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Effects of Vegetation on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Performance at Intersections

Effects of Vegetation on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication Pe...

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IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference

作者： Hugues Tchouankem Tetiana Zinchenko Henrik Schumacher Lars Wolf Institute of Communications Technology Leibniz Universit?t Hannover Germany Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universit?t Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781467361866

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is envisioned to enable a vast range of road safety, traffic efficiency and infotainment applications for next-generation vehicular traffic. In this paper, we investigate the effects of vegetation on the performance of V2V communication based on a 5.9 GHz measurement campaign conducted at different urban and rural intersections with different types of vegetation under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. We evaluate received power levels and packet delivery rates under varying conditions with respect to vehicle positioning, intersection layout and vegetation type. To capture the additional signal attenuation caused by foliage, the measurements for each intersection were conducted both in summer and in winter, which allows comparing the impact of leaved and leafless vegetation. Moreover, we derive the additional attenuation caused by vegetation and compare the measurement results with three well-known empirical models for vegetation-induced path loss. Based on the acquired sets of measurement data, we present a simple parametrized model for estimation of path loss caused by vegetation in V2V scenarios.

关键词： V2V NLOS Vehicle-to-Vehicle V2V vegetation Intersection path loss measurement data Nonlinear optics Rural Intersections Vehicle to vehicle communications signal attenuation power level

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Layer 4+ switching with QoS support for RTP and HTTP

Layer 4+ switching with QoS support for RTP and HTTP

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IEEE Conference and Exhibition on Global Telecommunications (GLOBECOM)

作者： T. Harbaum M. Zitterbart F. Griffoul J. Rothig S. Schaller H.J. Stuttgen Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technical University of Braunschweig Brunswick Germany Computer and Communication Research Laboratories NEC Europe Limited Heidelberg Germany

This paper provides an overview over current approaches and applications of layer 4 switching (L4Sw) and outlines a scheme for QoS support based on layer 4 and higher layer information. Today, L4Sw is mainly used for filtering in the context of firewalls. Additionally L4Sw has the potential of introducing per flow QoS support without the need for complex out-of-band signaling. We used traffic measurements on a real router to determine which higher layer protocols generate the most traffic and should therefore be investigated first. From the measurements it is obvious, that HTTP is the most important candidate. Experiments on extracting TCP and HTTP information demonstrated the feasibility of Layer 4+ QoS support with respect to processing power and storage capacity demands of intermediate systems. In addition to the TCP-based HTTP protocol, future investigations will be done for RTP as a key protocol for multimedia traffic.

关键词： Switches Spine Protocols Telecommunication traffic Packet switching Communication switching computer networks Asynchronous transfer mode Routing Telecommunication switching

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Network monitoring with asynchronous notifications in web service environments 15

Network monitoring with asynchronous notifications in web se...

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15th ITG/GI Symposium on Communication in Distributed systems, KiVS 2007

作者： Klie, Torsten Müller, Florian Fischer, Stefan Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Mühlenpfordtstr. 23 Braunschweig38106 Germany Universität Düsseldorf Institute of Computer Science / OS Department Universitätsstr.1 Düsseldorf40225 Germany Universität zu Lübeck Institute of Telematics Ratzeburger Allee 160 Lübeck23538 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9783800729807

With the ongoing growth of the Internet, a reliable communications infrastructure becomes more and more important. To monitor large networks, asynchronous notifications are needed to inform management systems about critical events. The SNMP framework provides Traps which have been used for monitoring successfully for many years. However, due to shortcomings of SNMP, XML and Web services get more and more attention from the network management community. If the new technologies should replace the existing ones, they must also provide asynchronous notifications. In this paper, we describe notification solutions in traditional as well as in new management frameworks. Moreover, we compare them with a simple approach based on Web services we have implemented. © 2007 institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. All Rights Reserved.

关键词： Web services

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Breadcrumb routing: Query-response geocast for mobile originators in vehicular networks

Breadcrumb routing: Query-response geocast for mobile origin...

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IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

作者： Julian Timpner Mario Wozenilek Lars Wolf Technische Universitat Braunschweig Braunschweig Niedersachsen DE Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

Vehicular ad hoc networks allow connected vehicles to exchange and share information in order to improve traffic efficiency and safety as well as to provide infotainment functions. In order to cope with the challenging network conditions of the vehicular domain (e.g., intermittent connectivity), a disruption-tolerant networking architecture is suitable. In contrast to push-based communications (e.g, cooperative awareness messages) used in many proposed vehicular applications, we focus on a query-response model for requesting sensor information. Of particular interest to us is the question how vehicular queries can be efficiently routed to a destination area in such challenged environments, and, more importantly, how the response can be routed back to a moving query originator. We therefore present Breadcrumb Geocast Routing (BGR), a novel disruption-tolerant georouting protocol based on a trail of breadcrumbs left by the query originator. As an overlay protocol, BGR can be used on top of different georouting mechanisms, providing an efficient means to address moving originators. We study the influence of parameters, e.g., breadcrumb size and distance, and prove the effectiveness of the proposed solution in an extensive experimental evaluation, showing that BGR achieves significantly higher delivery rates compared to traditional geocast approaches, while avoiding up to 97% of the traffic overhead of Epidemic and PRoPHET routing.

关键词： Routing Vehicles Roads Routing protocols Peer-to-peer computing Conferences

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Safety Analysis of a Maneuver Coordination Protocol

Safety Analysis of a Maneuver Coordination Protocol

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IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

作者： Bernd Lehmann Lars Wolf Autonomous Driving Volkswagen AG Wolfsburg Germany Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (数字)9781728192215

ISBN: (纸本)9781728192222

Human drivers have several means to coordinate their maneuvers, which pose challenges for automated vehicles. Standardized technical means like the turning signal are relatively easy to interpret for an automated vehicle, but interpreting hand signaling is a challenge. In case of a false interpretation, such a signal can become a cause of a critical situation. With the upcoming of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications automated vehicle got another method for exchanging complex information. This can be used for maneuver coordination between vehicles, but is inaccessible for human drivers. Thus, it is important to consider whether critical situations can be caused by such new means. In previous work we proposed a Maneuver Coordination Protocol (MCP) which is based on trajectories, computed by Automated Vehicles (AVs). In this paper, we present a systematic safety analysis of our MCP and show that it does not introduce additional safety risk, even if communication failures occur. As a first step we show, that the exchange of current planned trajectories between vehicles eventually makes these trajectories collision free as long as the vehicles respect the right-of-way rules. In a second step, we analyze the maneuver coordination process and show, that it does not introduce additional safety risks as long as the vehicles follow the rules required by the process. All safety risks presented in this paper already exist without incorporating our protocol and AV s already have to take these risks into account.

关键词： Trajectory Safety Protocols Roads Delays Task analysis Prediction algorithms

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Platooning at traffic lights

Platooning at traffic lights

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IEEE Symposium on Intelligent Vehicle

作者： Hendrik-Jörn Günther Sandra Kleinau Oliver Trauer Lars Wolf Volkswagen AG c4c Engineering GmbH Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute for Operating Systems and Computer Networks

Congested roads not only lead to inattentive and inpatient drivers, but also have a significant negative economic impact. Especially during rush hour traffic at traffic light regulated intersections, inefficient cycle plans and the increased demand raise the need for mechanisms that increase the traffic efficiency. This paper presents a rule based algorithm for realizing platooning at traffic lights, in order to increase the throughput and to reduce the shock wave effect commonly observed at intersections. The algorithm makes use of Vehicle-2-X (V2X) communication technologies, by actively exchanging messages between the vehicles in order to set up the platoon. As a distinction to related work, the algorithm focuses on mixed traffic, in which not all vehicles are necessarily equipped with V2X technologies. The algorithm is implemented into an holistic simulation framework in order to study the effects of the parameters of the algorithm on the traffic efficiency.

关键词： Vehicles Algorithm design and analysis Throughput Roads Sensors Microscopy Veins

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Collective perception and decentralized congestion control in vehicular ad-hoc networks

Collective perception and decentralized congestion control i...

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IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

作者： Hendrik-Jorn Günther Raphael Riebl Lars Wolf Christian Facchi Volkswagen AG Group Research Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt CARISSMA Technische Universität Braunschweig Institute for Operating Systems and Computer Networks

ISBN: (纸本)9781509051984

In conjunction with automated vehicles, Inter-Vehicle Communication represents the next `big thing' towards the vision of cooperative driving, where road participants share information about their planned behaviour and where hazardous situations are solved or avoided jointly. Several requirements need to be fulfilled to reach this long-term goal. One requirement is a common information base, where all road participants are fully aware of each other. The idea of collective perception contributes to this common information base by sharing local sensor data with other road participants. Whereas most related work focuses on the aspects of sensor data fusion, we focus on the implications of an ETSI ITS G5 based network for collective perception. We present and analyse different message formats and dissemination variants for sharing sensor data. Their usability is validated in an extensive microscopic simulation study. In particular, implications caused by Decentralized Congestion Control as proposed by standardisation are assessed in a constrained environment with hundreds of vehicles.

关键词： Vehicles Cams Roads Vehicular ad hoc networks Containers Conferences Electronic mail

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Mitigating Blackhole attacks in a hybrid VDTN

Mitigating Blackhole attacks in a hybrid VDTN

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IEEE International Symposium on World of Wireless Mobile and Multimedia networks (WoWMoM)

作者： Yinghui Guo Sebastian Schildt Tobias Po¨gel Stephan Rottmann Lars Wolf Institute of Operating Systems Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany Technische Universitat Braunschweig Braunschweig Niedersachsen DE

In the past we presented a delay tolerant network that used public buses and trams in the city of Braunschweig to monitor air pollution. Today, as smartphones are becoming computationally more powerful and offer a variety of communication interfaces, it becomes attractive to investigate whether smartphones and vehicular nodes can cooperate with each other, forming a network that can provide better quality of service to applications. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of creating an integrated Delay- and Disruption-Tolerant Network (DTN) consisting of smartphones and the public transportation system. Most importantly we propose a Misbehavior Detection System (MDS) to protect the security of the hybrid network. The evaluation results show that our MDS is able to efficiently detect attackers and defend the hybrid network against the interference of malicious nodes.

关键词： Vehicles Logic gates Routing protocols Smart phones Air pollution Erbium Measurement

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Analysis of Vulnerable Road User Awareness Message Generation Rules for Pedelecs

Analysis of Vulnerable Road User Awareness Message Generatio...

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IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC)

作者： Nico Ostendorf Keno Garlichs Lars C. Wolf Corporate Research Robert Bosch GmbH Hildesheim Germany Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Braunschweig Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350362701

ISBN: (纸本)9798350362718

Vehicle-to-X communication is increasingly focusing on vulnerable road users. A large group of vulnerable road users are pedelecs. In Vehicle-to-X communication, message generation rules play an important role. These rules can strongly influence the number of messages and the safety. This paper provides an overview of the current Vulnerable Road User Awareness Message generation rules and their impact based on a real pedelec data set. It also evaluates the importance of the rules and the frequency of message generation. All analyses are performed on data sets with different sample rates in order to get an overview of the impact of the sample rate. The results of this paper show that different sample rates lead to significant differences in the impact of the generation rules and also on the message generation frequency. Also a suggestion of a minimum sample rate for recording the sensor data of pedelecs is done. The importance of the different generation rules is measured with the help of an information loss metric. The loss of information caused by ignoring a rule varies significantly among the different rules. This loss also depends on the sample rate. Overall, this paper shows the current state of the generation rules, the different importance of each rule and a suggestion for a minimal sample rate.

关键词： Global navigation satellite system Roads Current measurement Redundancy Focusing Big Data Loss measurement

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Evaluation of Wireless Technologies for an Embedded Camera-based Pest Monitoring System

Evaluation of Wireless Technologies for an Embedded Camera-b...

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IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor)

作者： Leonard J. Zurek Amin Kargar Brendan O’Flynn David Niederprüm Lars Wolf Dimitrios Zorbas Tyndall National Institute University College Cork Ireland Institute of Operating Systems and Computer Networks Technische Universität Braunschweig Germany Department of Computer Science Nazarbayev University Astana Kazakhstan

Thorough pest monitoring is essential for sustainable farming. Wide monitoring coverage can support farmers in maintaining abundant harvests while pesticides are reduced and used more efficiently. Various research projects studied the use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices to establish smart farming. These devices can gather a vast amount of data to assist the detection of pests. However, when working on remote fields many constraints such as limited cellular coverage and absence of power supply are present. Thus, high computational tasks cannot natively be performed on the fields. To overcome some of these constraints, an embedded camera-based trap system has been developed to detect one particular type of pest: Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB). To leverage the usage of this system, this paper presents an evaluation of commercially available radio modules for the wireless technologies: Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), LoRa, and IEEE 802.15.4. In order to place this system anywhere on the orchard, we analyze the transmission range and reliability for image transmission. The preliminary experiments show that although commercially available radio modules are often easier to integrate due to an additional Microcontroller Unit (MCU) managing the communication, additional power consumption can have great affect on the systems’ battery lifetime.

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