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Review: quantum metrology and sensing with many-body systems

Physics Reports 2025年 1134卷 1-62页

作者： Montenegro, Victor Mukhopadhyay, Chiranjib Yousefjani, Rozhin Sarkar, Saubhik Mishra, Utkarsh Paris, Matteo G.A. Bayat, Abolfazl Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China Key Laboratory of Quantum Physics and Photonic Quantum Information Ministry of Education University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China College of Computing and Mathematical Sciences Department of Applied Mathematics and Sciences Khalifa University Abu Dhabi 127788 United Arab Emirates Qatar Center for Quantum Computing College of Science and Engineering Hamad Bin Khalifa University Doha Qatar Department Of Physics and Astrophysics University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India Dipartimento di Fisica Universita di Milano Milan I-20133 Italy Shimmer Center Tianfu Jiangxi Laboratory Chengdu 641419 China

quantum systems, fabricated across various spatial scales from nano to micrometers, are very delicate and naturally sensitive to the variations of their environment. These features make them excellent candidates for serving as sensors with wide range of applications. Indeed, the exceptional precision of quantum sensors arises from their compact size and inherent sensitivity, enabling measurements with unprecedented accuracy within highly localized regions. A key advantage of quantum sensors lies in their resource efficiency, as their achievable precision can scale super-linearly with respect to resources, such as system size, in contrast to the linear scaling characteristic of classical sensors. This phenomenon, commonly referred to as quantum-enhanced sensitivity, fundamentally depends on exploiting uniquely quantum mechanical features, including superposition, entanglement, and squeezing. Originally, quantum sensing was formulated for particles prepared in a special form of entangled states. Yet, certain realization of these probes may be susceptible to decoherence and interaction between particles may also be detrimental to their performance. An alternative framework for quantum sensing has been developed through exploiting quantum many-body systems, where the interaction between particles plays a crucial role. In this review, we investigate different aspects of the latter approach for quantum metrology and sensing. Many-body probes have been used for sensing purposes in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium scenarios. quantum criticality, as a well-studied subject in many-body physics, has been identified as a resource for achieving quantum-enhanced sensitivity in both of these scenarios. In equilibrium, various types of criticalities, such as first order, second order, topological, and localization phase transitions have been exploited for sensing purposes. In non-equilibrium scenarios, quantum-enhanced sensitivity has been discovered for Floquet, dissipative, a

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Steady-state phases and interaction-induced depletion in a driven-dissipative chirally-coupled dissimilar atomic array

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Physical Review Research 2024年第2期6卷 023232-023232页

作者： Shao-Hong Chung I Gusti Ngurah Yudi Handayana Yi-Lin Tsao Chun-Chi Wu G.-D. Lin H. H. Jen Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering Taipei 10617 Taiwan Molecular Science and Technology Program Taiwan International Graduate Program Department of Physics Physics Division National Center for Theoretical Sciences Taipei 10617 Taiwan Trapped-Ion Quantum Computing Laboratory Hon Hai Research Institute Taipei 11492 Taiwan

A nanophotonic waveguide coupled with an atomic array forms one of the strongly coupled quantum interfaces to showcase many fascinating collective features of quantum dynamics. In particular, for a dissimilar array of two different interparticle spacings with competing photon-mediated dipole-dipole interactions and directionality of couplings, we study the steady-state phases of atomic excitations under a weakly driven condition of laser field. We identify a partial set of steady-state phases of the driven system composed of combinations of steady-state solutions in a homogeneous array. We also reveal the intricate role of the atom at the interface of the dissimilar array in determining the steady-state phases and find an alteration in the dichotomy of the phases strongly associated with steady-state distributions with crystalline orders. We further investigate in detail the interaction-induced depletion in half of the dissimilar array, where the blockaded region results from two contrasting interparticle spacings near the reciprocal coupling regime. This can be further evidenced from the analytical solutions under the reciprocal coupling. Our results can provide insights in the driven-dissipative quantum phases of atomic excitations with nonreciprocal couplings and pave the avenues toward quantum simulations of exotic many-body states essential for quantum information applications.

关键词： Collective behavior Dissipative dynamics Nanophotonics Phase diagrams Dipole approximation Two-level models

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Absence of the anomalous Hall effect in planar Hall experiments

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Physical Review B 2023年第12期108卷 L121301-L121301页

作者： C. M. Wang Z. Z. Du Hai-Zhou Lu X. C. Xie Department of Physics Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 China Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong) Shenzhen 518045 China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering Shenzhen 518055 China Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) Shenzhen 518055 China International Quantum Academy Shenzhen 518048 China International Center for Quantum Materials School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China Hefei National Laboratory Hefei 230088 China

Recently, the planar Hall effect has attracted tremendous interest. In particular, an in-plane magnetization can induce an anomalous planar Hall effect with a 2π/3 period for hexagon-warped energy bands. This effect is similar to the anomalous Hall effect resulting from an out-of-plane magnetization. However, this anomalous planar Hall effect is absent in the planar Hall experiments. Here, we explain its absence, by performing a calculation that includes not only the Berry curvature mechanism, as those in the previous theories, but also the disorder contributions. The conventional π-period planar Hall effect will occur if the mirror-reflection symmetry is broken, which buries the anomalous one. This is because the anomalous planar Hall effect is of the higher order with respect to the small h/(EFτ), when compared to the conventional planar Hall effect, with EF being the Fermi energy and τ the relaxation time. We show that an in-plane strain can enhance the anomalous Hall conductivity and changes the period from 2π/3 to 2π. We propose a scheme to extract the hidden anomalous planar Hall conductivity from the experimental data. Our work will be helpful in detecting the anomalous planar Hall effect and could be generalized to understand mechanisms of the planar Hall effects in a wide range of materials.

关键词： Anomalous Hall effect Hall effect Topological materials

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High-rate discretely-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution using quantum machine learning

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Liao, Qin Liu, Jieyu Huang, Anqi Huang, Lei Fei, Zhuoying Fu, Xiquan College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering Hunan University Changsha410082 China Institute for Quantum Information State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing College of Computer Science and Technology National University of Defense Technology Changsha410073 China

We propose a high-rate scheme for discretely-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (DM CVQKD) using quantum machine learning technologies, which divides the whole CVQKD system into three parts, i.e., the initialization part that is used for training and estimating quantum classifier, the prediction part that is used for generating highly correlated raw keys, and the data-postprocessing part that generates the final secret key string shared by Alice and Bob. To this end, a low-complexity quantum k-nearest neighbor (QkNN) classifier is designed for predicting the lossy discretely-modulated coherent states (DMCSs) at Bob's side. The performance of the proposed QkNN-based CVQKD especially in terms of machine learning metrics and complexity is analyzed, and its theoretical security is proved by using semi-definite program (SDP) method. Numerical simulation shows that the secret key rate of our proposed scheme is explicitly superior to the existing DM CVQKD protocols, and it can be further enhanced with the increase of modulation variance. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nearest neighbor search

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Error Suppression for Arbitrary-Size Black Box quantum Operations

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Physical Review Letters 2023年第19期131卷 190601-190601页

作者： Gideon Lee Connor T. Hann Shruti Puri S. M. Girvin Liang Jiang Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering The University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 USA Department of Applied Physics Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA Department of Physics Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06511 USA Yale Quantum Institute New Haven Connecticut 06520 USA AWS Center for Quantum Computing Pasadena California 91125 USA IQIM California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA

Efficient suppression of errors without full error correction is crucial for applications with noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Error mitigation allows us to suppress errors in extracting expectation values without the need for any error correction code, but its applications are limited to estimating expectation values, and cannot provide us with high-fidelity quantum operations acting on arbitrary quantum states. To address this challenge, we propose to use error filtration (EF) for gate-based quantum computation, as a practical error suppression scheme without resorting to full quantum error correction. The result is a general-purpose error suppression protocol where the resources required to suppress errors scale independently of the size of the quantum operation, and does not require any logical encoding of the operation. The protocol provides error suppression whenever an error hierarchy is respected—that is, when the ancillary controlled-swap operations are less noisy than the operation to be corrected. We further analyze the application of EF to quantum random access memory, where EF offers hardware-efficient error suppression.

关键词： quantum circuits quantum error correction quantum memories

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Short-time simulation of quantum dynamics by Pauli measurements

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Faehrmann, Paul K. Eisert, Jens Kieferová, Mária Kueng, Richard Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems Freie Universität Berlin Berlin14195 Germany Institute for Integrated Circuits and Quantum Computing Johannes Kepler University Linz Austria Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 Berlin14109 Germany Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute Berlin10587 Germany Centre for Quantum Software and Information School of Computer Science Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology University of Technology SydneyNSW2007 Australia

Simulating the dynamics of complex quantum systems is a central application of quantum devices. Here, we propose leveraging the power of measurements to simulate short-time quantum dynamics of physically prepared quantum states in classical post-processing using a truncated Taylor series approach. While limited to short simulation times, our hybrid quantum-classical method is equipped with rigorous error bounds. It is extendable to estimate low-order Taylor approximations of smooth, time-dependent functions of tractable linear combinations of measurable operators. These insights can be made use of in the context of Hamiltonian learning and device verification, short-time imaginary time evolution, or the application of intractable operations to sub-universal quantum simulators in classical post-processing. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Hamiltonians

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Non-Gaussian-state generation with time-gated photon detection

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Physical Review Research 2023年第3期5卷 033156-033156页

作者： Tatsuki Sonoyama Kazuma Takahashi Baramee Charoensombutamon Sachiko Takasu Kaori Hattori Daiji Fukuda Kosuke Fukui Kan Takase Warit Asavanant Jun-ichi Yoshikawa Mamoru Endo Akira Furusawa Department of Applied Physics School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8563 Japan AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8563 Japan Optical Quantum Computing Research Team RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing 2-1 Hirosawa Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan

Non-Gaussian states of light, which are essential in fault-tolerant and universal optical quantum computation, are typically generated by a heralding scheme using photon detectors. Recently, it has been theoretically shown that the large timing jitter of the photon detectors deteriorates the purity of the generated non-Gaussian states [T. Sonoyama et al., Phys. Rev. A 105, 043714 (2022)]. Here, we circumvent this problem by time-gated photon detection and generate non-Gaussian states with Wigner negativity using continuous-wave light. We use a fast optical switch for time gating to effectively improve the timing jitter of a photon-number-resolving detector based on a transition edge sensor from 50 ns to 10 ns. As a result, we generate non-Gaussian states with Wigner negativity of −0.011±0.004 (ℏ=1), which cannot be observed without the time-gated photon detection method. These results confirm the effect of the timing jitter on non-Gaussian state generation experimentally for the first time. The proposed time-gated photon detection method would be useful for high-purity non-Gaussian state preparation in optical quantum information processing.

关键词： quantum optics quantum state engineering quantum states of light Single-photon detectors

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Chain rules for quantum channels

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Berta, Mario Tomamichel, Marco Department of Computing Imperial College London United Kingdom AWS Center for Quantum Computing Pasadena United States California Institute of Technology Pasadena United States Center for Quantum Technologies Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore

Divergence chain rules for channels relate the divergence of a pair of channel inputs to the divergence of the corresponding channel outputs. An important special case of such a rule is the data-processing inequality, which tells us that if the same channel is applied to both inputs then the divergence cannot increase. Based on direct matrix analysis methods, we derive several Rényi divergence chain rules for channels in the quantum setting. Our results simplify and in some cases generalise previous derivations in the literature. © 2022, CC BY-SA.

关键词： quantum entanglement

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Testing a quantum error-correcting code on various platforms

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Science Bulletin 2021年第1期66卷 29-35,M0003页

作者： Qihao Guo Yuan-Yuan Zhao Markus Grassl Xinfang Nie Guo-Yong Xiang Tao Xing Zhang-Qi Yin Bei Zeng Institute for Quantum Computing Baidu ResearchBeijing 100193China Department of Applied Physics Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China Center for Quantum Computing Peng Cheng LaboratoryShenzhen 518055China CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light 91058 ErlangenGermany International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies 80-308 GdańskPoland Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Physics Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055China Center for Quantum Technology Research and Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements(MOE) School of PhysicsBeijing Institute of TechnologyBeijing 100081China Department of Physics The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina.

quantum error correction plays an important role in fault-tolerant quantum information *** is usually difficult to experimentally realize quantum error correction,as it requires multiple qubits and quantum gates with high *** we propose a simple quantum error-correcting code for the detected amplitude damping *** code requires only two *** implement the encoding,the channel,and the recovery on an optical platform,the IBM Q System,and a nuclear magnetic resonance *** all of these systems,the error correction advantage appears when the damping rate exceeds some *** compare the features of these quantum information processing systems used and demonstrate the advantage of quantum error correction on current quantum computing platforms.

关键词： quantum error correction quantum computation Superconducting circuit NMR system Optical platform

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Antisymmetric planar Hall effect in rutile oxide films induced by the Lorentz force

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Science Bulletin 2024年第15期69卷 2362-2369页

作者： Yongwei Cui Zhaoqing Li Haoran Chen Yunzhuo Wu Yue Chen Ke Pei Tong Wu Nian Xie Renchao Che Xuepeng Qiu Yi Liu Zhe Yuan Yizheng Wu Department of Physics State Key Laboratory of Surface PhysicsFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Physics and Information Sciences Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Center for Advanced Quantum Studies and Department of Physics Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Laboratory of Advanced Materials Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative MaterialsAcademy for Engineering&TechnologyFudan UniversityShanghai 200438China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology School of Physics Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Zhejiang Laboratory Hangzhou 311100China Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences Shanghai 201315China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metasurfaces for Light Manipulation Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China

The conventional Hall effect is linearly proportional to the field component or magnetization component perpendicular to a film. Despite the increasing theoretical proposals on the Hall effect to the in-plane field or magnetization in various special systems induced by the Berry curvature, such an unconventional Hall effect has only been experimentally reported in Weyl semimetals and in a heterodimensional superlattice. Here, we report an unambiguous experimental observation of the antisymmetric planar Hall effect(APHE) with respect to the in-plane magnetic field in centrosymmetric rutile RuO_(2) and IrO_(2) single-crystal films. The measured Hall resistivity is found to be linearly proportional to the component of the applied in-plane magnetic field along a particular crystal axis and to be independent of the current direction or temperature. Both the experimental observations and theoretical calculations confirm that the APHE in rutile oxide films is induced by the Lorentz force. Our findings can be generalized to ferromagnetic materials for the discovery of anomalous Hall effects and quantum anomalous Hall effects induced by in-plane magnetization. In addition to significantly expanding knowledge of the Hall effect, this work opens the door to explore new members in the Hall effect family.

关键词： Antisymmetric planar Hall effect Lorentz force Rutile oxide films Crystal symmetry

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