of RF components additive on demand fabrication, facilitating advancements in communication systems and technology. In this paper, we employ both inkjet printing and extrusion printing techniques to explore the potential for fabricating coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines.

关键词： Radio frequency Waveguide components Optical device fabrication Photonic integrated circuits Electro-optic devices Packaging Coplanar waveguides

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COMMANDER: A robust cross-machine multi-phase Advanced Persistent Threat detector via provenance analytics

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Journal of Information Security and Applications 2025年 91卷

作者： Liu, Qi Bao, Kaibin Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen76344 Germany

Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have traditionally focused on identifying malicious behaviors caused by malware undertaking a series of suspicious activities within a short time. Facing Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) actors employing the so-called low-and-slow strategy, defenders are often blindsided by the poor performance of these IDS. Provenance-based IDS (PIDS) emerged as a promising solution for reducing false alerts, detecting true attacks, and facilitating attack investigation, by causally linking and contextualizing indicative system activities in provenance graphs. However, most existing PIDS can detect neither multi-phase nor cross-machine APT attacks, enabled by persistence and lateral movement techniques, respectively. In the present work, we propose a new PIDS called COMMANDER, which is, to our knowledge, the first system capable of detecting cross-machine multi-phase APT attacks. Further, COMMANDER targets several evasion attacks that can bypass existing PIDS, making it more robust. In addition, COMMANDER can perform whole network tracing for cross-machine multi-phase APT attacks across an industrial-sector organization, for which we additionally develop parsers for system logs of popular industrial controllers. We also develop detection rules with a reference to MITRE's knowledge base for industrial control systems. Our evaluations show that COMMANDER accurately detects attacks, outperforms existing detection systems, and delivers succinct and insightful attack graphs. © 2025

关键词： Computer forensics

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Design, Simulation, and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Photometer for Dissolved Ozone Measurement

Design, Simulation, and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Photometer ...

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IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems, COMCAS

作者： Lisa Petani Dominik Tils Lorenz Wührl Ingo Sieber Christian Pylatiuk Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350348187

ISBN: (纸本)9798350348194

The measurement of the dissolved ozone concentration is beneficial in various areas, where ozone is applied, such as medicine, disinfection, food processing, and wastewater treatment. Especially for medical ozone therapy, the measurement directly before and during the treatment is essential to avoid over- and under-dosing. For the wide range application of ozone measurement during medical therapy and in research, low-cost and reproducible measurement devices are indispensable. We present a low-cost photometer that measures the ozone concentration with UV photometry. It consists mainly of 3D-printed parts, while all other parts are commercially available. The root mean squared percentage error of the designed photometer is 14.68% and the root mean squared error is $\mathbf{1.04}\mathbf{mgl}^{-1}$ . We measured concentrations between $\mathbf{0\ mgl}^{-1}$ and $\mathbf{19}\mathbf{mgl}^{-1}$ , since higher concentrations cannot be produced with the ozone generator used. In principle, however, higher concentrations can also be measured with the photometer, such as the concentrations typical in ozone therapy of up to $\mathbf{30}\mathbf{mgl}^{-1}$ . We achieve good measurement results with the photometer in comparison with a commercial reference measuring instrument for dissolved ozone, although the reference instrument has a mean square error of 8.2%, but is more expensive by a factor of 17 than the photometer presented here. Low-cost instruments, such as the photometer, provide accurate and inexpensive measurements that are adaptable to a wide range of applications. For example, the photometer can be used in medicine for ozone therapy. The ozone concentration can be measured directly before the injection and thus before the treatment.

关键词： Microwave measurement Microwave antennas Antenna measurements Gases Instruments Measurement uncertainty Medical treatment

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