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A study of the impact of structure on cooperation in networks

Web Intelligence and Agent Systems 2011年第3期9卷 269-288页

作者： Schosser, Stephan Böhm, Klemens Vogt, Bodo Institute of Economic Theory and Statistics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Zirkel 2 76128 Karlsruhe Germany Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Am Fasanengarten 5 76131 Karlsruhe Germany Faculty of Economics Empirical Economics Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany

the concern of this paper is that nodes in a distributed system cooperate. We demonstrate that adding structure to such systems can help to induce cooperation. 'Adding structure' means bounding the number of nodes a node can directly interact with - if two unconnected nodes wish to interact, they have to do so via a chain of intermediaries which are connected. to validate our claim, we analyze one specific system where structure has been added. Different methods exist for such analyses: Economists use behavioral experiments to study human behavior. Computer scientists rely on simulations, to obtain results that are robust and scalable. Both use game theory to arrive at formal results. Each approach in isolation has its disadvantages: Behavioral experiments do not allow analyzing many different combinations of parameter values and do not scale well. Game theory supports analyzing system equilibria, but may result in complex or even unsolvable models, in particular when considering system dynamics. Simulations rely on the intuition of the system designer - this is hazardous in strategic settings. We pursue a combination of these approaches and show that the degree of cooperation in our setting is high. More specifically, after having shown with behavioral experiments that humans tend to use cut-off strategies, we translate the strategies used into a game theoretic model and show that they yield an efficient equilibrium. Simulations show that the system reaches this equilibrium given random start populations if the rate of free riders is low. We conclude by saying how our work affects the design of distributed systems from a computer science perspective. © 2011 - IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Game theory

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Indirect Reciprocity in Policy-Based Helping Experiments

Indirect Reciprocity in Policy-Based Helping Experiments

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European Conference on Web Services (ECOWS)

作者： Christian von der Weth Klemens Böhm thorben Burghardt Christian Hütter Jing Zhi Yue Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Karlsruhe Germany

In service-oriented architectures, participants keep interacting by exchanging tasks, in order to increase their benefit. Since carrying out a task incurs costs, and participants often interact with unknown partners, uncooperative behavior dominates in the absence of a mechanism. A well-known economic model describing this situation is the Helping Game. In previous helping experiments, participants decide 'by hand' before each interaction whether to carry out the task or not. In online environments however, such manual decisions are infeasible. this paper focuses on policy-based helping experiments, i.e., participants formulate policies stating when exactly they accept a task. this approach gives way to many questions, e.g., what kinds of policies are formulated, how do the policies affect the outcome of the experiments, is the outcome different from the ones of previous helping experiments, how does it depend on the language used to formulate policies, etc. In an extensive study, we address these and related questions. As a result, most participants behave strategically and make use of information on the previous behavior of others. the results indicate that participants perceive that cooperative behavior pays off. Further, despite the infinite policy space, we could discover eight meaningful categories to classify all formulated policies.

关键词： Service oriented architecture Grid computing Web services Costs Environmental economics Cultural differences Global communication Semiconductor optical amplifiers

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Automated Feature Model-Based Generation of Refinement transformations

Automated Feature Model-Based Generation of Refinement Trans...

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Euromicro Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA)

作者： Lucia Kapova thomas Goldschmidt Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization Universität Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany FZI Research Centre for Information Technology Karlsruhe Germany

Model-driven application engineering builds on the concept of model transformations. to weave additional refinement parts into an application model, so-called refinement transformations are used. In many cases these refinement parts are highly variable and configurable. Such a configuration could depend on application specific features. today, application developers need to define refinement transformations manually, including all possible configuration combinations. Due to the high number of possible initial requirements such a development method is costly and means significant effort. therefore configurable refinements should be embedded in an overall model-driven application development process. Currently there is a lack of automated support for integrating these configuration decisions into the development process of refinement transformations. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach for automated feature model-based generation of refinement transformations. to express application features, we consider configurations specified by extended feature diagrams. In addition, we provide a running example giving insight into the application of the presented approach.

关键词： Application software Predictive models Message-oriented middleware Guidelines Software engineering Information technology data engineering Costs Model driven engineering Instruments

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Reverse engineering software-models of component-based systems

Reverse engineering software-models of component-based syste...

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12th European Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering

作者： Chouambe, Landry Klatt, Benjamin Krogmann, Klaus Professional Services Organisation Netviewer AG Germany Institute for Program Structures and Data Organisation Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781424421572

An increasing number of software systems is developed using component technologies such as COM, CORBA, or EJB. Still, there is a lack of support to reverse engineer such systems. Existing approaches claim reverse engineering of components, but do not support composite components. Also, external dependencies such as required interfaces are not made explicit. Furthermore, relaxed component definitions are used, and obtained components are thus indistinguishable from modules or classes. We present an iterative reverse engineering approach that follows the widely used definition of components by Szyperski. It enables third-party reuse of components by explicitly stating their interfaces and supports composition of components. Additionally, components that are reverse engineered with the approach allow reasoning on properties of software architectures at the model level. For the approach, source code metrics are combined to recognize components. We discuss the selection of source code metrics and their interdependencies, which were explicitly taken into account. An implementation of the approach was successfully validated within four case studies. Additionally, a fifth case study shows the scalability of the approach for an industrial-size system.

关键词： reverse engineering components modeling software performance

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Building conference proceedings requires adaptable workflow and content management 06

Building conference proceedings requires adaptable workflow ...

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Proceedings of the 32nd international conference on Very large data bases

作者： Jutta A. Mülle Klemens Böhm Nicolas Röper tobias Sünder Institute for Program Structures and Data Organisation Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Karlsruhe Germany

ProceedingsBuilder is a system that helps the proceedings chair of a scientific conference to carry out his chores. It has features of both workflow management systems (WFMS) and content management systems (CMS), in order to collect the material for the printed proceedings and other products. ProceedingsBuilder has been operational at several conferences, including VLDB 2005. When using Proceedings-Builder, we had a very intense lesson which kinds of work-flow adaptations may become necessary. Existing WFMS do not offer support for most of them. the concern of this article is to describe and classify these various requirements regarding adaptation. ProceedingsBuilder is an example of a broad class of systems, namely editorial systems that collect content in order to publish it. Our findings are of interest to a broader audience, not only to conference organizers.

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Ontology-based program Comprehension tool Supporting Website Architectural Evolution

Ontology-based Program Comprehension Tool Supporting Website...

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International Symposium on Web Systems Evolution

作者： Yonggang Zhang Rene Witte Juergen Rilling Volker Haarslev Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Concordia University Montreal QUE Canada Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization (IPD) Universität Karlsruhe Germany

A challenge of existing program comprehension approaches is to provide consistent and flexible representations for software systems. Maintainers have to match their mental models with the different representations these tools provide. In this paper, we present a novel approach that addresses this issue by providing a consistent ontological representation for both source code and documentation. the ontological representation unifies information from various sources, and therefore reduces the maintainers' comprehension efforts. In addition, representing software artifacts in a formal ontology enables maintainers to formulate hypotheses about various properties of software systems. these hypotheses can be validated through an iterative exploration of information derived by our ontology inference engine. the implementation of our approach is presented in detail, and a case study is provided to demonstrate the applicability of our approach during the architectural evolution of a Web site content management system

关键词： Ontologies Cognitive science Software systems Software maintenance Documentation Software tools Content management Computer science Software engineering Engines

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Service oer and request descriptions in mobile environments?

Service oer and request descriptions in mobile environments?

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8th Workshop of the German Informatics Society on Mobile databases and Information Systems: Mobile databases - today, tomorrow and in 20 Years, GI 2005, GI Conference on database Systems for Business, technology and Web, BtW 2005

作者： Grunbauer, Johannes Klein, Michael Institut fur Informatik Technische Universität München 85748 Garching Germany Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization Universität Karlsruhe 76128 Karlsruhe Germany

In order to obtain robust and context-aware applications in mobile environments, service oriented computing can be a very promising programming paradigm. Here, the participants cooperate in a loosely coupled manner by invoking context-depend services on demand. However, the approach demands for an expressive description of the offered and requested services. this paper aims at giving a basis for discussion on the requirements and approaches when describing services for mobile environments.

关键词： Distributed computer systems

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Description and Matching of Services in Mobile Environments

Description and Matching of Services in Mobile Environments

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Mobile Information Management 2004

作者： Grünbauer, Johannes Klein, Michael Institut für Informatik Technische Universität München Garching85748 Germany Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization Universität Karlsruhe Karlsruhe76128 Germany

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A pluggable architectural model and a formally specified programming language independent API for an ontological knowledge base server 05

A pluggable architectural model and a formally specified pro...

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Proceedings of the 2005 Australasian Ontology Workshop - Volume 58

作者： Alexander Paar Jürgen Reuter Jaron Schaeffer Institute for Program Structures and Data Organization Universität Karlsruhe (TH) Karlsruhe Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781920682408

Recently, ontology engineering has become ever more important when it comes to conceptualize knowledge. However, writing software applications that operate on ontological knowledge still suffers from a lack of connectivity provided by available ontology management systems. Interfaces of ontology management systems are either based on error prone programming language agnostic remoting protocols or they are restricted to one particular programming language. We implemented an ontological Knowledge Base Server, which can expose the functionality of arbitrary off-the-shelf ontology management systems via arbitrary remoting protocols. Based on XML Schema Definition, we defined a full-fledged API for processing OWL ontologies. Client access code can be generated automatically for virtually any object oriented programming language. Using Description Logics terminology, the Knowledge Base Server API was formally specified, such that it could be used to validate implementations based on three different adapted ontology management systems.

关键词： description logics ontology management web ontology language (OWL)

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Combining query and preference - an approach to fully automatize dynamic service binding

Combining query and preference - an approach to fully automa...

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IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS)

作者： M. Klein B. Konig-Ries Institute for Program Structures and Data Organisation Universität Karlsruhe Karlsruhe Germany

Web services will only have advantages over existing technologies if the service binding can be performed dynamically. However, existing service description languages do not contain enough information for a computer agent to do the selection automatically during runtime on behalf of the user. this results from the fact that in most approaches the offer description language doubles as a re-guest language, which prevents the requestor from a precise formulation of requests and preferences. therefore, in this paper, we emphasize the need for a distinguished service request language that allows to capture all of the requestor's preferences. We present a concrete technique to represent such preference-containing requests, which is based on fuzzy object sets.

关键词： Web services Concrete Runtime Fuzzy sets Companies Computer networks Robustness Service oriented architecture Humans Printing

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