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International Conference on Mechatronics and machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP)

作者： Erik-Felix Tinsel Oliver Riedel Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350334340

Errors during the commissioning of machines and plants are costly and time-consuming. Costs increase the later an error is discovered in the development process. The earliest occurring errors can already result from insufficient coordination with the customer. This paper presents the ongoing research on a virtual assistance system designed to bridge the gap between the early requirements phase and the virtual commissioning of modular plants by creating interfaces for customers allowing them to outline their project, validate it by themselves and be actively integrated in the process of the virtual plant creation.

关键词： Mechatronics Costs Virtual assistants machine vision Industrial plants

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Study on Available Cloud manufacturing Platforms for Additive manufacturing Technologies

Study on Available Cloud Manufacturing Platforms for Additiv...

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IEEE Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and engineering (ECICE)

作者： Matthias Milan Strljic Islam Younes Oliver Riedel Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482097

Additive manufacturing technologies provided one of the most adaptable manufacturing processes for digital commissioning via the growing cloud manufacturing paradigm. This was facilitated by a low-complexity tool chain for the manufacturing process along the CAD-CAM chain and the process to be executed on the equipment. However, additive processes have grown far beyond the initial FDM processes and also offer more complex materials with unique properties in addition to other processes. The four most common manufacturing processes FDM, SLA, SLS, and SLM were used as a basis, and existing cloud manufacturing platforms offering all these four technologies as a bundle were gathered via a structured survey. Out of 42 platforms, 17 platforms were researched, filtered and analyzed using sample components and a catalog of requirements consisting of five requirement clusters: material, functional scope, final costs, delivery and user-friendliness. The results were weighted for each technology and finally evaluated in an overarching discussion. The achieved scores and the special features of a platform are discussed and a recommendation is made.

关键词： manufacturing processes Costs Additives Production Three-dimensional printing manufacturing Frequency division multiplexing

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Study on Available Cloud manufacturing Platforms for CNC Milling Processes

Study on Available Cloud Manufacturing Platforms for CNC Mil...

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IEEE Eurasia Conference on IOT, Communication and engineering (ECICE)

作者： Matthias Milan Strljic Aleksandar Bakovic Oliver Riedel Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781665482097

CNC milling processes represent the main group of production processes for components with a non-trivial surface geometry that are either brittle or have a material with a high melting point or have sensitive requirements for the manufacturing tolerances. Thus, a study was conducted on the adoption of CNC milling processes in the cloud manufacturing segment, highlighting the range of functions provided as well as the unit prices. In the process, multiple application scenarios were addressed via part enquiries to be manufactured, which have different technical requirements for the CNC milling machine cell to be manufactured. Thus, components were designed that require at least three, four, or five synchronous axes for production. In addition, components with geometric properties were added that can be realized either on a 4-axis system or on a 3-axis system with a reclaiming process. For the evaluation, 50 platform providers were researched via a structured search, which were filtered through an automated ordering process, accessibility, and available materials to a final eleven platforms to be evaluated. On these platforms, a total of 55 application scenarios were then compared in terms of their performance with the application of 22 evaluation criteria. After a weighted evaluation of the results, recommendations were made for component requests from identified groups in terms of geometry complexity, material, and number of pieces that resulted from the analysis.

关键词： Geometry Technical requirements Cloud computing Production Milling Software manufacturing

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Towards Industrial control from the Edge-Cloud: A Structural Analysis of Adoption Challenges According to Industrial Experts 22

Towards Industrial Control from the Edge-Cloud: A Structural...

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Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Internet of Things

作者： Marco Giani Nelly Frank Alexander Verl Robert Bosch GmbH: Corporate Sector Research and Advance Engineering Germany University of Stuttgart: Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450396653

The migration of industrial controls to an edge-cloud hosted on factory premises can reduce operation costs and increase the interoperability and flexibility of industrial machines. However, the adoption of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) technologies to realize an industrial edge-cloud for factory automation is likely to lead to a number of challenges that have not yet been investigated. Based on an expert interviews study, this paper provides two main contributions: (1) the identification of 11 technology-, engineering-, organization-, and strategy-related challenges that, according to industrial experts, will hinder the adoption of edge-cloud control (ECC) in future factories, (2) the derivation of a structural model showing how challenges are interlinked. The results illustrate the dependency between profitability and both engineering and operation of an ECC system, suggesting the importance of improving the usability of ECC for automation experts with limited IT know-how, for instance through the reorganization of departments and the standardization of integration concepts for ECC in factories.

关键词： Industrial Automation Cloud Computing IIoT Edge Computing

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Ambiguity Tolerant Commissioning Ontology: From an upper ontology to a domain specific implementation

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 112卷 91-96页

作者： Carsten Ellwein Marc Hekeler Oliver Riedel Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Seidenstr. 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Germany

There are no standardized interfaces or descriptions for the outsourcing of production orders, e.g. through cloud manufacturing. For this reason, an upper ontology was developed in a preliminary work; associated models describe the entire process and parameters from the request for quotation over its return to the conclusion of the contract. Products can either be described by their final state or by the initial product in conjunction with the applied processes. In this paper, the process from this upper ontology to a concrete implementation is further elaborated and a middleware is introduced which offers a machine-readable interface to edit the ontology as well as various validation options are addressed.

关键词： Industry 4.0 Cloud manufacturing Data model Ontology

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Model-based automatic generation of digital twin models for the simulation of reconfigurable manufacturing systems for timber construction

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 107卷 387-392页

作者： Benjamin Kaiser Alexander Reichle Alexander Verl Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Seidenstr. 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Germany

Reconfigurable manufacturing systems adapt to changing requirements and therefore offer a solution to the challenges associated with increasing product variety and shorter product life cycles. This is especially helpful in the prefabrication in timber construction, as components and requirements vary widely between projects. However, reconfigurations must be quick to keep downtimes short. The planning of reconfigurations is a complex problem where digital twins and simulation models of the manufacturing systems are necessary for simulation and validation. In our timber prefabrication use case, building components and requirements change from project to project, and the manufacturing system needs to reconfigure frequently. The building components and the configuration of the manufacturing system are designed simultaneously during a co-design process to ensure the integrity of the manufacturing process in a changing manufacturing environment. Hence, this may require many iterations of the planning process. Each iteration needs validation through a simulation. However, the manual generation of simulation models is time-consuming and error-prone and thus poses an obstacle for the digital planning phase. This paper addresses this issue and presents a model-based approach to generate simulation models for reconfigurable manufacturing systems. Our system and its components are modeled in automation markup language as this domain-specific language allows us to model not only kinematics and geometry but also behavior, skills, and interfaces to check the compatibility of components. We apply the method to our use case with the IntCDC wood prefabrication system. The proposed method builds a component graph for a configuration of the manufacturing system and generates the required packages for the simulation in Gazebo and ROS. To build simulation models automatically, we apply model-to-model and model-to-text transformation techniques. The proposed method is suitable for integr

关键词： AutomationML ROS URDF Software Defined manufacturing Reconfigurable manufacturing System Simulation Timber Prefabrication IntCDC

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Test-Driven Reward Function for Reinforcement Learning: A Contribution towards Applicable machine Learning Algorithms for Production Systems

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 112卷 103-108页

作者： Florian Jaensch Karl Kübler Elmar Schwarz Alexander Verl Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Seidentraße 36 D-70174 Stuttgart Germany

Reinforcement Learning algorithms find more and more application in fields where complex tasks need to be solved. The automation of production systems is one of those fields. Normally, programming a control system defines the automation strategy. Previous contributions by the authors have shown that a so-called agent can learn automation strategies for production systems using a Reinforcement Learning setup. However, the development of the reward function for the agent can be challenging and needs Reinforcement Learning domain knowledge. This paper introduces a novel approach in combining Test-Driven Development with Reinforcement Learning in order to solve the problem of a suitable reward function. In the presented approach predefined test cases are used to derive rewards for the agent. The use of an automated test framework allows for continuous learning sequences until all test cases are passed. An application example of a robot cell is used to demonstrate the novel approach and verify its suitability and usability. The first application shows promising results for further examination towards more application scenarios.

关键词： Virtual Commissioning Simulation Test-Driven Development Reinforcement Learning

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On data, information, and knowledge in the context of online simulation in industrial automation

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Procedia CIRP 2024年 130卷 1188-1193页

作者： Darius Deubert Andreas Selig Alexander Verl Bosch Rexroth AG Bgm.-Dr.-Nebel-Straße 2 97816 Lohr am Main Germany Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units - University of Stuttgart 70049 Stuttgart Germany

In the course of digitalization and Industry 4.0, data-based optimization strategies and AI technologies are increasingly applied in industrial automation. To achieve benefits from this, it is necessary to contextualize and interpret the widely available data and process them to value adding information and knowledge. This paper deals with the processing of data, information, and knowledge in the context of online simulation in industrial automation. It forms a basis by defining the terms within an industrial perspective and examining the data landscape regarding properties that get important in cyber-physical systems including online simulation. Subsequently the generation of resulting information and knowledge with online simulation is discussed. Within this work, by changing the point of view from a technical perspective to an abstraction it is shown that known principles from intelligent systems and knowledge engineering also hold for manufacturing systems that are supported by an online simulation system. Additionally, this contemplation points out that online simulation systems exceed the level of information by gaining and processing knowledge, which enables to infer new information. By this, the influence of online simulation in industrial automation on data, information, and knowledge handling is expounded comprehensively.

关键词： simulation digital twins manufacturing robotics automation semantics

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A simulation model extension to enable continuous control tests during the Virtual Commissioning

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Procedia CIRP 2022年 112卷 97-102页

作者： Erik-Felix Tinsel Prof. Dr.-Ing Alexander Verl Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units (ISW) University of Stuttgart Seidenstr. 36 70174 Stuttgart Germany

Model-, Software-, and Hardware-in-the-Loop simulations are used in the Virtual Commissioning of machines and plants to reduce costly control errors early in the engineering process. Each simulation type represents a different grade of detail. As a result, the underlying models change on every transition between the three types. Regarding the model structure there is no solution to enable a continuous and effortless transition. This work proposes a model extension concept which allows cycling all X-in-the-Loop configurations during Virtual Commissioning. The extension includes abundant submodules describing every component transformation required to switch to a specific simulation configuration.

关键词： X-in-the-Loop Simulation model Virtual Commissioning

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Offline and Online Energy Simulation using Virtual Commissioning Models with Extended Dynamical Behavior

Offline and Online Energy Simulation using Virtual Commissio...

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IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration

作者： Darius Deubert Denis Pfeifer Christian Scheifele Jörg Fehr Alexander Verl Bosch Rexroth AG 97816 Lohr am Main Germany and Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Denis Pfeifer is with ISG Industrielle Steuerungstechnik GmbH 70563 Stuttgart and Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany ISG Industrielle Steuerungstechnik GmbH Stuttgart Institute of Engineering and Computational Mechanics University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany Alexander Verl is with Institute for Control Engineering of Machine Tools and Manufacturing Units University of Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331531614

ISBN: (纸本)9798331531621

Considering energy consumption and dynamical behavior within the simulation of manufacturing systems emerges as an important objective for their development, commissioning, and operation. Currently, these aspects are often neglected in many fields including virtual commissioning. This work presents an approach to extend highly detailed virtual commissioning models of components from industrial automation by dynamics models for the calculation of energy consumption in an offline simulation and for reuse in an online simulation. To validate the presented approach, an exemplary offline virtual commissioning simulation of a pick-and-place robot application is implemented and subsequently transferred to an online simulation. The validation shows a good accuracy of the simulated energy consumption, enabling virtual commissioning engineers to analyze and optimize energy consumption already in the design phase of manufacturing systems. Additionally, the dynamical behavior was well reflected in the online simulation, contributing to the capability of simulation in the operation phase.

关键词： Energy consumption Automation Accuracy Service robots System integration manufacturing systems

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