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XXII International Symposium on Information, Communication and Automation Technologies, ICAT

作者： P. Holub J. Börcsök Computer Architecture and System Programming University of Kassel Kassel Germany

The calculation of "Probability of Failure on Demand" (PFH) according to IEC 61508 shows for a 1oo1 and a 1oo2 system using the same initial values that - as expected - a 1oo2 system is a better safety integrity system than a 1oo1 system. This means, that a 1oo2 system has a lower probability of failure than a 1oo1 system. Comparing the same systems operating in a high demand or continuous mode of operation, there will be some cases, especially for systems with high diagnostics, where a 1oo1 system has a lower ¿Probability of Failure per Hour¿ (PFH) value than a 1oo2 system, using the PFH formulas according to IEC 61508. Using the equation according to IEC 61508, it is also possible that the PFH value is apparently better the longer the system runs either in the high mode or continuous mode of operation. Both results are irreproducible in industrial reality. Therefore, this paper will analyze first what conditions are necessary to get a hazard event when using a PFH system. Only those cases are considered in the modified PFH calculation, in which indeed a hazard event occurs. In a second step, it presents a new approach with the help of plausible arguments in order to calculate the PFH value of a PFH system considering a high diagnostic and a very low failure rate. The presented approach can also be correctly verified with mathematics using the advanced Markov model also described in this paper.

关键词： IEC standards Phase frequency detector Hazards Protection computer architecture Humans Safety devices Robotic assembly Risk analysis Probability

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Matlab / Simulink generated source code for safety related systems

Matlab / Simulink generated source code for safety related s...

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s6th IEEE/ACS International Conference on computer systems and Applications, AICCSA 2008

作者： Schwarz, M.H. Sheng, H. Sheleh, A. Boercsoek, J. University of Kassel Department of Computer Architecture and System Programming Kassel Germany HIMA Paul Hildebrandt GmbH+Co. KG Bruehl Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781424419685

The authors present their latest research results and developments of a code generator for Matlab / Simulink block diagrams and to download the generated code onto safety related systems such as a safety PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). An example demonstrates the different stages for code generation, evaluation and conversion before such code can be used in process industries. systematic approaches are necessary when such source code is embedded in process units. To the best knowledge of the authors, Matlab/Simulink source code has not been transferred on safety PLC before. Matlab / Simulink is an advanced and matured programming environment, especially for simulations of engineering processes and systems. Hardly no hardware exists, when it comes to download the developed algorithms and to use it in real world applications and so far this approach is the only one for using developed and tested Matlab / Simulink software on an safety related system. © 2008 IEEE.

关键词： Simulink

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Different approaches for probability of common cause failure on demand calculations for safety integrity systems

Different approaches for probability of common cause failure...

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ACS/IEEE International Conference on computer systems and Applications

作者： Josef Borcsok Peter Holub Computer Architecture and System Programming University of Kassel Kassel Germany

The common cause failures (ccf) are the biggest part when calculating the probability of failure for redundant safety integrity systems. A ccf can occur, when a random hardware failure leads to a failure of several components. There are several methods to calculate the probability of ccf. Three models will be shown in this paper, with the help of which the beta-factor will be calculated. The ccf ratio for the calculation of the overall probability of failure is defined with the beta-factor.

关键词： Probability Risk analysis Product safety Safety devices computer architecture Hardware Control systems Production systems Pipelines Pumps

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Matlab® / Simulink® generated source code for safety related systems

Matlab® / Simulink® generated source code for safety relat...

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ACS/IEEE International Conference on computer systems and Applications

作者： M.H. Schwarz H. Sheng A. Sheleh J. Boercsoek Department of Computer architecture and System programming University of Kassel Kassel Germany HIMA Paul Hildebrandt GmbH+Co KG Bruehl Germany

The authors present their latest research results and developments of a code generator for Matlab/Simulink block diagrams and to download the generated code onto safety related systems such as a safety PLC (programmable logic controller). An example demonstrates the different stages for code generation, evaluation and conversion before such code can be used in process industries. systematic approaches are necessary when such source code is embedded in process units. To the best knowledge of the authors, Matlab/Simulink source code has not been transferred on safety PLC before. Matlab/Simulink is an advanced and matured programming environment, especially for simulations of engineering processes and systems. Hardly no hardware exists, when it comes to download the developed algorithms and to use it in real world applications and so far this approach is the only one for using developed and tested Matlab/Simulink software on an safety related system.

关键词： computer languages Programmable control Software safety Electrical equipment industry programming environments systems engineering and theory Hardware Software algorithms Application software Software testing

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Advances of OPC client server architectures for maintenance strategies - A research and development area not only for industries

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WSEAS Transactions on systems and Control 2008年第3期3卷 195-207页

作者： Schwarz, M.H. Boercsoek, J. University of Kassel Department of Computer-architecture and System-programming Wilhelmshoeher Allee 34121 Kassel Germany HIMA Paul Hildebrandt GmbH + Co KG Albert-Bassermann-Str. 28 68782 Brühl Germany

OPC is a matured and accepted standard in industries, but hardly used in industrial applications developed at universities, especially in Europe. Publications in this area, either using OPC-communication or developing applications have been hardly increased over the past several years. This paper reports the current state of the standard, but also describes current problems and how they can be managed and overcome. The authors also give an overview of the recently published new standard, which is called: OPC unified approach. After the fundamentals are described in this paper, the authors present their experiences with OPC to combine it with methods and procedures to develop a modern maintenance system. It also reports current developments at the Department of computer architecture and system programming at the university of kassel.

关键词： Industrial research

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Redundant optical data transmission using semiconductor lasers

Redundant optical data transmission using semiconductor lase...

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ACS/IEEE International Conference on computer systems and Applications

作者： H. D. Wacker J. Borcsok H. Hillmer Development HIMA Paul Hildebrandt GmbH + Co KG Bruehl GERMANY Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Chair for Computer Architecture and System Programming Kassel GERMANY University of Kassel Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics (INA) and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT) Kassel GERMANY

This paper is dealing with redundant optoelectronic data transmission with special respect to laser channels. The concept of the generalized erasure channel (GEC) is used to determine the probability of undetected error for some binary symmetric and non-symmetric channels protected by appropriate codes. In detail, communication via different binary symmetric channels (BSCs), generalized erasure channels and symmetrized binary non symmetric channels (BNSCs) is investigated. Simple upper bounds are given, relating the new formulas to that one of the BSC Finally the results in connection with an inequality for proper codes are applied to multi wavelength optical transmission through channels generated by semiconductor lasers.

关键词： Data communication Semiconductor lasers Error probability Optical transmitters Protection Safety Wavelength division multiplexing Laser theory Upper bound Linear code

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Software development for safety-related systems

Software development for safety-related systems

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2nd International Conference on systems, ICONS 2007

作者： Börcsök, Josef Schaefer, Sebastian Department of Computer Architecture and System Programming University of Kassel

ISBN: (纸本)0769528074

Safety-related systems mostly comprise hardware and software solutions. Due to the increasing application of complex hardware and software systems, the software systems have to be considered regarding safety as well as hardware systems. The development of a safety-related software system is similar to the development of a safety-related hardware systems. But there are still no generally accepted methods for developing safety-critical software. One has to use the methods, which fit best to the actual requirements. However, the calculation of reliability and availability for safety-related software systems is far more complex. © 2007 IEEE.

关键词： Safety engineering

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Optics in computer architectures: Basis of WDM, technologies and potentials

Optics in computer architectures: Basis of WDM, technologies...

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2nd International Conference on systems, ICONS 2007

作者： Wang, Y. Kusserrow, T. Irmer, S. Hasse, A. Bartels, M. Dharmarasu, N. Hillmer, H. Börcsök, J. Mikami, O. University of Kassel Kassel Germany Department of Computer Architecture and System Programming University of Kassel Germany Department of Information Telecommunication and Electronics School of Information Science and Technology Tokai University Hiratsuka-shi Japan

ISBN: (纸本)0769528074

We present novel concepts, technologies and potentials of optical data communication, especially for future computer architectures. The WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) and the optical wiring technologies are explained in detail. Experimental results of tunable optical filters, which play a major role in WDM systems, are reported. New concepts for novel optical interconnectors and novel miniaturized lasers for direct generation of green light are proposed as examples for possible next generation components to improve the performance of optical communication based computer architecture. © 2007 IEEE.

关键词： computer architecture

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Calculation of PFD-values for a safety related system

Calculation of PFD-values for a safety related system

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European Safety and Reliability Conference 2007, ESREL 2007 - Risk, Reliability and Societal Safety

作者： Börcsök, J. Holub, P. Schwarz, M.H. Dang Pham, N.T. HIMA Paul Hildebrandt GmbH + Co. KG Brühl Germany Computer Architecture and System Programming University of Kassel Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0415447860

The standard IEC/EN61508 provides the developer with guidelines to develop and implement safety related systems according to the international standard. The standard supplies qualitative and quantitative criteria to evaluate safety related systems, in order to apply it in safety critical applications. This paper details the criterion Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD). The authors derive the necessary equations and calculate the PFD-values for different system architectures. © 2007 Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Safety engineering

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Estimation and Evaluation of Common Cause Failures

Estimation and Evaluation of Common Cause Failures

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ICONS International Conference on systems

作者： J. Borcsok S. Schaefer E. Ugljesa Computer Architecture and System Programming University of Kassel Kassel Germany

Success of many modern applications is highly dependent on the correct functioning of complex computer based systems. In some cases, failures in these systems may cause serious consequences in terms of loss of human life. systems in which failure could endanger human life are termed safety-critical. The SIS (safety instrumented system) should be designed to meet the required safety integrity level as defined in the safety requirement specification (safety requirement allocation). Moreover, the SIS design should be performed in a way that minimizes the potential for common mode or common cause failures (CCF). A CCF occurs when a single fault result in the corresponding failure of multiple components. Thus, CCFs can result in the SIS failing to function when there is a process demand. Consequently, CCFs have to be identified during the design process and the potential impact on the SIS functionality have to be understood. This paper gives details about the estimation and evaluation of common failures and assesses a loo2 system. It is a survey paper that presents the newest developments in common cause failure analysis.

关键词： Redundancy Safety Hardware Failure analysis Fault tolerant systems computer architecture Functional programming Humans Reliability engineering Application software

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