Computational competitions are the standard for benchmarking medical image analysis algorithms, but they typically use small curated test datasets acquired at a few centers, leaving a gap to the reality of diverse mul...
Computational competitions are the standard for benchmarking medical image analysis algorithms, but they typically use small curated test datasets acquired at a few centers, leaving a gap to the reality of diverse multicentric patient data. To this end, the Federated Tumor Segmentation (FeTS) Challenge represents the paradigm for real-world algorithmic performance evaluation. The FeTS challenge is a competition to benchmark (i) federated learning aggregation algorithms and (ii) state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms, across multiple international sites. Weight aggregation and client selection techniques were compared using a multicentric brain tumor dataset in realistic federated learning simulations, yielding benefits for adaptive weight aggregation, and efficiency gains through client sampling. Quantitative performance evaluation of state-of-the-art segmentation algorithms on data distributed internationally across 32 institutions yielded good generalization on average, albeit the worst-case performance revealed data-specific modes of failure. Similar multi-site setups can help validate the real-world utility of healthcare AI algorithms in the future.
The cover image is based on the Focus Article Healthy waterways and ecologically sustainable cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (northern China): Challenges and future directions by Giri Kattel et al....
The cover image is based on the Focus Article Healthy waterways and ecologically sustainable cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (northern China): Challenges and future directions by Giri Kattel et al., https://***/10.1002/wat2.1500 .
Owing to the high depth of tissue penetration, non-invasiveness, and controllability, ultrasound (US)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown broad application prospects for tumor treatment. However, the electron...
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Owing to the high depth of tissue penetration, non-invasiveness, and controllability, ultrasound (US)-mediated sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has shown broad application prospects for tumor treatment. However, the electron-hole separation inefficiency of sonosensitizers and the tumor hypoxia remain two major challenges limiting the effect of SDT. Here, ultrafine photoetched bismuth vanadate (BiVO 4 ) nanorods modified with DSPE-PEG 2000 (PEBVO@PEG NRs) were fabricated to achieve in situ self-supply of oxygen (O 2 ) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for hypoxic tumor therapy. The photoetching approach could enhance the charge separation by inducing enriched oxygen vacancies on the surface of BiVO 4 , thereby improving the generation efficiency of ROS and O 2 . The PEBVO@PEG overcome the main obstacles of traditional sonosensitizers in the SDT process and show promising sonodynamic therapeutic effects, thus providing new strategies for improving the performance of sonosensitizer and hypoxic tumor elimination.
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic;characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic;and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1–9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019;293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3–25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provided
The problem of item selling with the objective of maximizing the revenue is studied. Given a seller with k types of items and n single-minded buyers, i.e., each buyer is only interested in a particular bundle of items...
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The first study of the angular distribution of μ+μ− pairs produced in the forward rapidity region via the Drell-Yan reaction pp→γ*/Z+X→ℓ+ℓ−+X is presented, using data collected with the LHCb detector at a center-...
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The first study of the angular distribution of μ+μ− pairs produced in the forward rapidity region via the Drell-Yan reaction pp→γ*/Z+X→ℓ+ℓ−+X is presented, using data collected with the LHCb detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.1 fb−1. The coefficients of the five leading terms in the angular distribution are determined as a function of the dimuon transverse momentum and rapidity. The results are compared to various theoretical predictions of the Z-boson production mechanism and can also be used to probe transverse-momentum-dependent parton distributions within the proton.
The first observation of the semileptonic b-baryon decay Λb0→Λc+τ−ν¯τ, with a significance of 6.1σ, is reported using a data sample corresponding to 3 fb−1 of integrated luminosity, collected by the LHCb ...
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The first observation of the semileptonic b-baryon decay Λb0→Λc+τ−ν¯τ, with a significance of 6.1σ, is reported using a data sample corresponding to 3 fb−1 of integrated luminosity, collected by the LHCb experiment at center-of-mass energies of 7 and 8 TeV at the LHC. The τ− lepton is reconstructed in the hadronic decay to three charged pions. The ratio K=B(Λb0→Λc+τ−ν¯τ)/B(Λb0→Λc+π−π+π−) is measured to be 2.46±0.27±0.40, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The branching fraction B(Λb0→Λc+τ−ν¯τ)=(1.50±0.16±0.25±0.23)% is obtained, where the third uncertainty is from the external branching fraction of the normalization channel Λb0→Λc+π−π+π−. The ratio of semileptonic branching fractions R(Λc+)≡B(Λb0→Λc+τ−ν¯τ)/B(Λb0→Λc+μ−ν¯μ) is derived to be 0.242±0.026±0.040±0.059, where the external branching fraction uncertainty from the channel Λb0→Λc+μ−ν¯μ contributes to the last term. This result is in agreement with the standard model prediction.
We present the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Strong Lens Foundry. We discovered ∼ 3500 new strong gravitational lens candidates in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys using residual neural networks (ResNet)...
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Two narrow resonant states are observed in the Λb0K−π+ mass spectrum using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an int...
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Two narrow resonant states are observed in the Λb0K−π+ mass spectrum using a data sample of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected by the LHCb experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 6 fb−1. The minimal quark content of the Λb0K−π+ system indicates that these are excited Ξb0 baryons. The masses of the Ξb(6327)0 and Ξb(6333)0 states are m[Ξb(6327)0]=6327.28−0.21+0.23±0.12±0.24 and m[Ξb(6333)0]=6332.69−0.18+0.17±0.03±0.22 MeV, respectively, with a mass splitting of Δm=5.41−0.27+0.26±0.12 MeV, where the uncertainties are statistical, systematic, and due to the Λb0 mass measurement. The measured natural widths of these states are consistent with zero, with upper limits of Γ[Ξb(6327)0]<2.20(2.56) and Γ[Ξb(6333)0]<1.60(1.92) MeV at a 90% (95%) credibility level. The significance of the two-peak hypothesis is larger than nine (five) Gaussian standard deviations compared to the no-peak (one-peak) hypothesis. The masses, widths, and resonant structure of the new states are in good agreement with the expectations for a doublet of 1D Ξb0 resonances.
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