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Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS

作者： Nowab Reza MD Ashif Ulrich Gengenbach Ingo Sieber Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350378269

ISBN: (纸本)9798350378276

This paper explores the potential of digital fabrication of radio frequency (RF) transmission lines for driving electro-optical devices in photonic integrated circuits. The focus lies on utilization of readily available off-the-shelf equipment. This research focuses on the development and optimization of digital fabrication techniques tailored specifically for RF transmission lines. The presented methodologies pave the way for a more inclusive and accessible landscape in the field of RF components additive on demand fabrication, facilitating advancements in communication systems and technology. In this paper, we employ both inkjet printing and extrusion printing techniques to explore the potential for fabricating coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines.

关键词： Radio frequency Waveguide components Optical device fabrication Photonic integrated circuits Electro-optic devices Packaging Coplanar waveguides

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Design, Simulation, and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Photometer for Dissolved Ozone Measurement

Design, Simulation, and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Photometer ...

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IEEE International Conference on Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems, COMCAS

作者： Lisa Petani Dominik Tils Lorenz Wührl Ingo Sieber Christian Pylatiuk Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350348187

ISBN: (纸本)9798350348194

The measurement of the dissolved ozone concentration is beneficial in various areas, where ozone is applied, such as medicine, disinfection, food processing, and wastewater treatment. Especially for medical ozone therapy, the measurement directly before and during the treatment is essential to avoid over- and under-dosing. For the wide range application of ozone measurement during medical therapy and in research, low-cost and reproducible measurement devices are indispensable. We present a low-cost photometer that measures the ozone concentration with UV photometry. It consists mainly of 3D-printed parts, while all other parts are commercially available. The root mean squared percentage error of the designed photometer is 14.68% and the root mean squared error is $\mathbf{1.04}\mathbf{mgl}^{-1}$ . We measured concentrations between $\mathbf{0\ mgl}^{-1}$ and $\mathbf{19}\mathbf{mgl}^{-1}$ , since higher concentrations cannot be produced with the ozone generator used. In principle, however, higher concentrations can also be measured with the photometer, such as the concentrations typical in ozone therapy of up to $\mathbf{30}\mathbf{mgl}^{-1}$ . We achieve good measurement results with the photometer in comparison with a commercial reference measuring instrument for dissolved ozone, although the reference instrument has a mean square error of 8.2%, but is more expensive by a factor of 17 than the photometer presented here. Low-cost instruments, such as the photometer, provide accurate and inexpensive measurements that are adaptable to a wide range of applications. For example, the photometer can be used in medicine for ozone therapy. The ozone concentration can be measured directly before the injection and thus before the treatment.

关键词： Microwave measurement Microwave antennas Antenna measurements Gases Instruments Measurement uncertainty Medical treatment

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A Machine Learning-Based Privacy-Preserving Approach to Incorporate Distributed Generators in AC Optimal Power Flow

A Machine Learning-Based Privacy-Preserving Approach to Inco...

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2024 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe Conference, ISGT EUROPE 2024

作者： Dindar, Burak Saner, Can Berk Polat, Dogukan Yigit Çakmak, Huseyin Kemâl Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany National University of Singapore Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Singapore National University of Singapore School of Computing Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)9789531842976

In order to achieve the goal of a carbon-neutral power system, significant changes to the power grid are underway, necessitating enhanced interoperability between Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs) for effective grid operation, particularly in light of the growing number of distributed generators (DGs). Data privacy concerns, however, complicate decision-making processes, particularly when integrating DGs into system-wide dispatch decisions. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning (ML)-based method to incorporate DGs located within the distribution system (DS) into dispatch decisions, adhering to data privacy by mitigating the exchange of sensitive data, such as system topology and demand profiles, between TSOs and DSOs. The methodology involves training three ML models to represent the behavior of the DS, thereby replacing the standard power flow model that contains sensitive information. Notably, we utilize a novel tailored neural network (NN) architecture to enhance computational efficiency in mapping the feasible region of the DS. Additionally, we employ open-source data to construct the Baden-Wü rttemberg (Germany) electricity grid, allowing to test our method not only on standard systems but also on a model that more accurately represents real-world power systems. The numerical case studies verify that the proposed method achieves results comparable to standard AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF) in both cost-optimality and computational time. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Automating Substation Modeling Using Labeled Images

Automating Substation Modeling Using Labeled Images

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International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA)

作者： Arjun Kumar Madhusoodhanan Julian Hoffmann Pascal Emanuel Schmidt Marco Schott Uwe Kühnapfel Veit Hagenmeyer Institute of Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany Department of Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350375589

ISBN: (纸本)9798350375596

This paper presents a comprehensive workflow for automating substation modeling using labeled aerial images. Our approach streamlines the process into three key steps: generating the input dataset as labeled images, inferring an electrical substation model based on standard design principles and exemplarily importing the model into DIgSILENT PowerFactory as a simulation environment. We demonstrate that this new automated process significantly enhances speed, improves consistency, and facilitates easier updation of models, outperforming traditional manual methods.

关键词： Renewable energy sources Substations Manuals Streaming media Standards

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Automated Characterisation of Printed Electronics Under Adjustable Ambient Conditions

Automated Characterisation of Printed Electronics Under Adju...

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International Conference on Semiconductor

作者： Martin Ungerer Zehua Chen Tim Pang Mach Klaus-Martin Reichert Ulrich Gengenbach Moritz Lindmüller Joachim R. Binder Markus Reischl Liane Koker Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany Institute for Applied Materials Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350352078

ISBN: (纸本)9798350352085

By means of functional printing, a variety of electronic devices (e.g. passives, semiconductors, sensors) and entire circuits can be printed. One field of application are flexible electronics. But the protection from environmental influences like humidity or oxygen is still a challenge. Often, encapsulation methods known from conventional semiconductor manufacturing can not be applied. Thus, new encapsulation materials and processes have to be developed and validated. To facilitate this manually very time-consuming task, an automated measurement setup for electrical characterisation of printed electronics under adjustable ambient conditions is introduced.

关键词： Encapsulation Printing Semiconductor device measurement Sensitivity Electric variables measurement Humidity Semiconductor device manufacture Sensors Protection Flexible electronics

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A fuzzy logic approach for economic energy-efficient heat pump operation in thermal building control

A fuzzy logic approach for economic energy-efficient heat pu...

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IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe)

作者： Jovana Kovačević Anne-Christin Süß Hüseyin K. Çakmak Veit Hagenmeyer Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350390421

ISBN: (纸本)9798350390438

Advanced thermal control has great potential to decrease energy consumption in buildings. Thereby, encountering the balance between thermal comfort, and electricity load reduction is a challenge. For this, advanced control systems need to be developed that can respond to external signals such as electricity prices and are robust to different types of buildings to be widely utilized. In this paper, we propose and investigate two fuzzy control systems, an economic-energy-efficient controller and a comfort controller. The comfort controller focuses on thermal comfort, whereas the economic-energy-efficient controller is attentive to electricity prices and the energy efficiency of the heat pump. For the simulation, we use a reduced-order building model identified by measurements of a real-world building. Furthermore, we compare the proposed controllers with a hysteresis controller as a lower benchmark control strategy. Simulation results reveal that an economic-energy-efficient controller can reduce electricity consumption by 14.92% and costs by 18.41 % when compared to a benchmark controller and with mean thermal discomfort of 0.216 °C over an evaluation period of two months. The comfort controller has slightly smaller costs and electricity consumption than the hysteresis one, but less zone temperature fluctuations, enhancing the quality of controlled zone temperature and occupants’ comfort.

关键词： Energy consumption Costs Heat pumps Electricity Buildings Predictive models Energy efficiency Temperature control Hysteresis Resistance heating

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Intrinsic Explainable Artificial Intelligence Using Trainable Spatial Weights on Numerical Weather Predictions 24

Intrinsic Explainable Artificial Intelligence Using Trainabl...

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Proceedings of the 15th ACM International Conference on Future and Sustainable Energy Systems

作者： Oliver Neumann Maximilian Beichter Benedikt Heidrich Nils Friederich Veit Hagenmeyer Ralf Mikut Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798400704802

Addressing the volatility of renewable energies like solar and wind is crucial for the energy system’s stability and optimal utilization of renewable energies. Accurate energy forecasts are important to improve scheduling. Electrical demand and renewable energies are weather-dependent and Numerical Weather Predictions have proven to be beneficial for energy forecasts due to their fine-grained spatial resolution. State-of-the-art Deep Learning approaches for energy forecasting are black-box models. However, decisions in energy systems depend on energy forecasts, and, thus, it is important that models are explainable and trustworthy. Explainable Artificial Intelligence techniques exist that add explainability to energy forecasting models, but all existing methods are only post-hoc or do not use weather data on large spatial areas. This paper introduces a novel approach to forecast energy that scales and adds intrinsic explainability by design. Therefore, we use trainable spatial weights to make accurate forecasts on large spatial areas. The trained weights can be interpreted spatially to enhance explainability and increase trust. Furthermore, the spatial weights enable a wide range of future work, including postprocessing, subregion forecasting, hierarchical learning, and spatial-temporal weights.

关键词： deep learning electrical demand energy forecasting energy transition explainable artificial intelligence neural networks numerical weather predictions solar power wind power

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A Vision for Advancing Digital Twins Intelligence: Key Insights and Lessons from Decades of Research and Experience with Simulation 19

A Vision for Advancing Digital Twins Intelligence: Key Insig...

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19th International Conference on Software Technologies, ICSOFT 2024

作者： Lazarova-Molnar, Sanja Institute of Applied Informatics and Formal Description Methods Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller Institute University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9789897587061

Digital Twins have revolutionized the domain of Modeling and Simulation by making use of the growing and cost-efficient possibilities to extract data from systems, as well as the increasing computational power. At the same time, Digital Twins have enabled tremendous advances in diverse cyber-physical systems by enabling better monitoring, predictive maintenance, design optimization, and informed decision-making. As their popularity evolved, the understanding of what a Digital Twins has become more and more dispersed and unclear. Here, we offer understanding of what a Digital Twin is based on our experience in research within its native domain of Modeling and Simulation, with a concrete focus on the key considerations that need to be made when developing Digital Twins or working with them. We, furthermore, emphasize the need to include all available knowledge for better-informed Digital Twins. To illustrate our ideas and vision, we use case studies from our research. © 2024 by SCITEPRESS – Science and technology Publications, Lda.

关键词： Digital Twins Expert Knowledge Fusion of Data Goal-Oriented Key Considerations Simulation

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Energy pulsation reduction in modular multilevel converters using optimized current trajectories

IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics

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IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics 2021年 2卷 171-186页

作者： Braeckle, Dennis Himmelmann, Patrick Groll, Lutz Hagenmeyer, Veit Hiller, Marc Institute of Electrical Engineering Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karslruhe76131 Germany Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karslruhe76131 Germany

In power electronics, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is an easily scalable topology with an high output voltage quality. It is suitable for the transmission of large amounts of electrical power over long distances, which supports the realization of the ongoing energy transition. State-of-the-art methods require a comparatively large total cell capacitance in the system for energy pulsations during operation. In the present paper, in order to minimize this total capacitance, first a new method is developed to model the system, and second, by help of this model, optimal current trajectories are calculated. These currents are used for control to reduce the energy pulsation over the complete operating range, and thus, to better utilize the hardware. The new method independent on the Clarke transformations is implemented on a laboratory scale setup, and measurement results are presented which validate the new method. Furthermore, the new method is compared to the state-of-the-art method of the compensation of the 2nd harmonic and outperforms the latter significantly. This applies to the entire operating range for different power factors. A total reduction of up to 44% of the energy pulsations is achieved. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Trajectories

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The Gap between Experiment and Simulation: Grid Forming Inverter Control during Islanding Transition

The Gap between Experiment and Simulation: Grid Forming Inve...

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IEEE Electronic Power Grid (eGrid)

作者： Kai Baumgarten Jan Wachter Friedrich Wiegel Richard Jumar Veit Hagenmeyer Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331505493

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505509

In order to integrate distributed energy resources into the power grid, grid forming inverters have gained popularity in research activities over the past two decades. Simulated models have long been used to analyze developed control strategies, but their real-world applicability often remains untested. The present article aims to spotlight this gap between simulation and real implementation of the same inverter control scheme. For this, the transition of a stand-alone system from grid-connected to island mode is exemplarily investigated. Good agreement of the dynamics of time-averaged quantities is observed, but the simulation shows limited representation of fast timescale effects. Furthermore, hidden challenges related to the implementation and operation of the experiment are addressed.

关键词： Analytical models Islanding Conferences Power system dynamics Microgrids Distributed power generation Impedance Grid forming

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