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PIDE: Photovoltaic integration dynamics and efficiency for autonomous control on power distribution grids

Energy informatics 2025年第1期8卷 1-25页

作者： Demirel, Gökhan Fernengel, Natascha Grafenhorst, Simon Förderer, Kevin Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen76344 Germany

With a focus on larger rooftop or utility-scale solar systems, there is a lack of research on the potential impact of mini photovoltaic (MPV) systems, often referred to as balcony power plants. This work analyzes the impact of varying concentrations of MPV systems, on the stability and control of low-voltage (LV) grids. We offer a comprehensive technical assessment of MPV within a distribution grid and quantify their effects on power quality, losses, transformer loading, and the performance of other inverter-based voltage-regulation devices. For this purpose, this paper introduces the open-source Python-based framework PIDE (Photovoltaic Integration Dynamics and Efficiency), a tool for simulating the integration of distributed energy resources (DER)s and evaluating their impact on autonomous reactive power control in the distribution grid. Our case studies include a one-year sensitivity analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations, compare distributed and decentralized DER control strategies, and demonstrate the role of autonomous inverters in providing ancillary services. With the growing use of battery energy storage (BES) systems in LV grids for these services, the need for adaptable DER control strategies becomes increasingly evident. Our results show that high MPV penetration increases mean transformer load by up to 3%, line load by 2.5% and total power losses by around 17%. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Sensitivity analysis

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Mask R-CNN Outperforms U-Net in Instance Segmentation for Overlapping Cells

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Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2023年第1期9卷 335-338页

作者： Rettenberger, Luca Rieken Münke, Friedrich Bruch, Roman Reischl, Markus Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany

U-Net is the go-to approach for biomedical segmentation applications. However, it is not designed to segment overlapping objects, a challenge Mask R-CNN has shown to have great potential in. Yet, Mask R-CNN receives little attention in biomedicine. Hence, we evaluate both approaches on a publicly available biomedical dataset. We find that Mask RCNN outperforms U-Net in segmenting overlapping cells and achieves comparable performance if they do not intersect. Our study provides valuable decision support to practitioners in selecting an appropriate method when solving instance segmentation tasks using deep learning, as well as important insights into enhancing the accuracy of such approaches in biomedical image analysis. © 2023 the author(s), published by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston.

关键词： Computer vision

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A fuzzy logic approach for economic energy-efficient heat pump operation in thermal building control

A fuzzy logic approach for economic energy-efficient heat pu...

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2024 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe Conference, ISGT EUROPE 2024

作者： Kovačević, Jovana Süß, Anne-Christin Çakmak, Hüseyin K. Hagenmeyer, Veit Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9789531842976

Advanced thermal control has great potential to decrease energy consumption in buildings. Thereby, encountering the balance between thermal comfort, and electricity load reduction is a challenge. For this, advanced control systems need to be developed that can respond to external signals such as electricity prices and are robust to different types of buildings to be widely utilized. In this paper, we propose and investigate two fuzzy control systems, an economic-energy-efficient controller and a comfort controller. The comfort controller focuses on thermal comfort, whereas the economic-energy-efficient controller is attentive to electricity prices and the energy efficiency of the heat pump. For the simulation, we use a reduced-order building model identified by measurements of a real-world building. Furthermore, we compare the proposed controllers with a hysteresis controller as a lower benchmark control strategy. Simulation results reveal that an economic-energy-efficient controller can reduce electricity consumption by 14.92% and costs by 18.41 % when compared to a benchmark controller and with mean thermal discomfort of 0.216 °C over an evaluation period of two months. The comfort controller has slightly smaller costs and electricity consumption than the hysteresis one, but less zone temperature fluctuations, enhancing the quality of controlled zone temperature and occupants' comfort. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Fuzzy control

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Gossen’s first law in the modeling for demand side management: a thorough heat pump case study with deep learning based partial time series data generation

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Energy informatics 2024年第1期7卷 47页

作者： Li, Chang Brecher, Gina Kovačević, Jovana Çakmak, Hüseyin K. Förderer, Kevin Matthes, Jörg Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen76344 Germany

Gossen’s First Law describes the law of diminishing marginal utility. This paper aims to further verify the proposed hypothesis that Gossen’s First Law also holds in the modeling for Demand Side Management (DSM) with a thorough heat pump case study. The proposed hypothesis states that in general the complexity-utility relationship in the field of DSM modeling could be represented by a diminishing marginal utility curve. On the other hand, in data based modeling, when utilizing a large dataset for validation, the data integrity is critical to the reliability of the results. However, the absence of partial time series data may occur during the measurement due to missing sensors or IT related issues. In this work, an extensive real-world open dataset of a ground source heat pump is utilized for the case study. In the raw data, one key variable namely the flow rate is missing. Thus, three different algorithms based on machine learning and deep learning architectures namely Random Forest (RF), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Transformer are applied to predict the flow rate by utilizing an open loop forecasting. The raw data are first pre-processed with a time interval of one hour and then used for training, validation and forecast. Furthermore, a modified persistence model as the baseline is also defined. The predicted flow rate using LSTM yields the lowest error of 7.47% nMAE and 10.56% nRMSE respectively. The forecast results are then utilized in the following step of modeling of a heat pump use case. With the introduced quantification method for complexity and a modified version for utility, we further verify the proposed hypothesis with a longer time horizon of 7 days. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Forecasting

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Vibrational Control for Energy Balancing in Modular Multilevel Converters 65

Vibrational Control for Energy Balancing in Modular Multilev...

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65th IEEE Annual International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University, RTUCON 2024

作者： Kastner, Adam Groll, Lutz Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350365771

In order to balance the stored energy between the branches of a modular multilevel converter, an output-invisible control allocation strategy is used. A vibrational control approach, modeled via higher-order averaging methods, is applied to provide additional input variables that enable controlling the one-period average of all branch energies at the same time. Stability analysis of the linearized control loop including the moving average filter is performed using a delay model approach, for which careful handling of a removable singularity at zero is necessary. A finite-order discrete-time approximation of the delay system is used for optimization of the controller parameters. The potential of the proposed control scheme is demonstrated in simulation. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Delay control systems

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Grid Aware Portfolio Optimization of a Multi-Energy DER

Grid Aware Portfolio Optimization of a Multi-Energy DER

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2024 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference, iSPEC 2024

作者： Grafenhorst, Simon Demirel, Gökhan Förderer, Kevin Hagenmeyer, Veit Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350395075

With the rapid increase in distributed generation and demanding loads such as heat pumps and electric vehicle chargers, the distribution grid is increasingly congested, and devices must be curtailed. In many cases, this can be avoided by installing a flexibility providing Distributed Energy Resource (DER) and considering the congestion of the grid in the planning process of the DER. Although previous studies have examined the design and com-position of DERs, the surrounding electrical grid is often not considered. The present paper extends these studies and shows how the portfolio of a complex multi-energy DER can be designed to be cost-optimal for a specific location i n t he grid while simultaneously providing grid-supporting services. For this purpose, an algorithm is outlined that minimizes the total cost of the D ER, i.e., investment and operation, while relieving the surrounding electrical grid. Two case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of using such a multi-energy DER to reduce line utilization in the distribution system, thereby preventing curtailment of renewable generation at minimal cost. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Distributed energy

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New Co-Simulation Variants for Emissions and Cost Reduction of Sustainable District Heating Planning 16

New Co-Simulation Variants for Emissions and Cost Reduction ...

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16th IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, APPEEC 2024

作者： Cheng, Haozhen Buccoliero, Verena Kocher, Alexander Hagenmeyer, Veit Çakmak, Huseyin K. Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Karlsruhe76131 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350386127

Classical heating of residential areas is very energy-intensive, so alternatives are needed, including renewable energies and advanced heating technologies. Thus, the present paper introduces a new methodology for comprehensive variant analysis for future district heating planning, aiming at optimizing emissions and costs. For this, an extensive Modelica-based modelling study comprising models of heating center, heat grid pipelines and heating interface units to buildings are coupled in co-simulations. These enable a comparative analysis of the economic feasibility and sustainability for various technologies and energy carriers to be carried out. The new modular and highly parameterizable building model serves for validation of the introduced heat grid model. The results show that bio-methane as an energy source reduces carbon equivalent emissions by nearly 70% compared to conventional natural gas heating, and the use of hydrogen as an energy source reduces carbon equivalent emissions by 77% when equipped with a heat pump. In addition, the use of ground source heat pumps has a high economic viability when economic benefits are taken into account. The study findings highlight the importance of strategic planning and flexible design in the early stages of district development in order to achieve improved energy efficiency and a reduced carbon footprint. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Carbon capture and utilization

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Using Large Language Models for Extracting Structured Information From Scientific Texts

Using Large Language Models for Extracting Structured Inform...

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作者： Rettenberger, Luca Münker, Marc F. Schutera, Mark Niemeyer, Christof M. Rabe, Kersten S. Reischl, Markus Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Karlsruhe Germany Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany Institute for Biological Interfaces Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany

Extracting structured information from scientific works is challenging as sought parameters or properties are often scattered across lengthy texts. We introduce a novel iterative approach using Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate this process. Our method first condenses scientific literature, preserving essential information in a dense format, then retrieves predefined attributes. As a biomedical application example, our concept is employed to extract experimental parameters for preparing Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) from scientific work to enable complex and information-rich applications in the biotechnology-oriented life sciences. Our open-source method automates extracting information from verbose texts, converting them into structured and easily navigable data. This considerably improves scientific literature research by utilizing the power of LLMs and paves the way for enhanced and faster information extraction from extensive scientific texts. © 2024 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston.

关键词： Information retrieval

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Application of Model-Free Control to Reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion of Inverters 8

Application of Model-Free Control to Reduce the Total Harmon...

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8th IEEE Workshop on the Electronic Grid, eGRID 2023

作者： Wachter, Jan Groll, Lutz Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350327007

With the fast rising number of power electronic devices in the electric grid, the harmonic emissions of those devices can lead to significant power quality issues. This is reflected in the recent addition of harmonic stability as one of the grid stability types. The reduction of harmonic emissions is an important task in the development of resilient carbon neutral grids. This paper describes the application of the model-free control concept for grid-Tied inverters as an easily implementable extension for dq0-frame based current control loops, which are often used in cascaded control schemes. The approach incorporates the information contained in the output current derivative. To balance phase-error and measurement noise suppression, the derivative is obtained using an algebraic numerical differentiator. The reduction of the total harmonic distortion (THD) is demonstrated for two use-cases in simulation, in order to show the transferability of the results. Further, measurement data from a hardware implementation of the concept is studied to verify the behavior under real-world conditions. For this, the influence of the tuning parameters is discussed along with limitations of the approach. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Power quality

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Towards a Real-World Dispatchable Feeder 8

Towards a Real-World Dispatchable Feeder

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8th IEEE Workshop on the Electronic Grid, eGRID 2023

作者： Beichter, Sebastian Beichter, Maximilian Werling, Dorina Galenzowski, Johannes Weise, Victor Hildenbrand, Christoph Wiegel, Friedrich Mikut, Ralf Waczowicz, Simon Hagenmeyer, Veit Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350327007

With the integration of renewable energy sources, electric vehicles, and batteries at the low-voltage distribution grid level, residential buildings are increasingly evolving from consumers to prosumers. As the prosumers burden the distribution grid with their uncertain interactions, the need for solutions to counteract this uncertainty becomes more important. One such solution is schedule-based control strategies, such as the dispatchable feeder. Thereby, the dispatchable feeder uses intelligent managed flexible components such as battery energy storage system (BESS) and controllable loads to follow a committed schedule. While the concept of the dispatchable feeder is widely discussed in the literature, the practical challenges associated with its real-world implementation remain under-explored. Therefore, this paper identifies challenges associated with the real-world implementation of the dispatchable feeder in residential buildings. Further, it discusses important future research questions regarding the concept and its valuable integration into the real world. It also proposes an experimental research infrastructure for systematically investigating the raised questions using the real-world laboratory of the Energy Lab 2.0. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Renewable energy

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