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27th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation systems, ITSC 2024

作者： Willecke, Alexander Yazici, Cengiz Wolf, Lars C. Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Braunschweig38106 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505929

Collective Perception (CP) is the key technology for integrating non-connected road users into the Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation System. Thereby, ITS-Stations share locally perceived object data with others via broadcast communication. Previous studies on CP focused on the trade-off between resource usage and Environmental Awareness Ratio, assuming that atomic objects are either known or unknown. However, Perceived Objects consist of multiple attributes describing their state, such as position, speed, and dimensions. Stations perceive the traffic situation and objects from different perspectives, influencing which attributes can be observed. This study shows the performance of CP in three different traffic scenarios and analyzes the completeness of objects and availability of object attributes. It shows that completeness and availability depend on the traffic situation and are influenced by average speed, traffic, building density, and road layouts. Furthermore, results indicate that important object attributes, such as dimensions, are often missing, and the object's center point is often unknown. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Economic and social effects

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Object Fusion for Collective Perception: Will it Scale? 27

Object Fusion for Collective Perception: Will it Scale?

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27th IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation systems, ITSC 2024

作者： Willecke, Alexander Stahl, Roman Wolf, Lars C. Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Braunschweig38106 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505929

With Collective Perception, stations exchange information from their local perception with each other via broadcast communication. The information about perceived objects can enhance their awareness, allowing perception beyond their line of sight and increasing traffic safety. Therefore, received object information must be processed by an Object Fusion system that creates a holistic environment model. Solving this fusion problem is not trivial and computationally expensive. However, the computing power required for a single station that implements an Object Fusion system depends on the amount of object data that must be processed. The amount of data will rise with a progressing market introduction as more stations share their perception. For analyzing the scalability of fusion, the Artery V2X Simulation framework was extended with an Object Fusion architecture. The results show how much object data must be processed and stored for three realistic large-scale traffic scenarios at different Market Penetration Rates. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Data fusion

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Analysis of Vulnerable Road User Awareness Message Generation Rules for Pedelecs 15

Analysis of Vulnerable Road User Awareness Message Generatio...

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15th IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference, VNC 2024

作者： Ostendorf, Nico Garlichs, Keno Wolf, Lars C. Robert Bosch GmbH Corporate Research Hildesheim Germany Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362701

Vehicle-To-X communication is increasingly focusing on vulnerable road users. A large group of vulnerable road users are pedelecs. In Vehicle-To-X communication, message generation rules play an important role. These rules can strongly influence the number of messages and the safety. This paper provides an overview of the current Vulnerable Road User Awareness Message generation rules and their impact based on a real pedelec data set. It also evaluates the importance of the rules and the frequency of message generation. All analyses are performed on data sets with different sample rates in order to get an overview of the impact of the sample rate. The results of this paper show that different sample rates lead to significant differences in the impact of the generation rules and also on the message generation frequency. Also a suggestion of a minimum sample rate for recording the sensor data of pedelecs is done. The importance of the different generation rules is measured with the help of an information loss metric. The loss of information caused by ignoring a rule varies significantly among the different rules. This loss also depends on the sample rate. Overall, this paper shows the current state of the generation rules, the different importance of each rule and a suggestion for a minimal sample rate. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Roads and streets

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Object Fusion for Collective Perception: Will it Scale?

Object Fusion for Collective Perception: Will it Scale?

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International Conference on Intelligent Transportation

作者： Alexander Willecke Roman Stahl Lars C. Wolf Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331505929

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505936

关键词： Measurement Scalability Computational modeling Roads Road side unit computer architecture Safety Vehicle-to-everything Arteries Standards

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Impact of Perspectives on Collective Perception

Impact of Perspectives on Collective Perception

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International Conference on Intelligent Transportation

作者： Alexander Willecke Cengiz Yazici Lars C. Wolf Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331505929

ISBN: (纸本)9798331505936

关键词： Measurement Layout Buildings Transportation Ear Traffic control Road safety Safety

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Pitfalls in Measuring Ultra Low Power Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor networks

Pitfalls in Measuring Ultra Low Power Energy Harvesting Wire...

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Annual Conference on Wireless On Demand Network systems and Services (WONS)

作者： Sven Pullwitt Lars Wolf Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks TU Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

Applications and evaluations in the area of ultra-low power energy harvesting Wireless Sensor networks (WSNs) verge toward utilizing state-of-the-art hardware with extremely low power consumption. For the evaluation of these networks, real-world deployments are a common approach where special performance logging hardware is often used in conjunction with the sensor nodes. This hardware needs to be kept simple and cost-effective to allow for scalability. At the same time, it needs to be ensured that the measurement hardware does not interfere with the performance of the sensor node, thereby distorting the evaluation results. Herein lies an especially prominent challenge with ultra-low power sensor nodes. We outline some pitfalls that should be considered when designing or selecting this hardware.

关键词： Wireless communication Wireless sensor networks Power measurement Power demand Scalability Hardware Time measurement

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A4MD: Artery for Misbehavior Detection, Reporting, and Reaction in the ETSI C-ITS

A4MD: Artery for Misbehavior Detection, Reporting, and React...

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IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

作者： Alexander Willecke Bastian Kulke Lars C. Wolf Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany

Messages in Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation systems (C-ITS) are secured using cryptography to ensure authenticity and authorization. However, this cannot prevent the semantical incorrectness of the message, which can be caused by either faulty sensors or malicious intent. This misbehavior must be detected and mitigated by receiving stations to prevent harm. Further, misbehaving stations need to be sanctioned by informing their manufacturer, owner, or evicting them from the C-ITS to protect other systems proactively. This misbehavior detection management process of detection, reporting, and sanctioning will be part of European and American Intelligent Transportation systems (ITS). For research in this domain, we propose the Artery 4 Misbehavior Detection (A4MD) framework, building on the Artery V2X simulation framework and Framework for Misbehavior Detection (F2MD) for the European C-ITS. The framework's capabilities are shown by an evaluation of the Misbehavior Reporting protocol proposed in ETSI TR 103 460.

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Towards Improving Realism of Perception in Artery

Towards Improving Realism of Perception in Artery

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IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC)

作者： Alexander Willecke Cengiz Yazici Keno Garlichs Lars C. Wolf Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany

Simulation tools are frequently used to analyze vehicular networks. However, these tools are not ready yet to model the world in the necessary level of detail for Collective Perception. The network load generated by the Collective Perception Service highly depends on the sender's sensors, which are modeled insufficiently by current vehicular network simulators. This paper presents an Environment Model extension to Artery, a popular simulation framework for the ETSI C-ITS communication stack. It enables sensor-equipped vehicles to perceive objects from their perspective individually to improve the realism of perception. Furthermore, it adds new sensors that produce synthetic object data for detected objects based on the characteristics of various automotive sensors. A performance evaluation shows that the computational overhead for the extension is limited, so it is suitable even for large-scale simulation studies using Artery.

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FraST: Frankfurter Kreuz SUMO Traffic Scenario

FraST: Frankfurter Kreuz SUMO Traffic Scenario

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IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

作者： Alexander Willecke Keno Garlichs Fynn Schulze Lars C. Wolf Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany

Various traffic scenarios, whether synthetic or realistic, have been published for the traffic simulator SUMO. Many realistic scenarios containing various traffic situations were used in simulation studies on Cooperative-Intelligent Transportation systems applications, such as Cooperative Awareness and Collective Perception. However, new applications like Maneuver Coordination (MC) are used in different traffic situations, like on-ramp merging and high-speed overtaking, which are not the focus of present realistic scenarios. To facilitate research in the field of MC, we present and showcase the Frankfurter Kreuz SUMO Traffic (FraST) scenario in this paper. This scenario models highway intersections according to actual usage statistics, presenting a challenging environment for MC.

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Towards Accurate Bit Error Simulation in Wireless Sensor networks Including Environmental Influences

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Journal of computer Science & Technology 2020年第4期35卷 809-824页

作者： Sven Pullwitt Robert Hartung Ulf Kulau Lars Wolf Institute for Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universitat BraunschweigBraunschweig 38106 Germany

Simulation is a common technique for the evaluation of new approaches and protocols in networked systems and provides many ***,it is also well known that the relevance of the simulation results for real-world applications depends on the various models which are used within the simulation,e.g.,for the characteristics of the radio *** this paper,we introduce the Extended Multipath Raytracing Model,an extension to the ray-tracing radio medium available in Cooja,to improve the modelling of wireless links in simulated Wireless Sensor *** extension allows the simulation of environmental influences onto links on a per node basis,allowing the analysis of various effects observed in experiments in a virtual ***,the packet-based modelling of transmission errors is extended to provide the simulation of bit errors,allowing new usage scenarios,like the simulation of error detection and Forward Error Correction codes in Cooja.

关键词： bit error Contiki Cooja environmental influence simulation wireless sensor network

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